This research has just been published in the scientific journal Development at http://dev. biologists. org/Currently,
and biological species and photonic devices that manipulate light. Furthermore, this method of producing nanoribbons is complicated not overly it is scalable
because previous research has shown that it is identified the only protein containing a frequent genetic mutation linked to severe flu infections.
It a future in which diseases like muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis and many others are treated permanently through the science of genome engineering.
Hubbard research, published in the journal Nature Methods, demonstrates a new technology advancing the field of genome engineering.
replacing the damaged genetic code with healthy DNA. here is a trend in the scientific community to develop therapeutics in a more rational fashion,
our disease is caused by a mutation in gene X, and wee going to correct this mutation to treat it.?
In theory, genome engineering will eventually allow us to permanently cure genetic diseases by editing the specific faulty genes. evolutionizing health caregenome engineering involves the targeted, specific modification of an organism genetic information.
Much like how a computer programmer edits computer code, scientists could one day replace a person broken
we can produce gene editing tools that are 100 times more specific for their target sequence. uture applicationsmuch of the current research in genome engineering is focused on treating monogenic diseasesiseases that involve a single geneecause theye much easier for researchers
He hopes his current work will play a role in helping genome engineering reach its full potential
#Researchers genetically engineer yeast to produce opioids After a decade work a team led by Stanford bioengineer Christina Smolke succeeded in finding more than 20 genes from five different organisms and engineering them into the genome of baker yeast.
an associate professor of bioengineering at Stanford. Now, though the output is small it would take 4,
about one third of the world supply has shifted to bioreactors. The artemisinin experiments proved that yeast biosynthesis was involved possible,
but adding only six genes. The Stanford team had to engineer 23 genes into yeast to create their cellular assembly line for hydrocodone. his is complicated the most chemical synthesis ever engineered in yeast,
a Phd student in chemistry and a member of Smolke team. heye the action heroes of biology. o get the yeast assembly line going,
but even after the Stanford bioengineers added this enzyme into their microbial factory, the yeast didn create enough of the opioid compound.
with proper controls against abuse, allow bioreactors to be located where they are needed, she said. In addition to bioengineering yeast to convert sugar into hydrocodone,
Bone biology does not require fibrin to heal a fracture. Fibrin is involved in blood clotting; it forms a meshlike net that traps platelets to form a clot.
Genetic manipulations to deplete fibrinogen in these mice restored normal fracture repair. ibrin puts a cog in the machine
this range is observed comparable to that for other important biological hormones such as insulin. Furthermore, the investigators developed a protocol,
Cleveland and was funded by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), part of the National institutes of health.
CWRU M. Frank Rudy and Margaret Domiter Rudy Professor of biomedical engineering and an expert in molecular imaging for cancer and other diseases. e showed with this technique that we can detect very tiny tumors of just
Dr. Lu team used a biochemical approach combined with MRI to detect molecular changes that signal micrometastases.
and rossover where a new genome is formed by merging genes from two individuals. In order for the mother to determine which children were the fittest,
while mutation and crossover were introduced in the less successful children. The researchers found that design variations emerged
and gait patterns for the children over time, including some designs that a human designer would not have been able to build. ne of the big questions in biology is how intelligence came about wee using robotics to explore this mystery,
These adaptations allow biological organisms to survive in a wide variety of different environments allowing animals to make the move from living in the water to living on land, for instance.
said Iida. ut what we do have are a lot of enabling technologies that will help us import some aspects of biology to the engineering world. ource:
#Major Innovation in Molecular Imaging Delivers Spatial and Spectral Info Simultaneously Using physical chemistry methods to look at biology at the nanoscale,
and each subcellular structure was a distinct color. o using this method we can look at interactions between four biological components inside a cell in three-dimension and at very high resolution of about 10 nanometers,
Xu said. he applications are mostly in fundamental research and cell biology at this point, but hopefully it will lead to medical applications.
and completed cutting-edge work in understanding the genetics of autism. Building on its strengths in biology
computer science, psychology, statistics and engineering, CMU launched Brainhub, an initiative that focuses on how the structure and activity of the brain give rise to complex behaviors m
and quickly recreate microenvironments found across biology. To illustrate the potential of their technique, the Illinois team mixed breast cancer cells and cells called macrophages that signal cancer cells to spread
Kilian said his team synthetic microenvironment lies somewhere in the middle of two extremes in the field of modeling biology:
then you can ask fundamental biological questions. Kilian said these questions range from the basic how macrophages signal to the breast cells to the more long-term:
researchers can ask more sophisticated biological questions than they could, Kilian said. And they can do it quickly.
#Closing the loop with optogenetics Optogenetics provides a powerful tool for studying the brain by allowing researchers to activate neurons using simple light-based signals.
meaning they lack the kind of feedback control that most biological and engineering systems use to maintain a steady operating state.
Optogenetics technology places genes that express light-sensitive proteins into mammalian cells that normally lack such proteins.
which closes the loop in optogenetic systems. The technique uses a computer to acquire and process the neuronal response to the optical stimulus in real-time
said Steve Potter, an associate professor in the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University. eural modulation therapies of the future,
electrical stimulation or even light-plus-optogenetics through fiber optics, will all be closed loop. That means they will be responsive to the moment-to-moment needs of the nervous system.
demonstrating the value of bringing biological scientists together with engineers. Newman, an engineer by training, says concepts common in engineering can be useful in the life sciences. losed-loop control is a concept that is woven through all engineered systems,
but it often hard to find in the biological sciences, he said. ny time you can introduce feedback control into an experiment,
However, now scientists from the RIKEN Molecular genetics Laboratory have revealed the mechanism underlying the memory of innate immunity.
more precisely than ever before using a process that turns human cells into a biological equivalent of LEGO bricks.
keeping the whole biological machine running smoothly. But in diseases such as breast cancer, the breakdown of this order has been associated with the rapid growth
but also to experiment with specifically adding in a single cell with a known cancer mutation to different parts of the organoid to observe its effects.
which ensures that only the smallest biochemicals get inside the sensor. The second step is a layer of uricase trapped in polymers,
Shannon Hilton and Paul Jones The microfluidic technology, developed in the lab of professor Mark Hayes in the Department of chemistry and Biochemistry at Arizona State university, uses microscale electric field gradients, acting on extremely small samples,
Some of the most notorious antibiotic-resistant strains and species belong to the genus Staphylococcus. They are classified typically as pathogenic or non-pathogenic based on production of the enzyme coagulase.
as a collaboration with orthopedic surgeon Dr. Alex Mclaren and his team member and bioengineer Dr. Ryan Mclemore of Banner Good samaritan Medical center, Phoenix,
Scientists in the Hayes group at ASU Department of chemistry and Biochemistry soon to become the School of Molecular Sciences are enabling a handheld,
an assistant professor in the School of Chemical & Biomolecular engineering at the Georgia Institute of technology. he information we can provide could one day help nutritional epidemiologists
a bacterium that is frequently used in genetic engineering. E coli has a transcriptional system that responds to the level of zinc in its environment,
Genetic machinery for the production of those pigments was taken from other biological sources and introduced into the E coli.
UED creates unprecedented opportunities for ultrafast science in a broad range of disciplines, from materials science to chemistry to the biosciences.
a transcription factor a protein able to influence gene expression known as Er81. Fast-spiking interneurons are part of a general class of neurons
Mooney who is also the Robert P. Pinkas Family Professor of Bioengineering at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of engineering
and Wyss Institute Founding Director Donald Ingber, M d.,Ph d.,who is also the Judah Folkman Professor of Vascular Biology at Harvard Medical school and Boston Children Hospital and Professor of Bioengineering
According to Kevin Edgar, a professor of sustainable biomaterials and Meng doctoral adviser, the new method an get drugs to market,
and genetic materials and serve as a vehicle for communication between cells. In the nervous system, exosomes guide the direction of nerve growth,
assistant professor of biomedical engineering at Tufts School of engineering. Xu work focuses on material science engineering, specifically nanoscience and its biomedical application:
the development of new synthetic materials for the delivery of therapeutic proteins and genetic material. In 2015, he received a Faculty Early Career development (CAREER) award from the National Science Foundation (NSF),
who earned his doctorate in biomedical engineering at Rutgers and now works in biopharmaceutical research and development at Glaxosmithkline.
said Martin Yarmush, the Paul and Mary Monroe Chair and Distinguished Professor of biomedical engineering at Rutgers and Ghodbane adviser.
said Gargus, director of the Center for Autism Research & Translation and professor of pediatrics and physiology & biophysics. qually exciting,
Genetic research has identified hundreds of genes that are involved, which impedes diagnosis and, ultimately, drug development. There simply may be too many targets, each with too small an effect.
and sophisticated EEG, sleep and biochemical studies are performed. This includes the sequencing of their entire genome.
Also, skin cell samples are cultured and made available to lab-based researchers for functional assays. In the area of drug discovery, scientists at the Center for Autism Research & Translation continue to probe the IP3R channel,
#A fast cell sorter shrinks to cell phone size Commercially available cell sorters can rapidly and accurately aid medical diagnosis and biological research,
but also other cellular features such as gene expression, post translational modification, and cell function, said Huang. he acoustic power intensity
and biological research. Because the device is built on a lab-on-a chip system, it is both compact and inexpensive about the size and cost of a cell phone in its current configuration.
Lung and Blood Institute of the National institutes of health, published their work in a recent issue of Lab on a Chip. ell sorting is used widely in many areas of biology to characterize
Microfluidic cell sorting is revolutionary for the fields of cell biology and immunology as well as other fields in biology, in concomitantly overcoming all of these obstacles.
It is quite easy to envision applications for this technology in diverse environments from a family doctor office to field studies in limnology.
DNA methylation is essential for the proper control of gene expression and cell identityhat enables cells with the same genetic material to become, for example, a nerve cell, a muscle cell or a skin cell.
Certain diseases, including cancer, involves changes in DNA methylation patterns, and the ability to document these alterations aid in the development of novel therapies. ethylation is really key in development,
who is also a professor of biology at MIT. his reporter is a very important tool.
The differences between a muscle cell and a brain cell are attributable to differences in gene expression; that is, which genes are turned on and off.
DNA methylationhe addition of methyl groups to the DNAS an epigenetic mechanism that controls gene expression. In most cases, methylated genes are switched off,
existing approaches have offered limited insight into this fundamental biological control. Creating a system that dynamically visualizes methylation at the level of a single cell intrigued Yonatan Stelzer
In his study, Shan-Lu Liu, an associate professor in the Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology in the School of medicine and an investigator in the Bond Life sciences Center at MU, targeted IFITM proteins
#New system for human genome editing has potential to increase power and precision of DNA engineering A team including the scientist who first harnessed the CRISPR-Cas9 system for mammalian genome editing has identified now a different CRISPR system with the potential for even simpler and more precise genome engineering.
In a study published in Cell, Feng Zhang and his colleagues at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard and the Mcgovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT,
and John van der Oost at Wageningen University, describe the unexpected biological features of this new system
and demonstrate that it can be engineered to edit the genomes of human cells. his has dramatic potential to advance genetic engineering,
but also shows that Cpf1 can be harnessed for human genome editing and has remarkable and powerful features.
The Cpf1 system represents a new generation of genome editing technology. CRISPR sequences were described first in 1987
and their natural biological function was described initially in 2010 and 2011. The application of the CRISPR-Cas9 system for mammalian genome editing was reported first in 2013, by Zhang and separately by George Church at Harvard university.
In the new study, Zhang and his collaborators searched through hundreds of CRISPR systems in different types of bacteria,
says Zhang, the W. M. Keck Assistant professor in Biomedical engineering in MIT Department of Brain and Cognitive sciences.
leaving lunt endsthat often undergo mutations as they are rejoined. With the Cpf1 complex the cuts in the two strands are offset, leaving short overhangs on the exposed ends.
This could be an advantage in targeting some genomes, such as in the malaria parasite as well as in humans. he unexpected properties of Cpf1 and more precise editing open the door to all sorts of applications,
with other enzymes that may be repurposed for further genome editing advances. e
#Molecular diagnostics at home: Chemists design rapid, simple, inexpensive tests using DNA Chemists at the University of Montreal used DNA molecules to developed rapid,
and proteins can be used to create materials that exhibit dynamic behaviors found in biological tissues like growth, morphogenesis, and healing.
Alvaro Mata, Director of the Institute of Bioengineering at QMUL and lead author of the paper
Detailed in a paper published in Genome Medicine on September 28th this technology could prove highly useful in settings where lab equipment
First, it expands our knowledge of the biological role of Vitamin b12, which was understood already to help convert fat into energy,
says Catherine Drennan, a professor of chemistry and biology at MIT. The findings are detailed this week in the journal Nature.
of which exactly three are bound to the genetic material something Drennan says surprised her. hat the best part about science,
says Rowena Matthews, a professor emerita of biological chemistry at the University of Michigan, who has read the paper.
says Zhen Gu, corresponding author of a paper on the work and an assistant professor in the joint biomedical engineering program at North carolina State university and the University of North carolina at Chapel hill. irst,
lead author of the paper and a Ph d. student in the joint biomedical engineering program. Here how the process works.
Reading and Assembling Contextual and Holistic Mechanisms From Textwill create a computer system that reads papers, extracts information on biochemical pathways,
such as a patient genome. In turn, it could model how a specific treatment would interact with the patient. heyl be the Microsofts and Googles of biomedicine,
fast, individualized and precise biomedical care. he REACH project is applied to cancer biology, but we have an even bigger vision than that,
although cancer biology is big enough, Morrison said. If big data is a two-part challenge,
Others on the UA research team include Ryan Gutenkunst, assistant professor of molecular and cellular biology; Guang Yao, assistant professor of molecular and cellular biology;
and Kobus Barnard, professor of computer science. Morrison, who also has a strong, academic background in developmental psychology, said,
Results published online in September in the journal Genome Research demonstrate that in patient samples the new test called Virocap can detect viruses not found by standard testing based on genome sequencing.
Developed in collaboration with the university Mcdonnell Genome Institute, the test sequences and detects viruses in patient samples
and is just as sensitive as the gold-standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, which are used widely in clinical laboratories.
The researchers evaluated the new test in two sets of biological samples for example, from blood, stool and nasal secretions from patients at St louis Children Hospital.
In the first, standard testing that relied on genome sequencing had detected viruses in 10 of 14 patients.
an instructor of pediatrics. light genetic variations among viruses often can be distinguished by currently available tests
In addition, because the test includes detailed genetic information about various strains of particular viruses, subtypes can be identified easily.
In all the research team included 2 million unique stretches of genetic material from viruses in the test.
their genetic material could easily be added to the test, Storch said. The researchers plan to conduct additional research to validate the accuracy of the test,
a biological material from living or recently living organisms, as a replacement for graphite, has drawn recent attention because of its high carbon content, low cost and environmental friendliness.
Nanocarbon architectures derived from biological materials such as mushrooms can be considered a green and sustainable alternative to graphite-based anodes,
Now, researchers at DTU Systems Biology have combined genetics with computer science and created a new diagnostic technology based on advanced self learning computer algorithms whichn the basis of a biopsy from a metastasisan with 85 per cent certainty identify the source of the disease
are based on analyses of DNA mutations in cancer tissue samples from patients with metastasized cancer,
The pattern of mutations is analysed in a computer program which has been trained to find possible primary tumour localizations.
In recent years, researchers have discovered several ways of using genome sequencing of tumours to predict
Associate professor Aron Eklund from DTU Systems Biology explains: e are pleased very that we can now use the same sequencing data together with our new algorithms to provide a much faster diagnosis for cancer cases that are difficult to diagnose,
A method to identify the tissue of origin from the somatic mutations of a tumour specimen in BMC Medical Genomics i
#Scientists test new gene therapy for vision loss from a mitochondrial disease NIH-funded study shows success in targeting MITOCHONDRIAL DNA in mice Researchers funded by the National institutes of health have developed a novel mouse model for the vision disorder
and found that they can use gene therapy to improve visual function in the mice. LHON is one of many diseases tied to gene mutations that damage the tiny energy factories that power our cells,
called mitochondria. his study marks an important contribution to research on LHON, and in efforts toward an effective therapy.
and it is mutations within this MITOCHONDRIAL DNA (mtdna) that lead to LHON, as well as a host of other diseases.
said John Guy, M d.,professor of ophthalmology and director of the ocular gene therapy laboratory at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of medicine.
and using it to test an investigational gene therapy is described today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The most common mutation behind LHON impairs a mitochondrial gene called ND4. Dr. Guy began to research a possible gene therapy approach for delivering a substitute copy of the gene into mitochondria about 15 years ago.
In most studies and applications of gene therapy viruses have become the preferred vessel for delivering genes into cells.
But viruses evolved to invade the body cells and penetrate the nucleus, which contains the bulk of our DNA,
This modified virus has been the key to creating a mouse that replicates LHON and to an investigational gene therapy for LHON that is currently in clinical trials.
the researchers loaded the virus with a defective copy of the ND4 gene carrying the same mutation that causes about 70 percent of LHON cases.
The presence of the virally encoded ND4 mutation in the eye was confirmed by essentially doing an eye exam to look for the red fluorescent marker.
To develop a gene therapy for LHON, the team packaged the normal human ND4 gene into the same stealthy virus. This combination,
and is testing the safety of the same gene therapy approach (without the red fluorescent protein) in people with LHON.
distinguished professor of chemistry and biochemistry and materials science and engineering, was published recently by the journal ACS Nano.
Assistant professor of Mechanical and Biomedical engineering AT SEAS, founder of the Harvard Biodesign Lab AT SEAS, and author on the paper. he device is a minimally invasive way to deliver a patch
Jeff Karp, Ph d.,a bioengineer at Brigham and Women Hospital and a cofounder of Gecko Biomedical, developed the glue product in his lab at Brigham and Women Hospital.
A report on the work by Jeffrey Watson and co-authors from the UA departments of Biomedical engineering
or replaced by modern techniques that give the physician an indication of the elasticity of a biological tissue.
sensitive test for HIV mutations Tests that can distinguish whether HIV-positive people are infected with a drug-resistant strain
if a mutation is present and then make many copies of those combined probes (amplification) for detection.
and quantitative PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplification into a single system, said Anubhav Tripathi, professor of engineering at Brown and corresponding author on the paper. ach HIV contains about 10,000 nucleotides,
or building blocks, in its genetic material, and a drop of blood from a patient with resistant HIV can contain thousands to millions of copies of HIV.
The experiments reported in the paper show that the LRA test was sensitive enough to find a commonly sought K103n mutation in concentrations as low as one mutant per 10,000 strands of ormalviral RNA.
LRA works by sending in many copies of a pair of short engineered probes of genetic material to complement the RNA in the HIV sample.
those pairs that perfectly match the target HIV RNA containing a mutation that causes drug resistance can rapidly become fused together,
quick and accurate HIV drug resistance mutation detection system for use in developing nations. e met soon thereafter
and other methods on patient samples to detect additional mutations and address specific HIV challenges related to mutation detection,
such as enormous genomic diversity, Kantor said, nd work on incorporation of such methods onto a point-of-care device that would satisfy the infrastructure and low-cost needs of resource limited settings. s
#Transplanting from Pig to Human Never before have scientists been able to make scores of simultaneous genetic edits to an organism genome.
Artistic rendering shows pig chromosomes (background) which reside in the nucleus of pig cells and contain a single strand of RNA,
Wyss Institute at Harvard Universitythe 62 edits were executed by the team to inactivate native retroviruses found in the pig genome that have inhibited so far pig organs from being suitable for transplant in human patients.
With the retroviruses safely removed via genetic engineering, however, the door is now open on the possibility that humans could one day receive lifesaving organ transplants from pigs.
Church is the Robert Winthrop Professor of Genetics at Harvard Medical school and a Wyss core faculty member.
latent retrovirus fragments in their genomes, present in all their living cells, that are harmless to their native hosts
and is currently collaborating with Church on further genetic modifications of his pigs. f Church and his team are able to produce pigs from genetically engineered embryos lacking PERVS by the use of CRISPR-Cas9,
and understand repetitive regions in the genome, where an estimated more than two-thirds of our own human genome resides d
#Stressed dads affect offspring brain development through sperm microrna More and more, scientists have realized that DNA is not the only way that a parent can pass on traits to their offspring.
professor of neuroscience in Penn School of veterinary medicine and Perelman School of medicine, provides important clues for understanding how a father life experiences may affect his children brain development and mental health through a purely biological and not behavioral means. t remarkable to
and then amplified the RNA in each single cell to look for gene expression levels. They found that, indeed,
borrowing tools from the developing field of optogenetics, which so far has been used mainly in brain science.
we could prevent that. ptogenetics uses genetic modification to alter cells so that they can be activated by light.
A protein called channelrhodopsin was delivered to heart cells using gene therapy techniques so that they could be controlled by light.
as gene therapy moves into the clinic and with miniaturization of optical devices, use of this all-optical technology may become possible.
Conducting nanoscale biomolecular research could lead to low-cost DNA sequencing technologies, and in turn create targeted drug delivery systems
Biologists construct phylogenetic trees to capture the evolutionary relationship between species, and help us better understand the functions and interactions of genes, the origin and spread of diseases, the co-evolution of hosts and parasites and migration of human populations.
or de novo genome assembly. 7 petabytes of Lustre-based high-performance storage from Aeon, and 6 petabytes of durable storage for data reliability.
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011