Prof Sader said. his is very different to an optical microscope, where light limits the size you can measure.
This so-called iffraction limitplays no part in this new technology. A common way to decipher molecular structures is to use x-ray crystallography.
#Random Light scattering Enhances The Resolution Of Wide-Field Optical microscope Images Researchers at the UT-research institute MESA+have developed a method to improve the resolution of a conventional wide-field optical microscope.
Scattered light usually reduces the resolution of conventional optical microscopes. The UT-researchers however found a simple and efficient way to actively use scattered light to improve the resolution of images.
It is like the fog has cleared, according to the first author Hasan Yilmaz. The smallest detail a traditional optical microscope can reveal is about half the wavelength of green light
or 0. 25 micrometer (a micrometer is a thousandth of a millimeter. Many interesting and important structures in biological cells and computer chips have features smaller than that.
NEW METHOD Randomly scattered laser light appears as a finely grained speckle pattern as a result of interference of many scattered light paths.
Using optimized scattering materials they produce the finest-grained speckles yet made with visible light. With this speckle illumination they obtain fluorescence images that have a very high resolution (0. 12 micrometer) and a wide field of view.
and the laser light is shone upon the scattering surface. The lens creates a speckle pattern that can be scanned on the object.
The high resolution picture is taken using scattered light! The speckle illumination method is surface-specific and robust to environmental noise.
shortly called STAMP, relies on a property of light called dispersion that can be observed in the way a misty sky splits sunshine into a rainbow of colours.
STAMP splits an ultra-short pulse of light into a barrage of different coloured flashes that hit the imaged object in rapid-fire succession.
what the object looked like over the time it took the dispersed light pulse to travel through the STAMP.#
whose optical properties change over the range of wavelengths STAMP uses. Despite these limitations potential of this technology is huge Scientists already used it to image electronic motion
and lattice vibrations in a crystal of lithium niobate and to observe how a laser focused onto a glass plate creates a hot, rapidly expanding plume of plasma.
Such as the laser ignition of fusion, the phase transition of materials, and the dynamics of a Coulomb explosion.
Under blue light the hematite conducts electricity and when bathed in hydrogen peroxide will catalyze a chemical reaction to split oxygen from hydrogen.
higher imaging throughput (signal strength) and the ability for wavelength selection that is currently unavailable using standard pinhole framing camera technology,
the necessary clearance from laser beampaths, the high velocity of the debris ind, and the limited access for exchange once it is loaded in the DIM.
To provide wavelength filtering to accommodate different experimental needs, the team developed special multilayer coatings for the KBO system mirrors. ne thing that Livermore does very well is coating X-ray optics with these multilayers,
The MEMS device acts as an ultrafast mirror reflecting X-rays at precise times and specific angles. xtremely compact devices such as this promise a revolution in our ability to manipulate photons coming from synchrotron light sources,
Only the light that is diffracted from the mirror goes on to hit the sample, and by adjusting the speed at
you will see flashes of light every time the wheel is at the perfect spot for sunlight to hit it.
and its applications in wider fields at next-generation light sources, said Tetsuya Ishikawa, the director of the RIKEN SPRING-8 Center in Japan.
These include newly planned light source facilities such as the Advanced Photon Source Upgrade. uch small sources
shedding new light on reproductive disorders Scientists at the National institutes of health have solved a longstanding mystery about the origin of one of the cell types that make up the ovary.
says senior author Björn Lillemeier, an assistant professor in the Nomis Foundation Laboratories for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis and the Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center at the Salk Institute.
the researchers packed them with a gene that makes light-generating proteins once delivered into the target cells.
called LSR J1835+3259, using the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) at radio wavelengths,
along with the 5-meter Hale Telescope on Palomar Mountain and the 10-meter Keck Telescope in Hawaii at optical wavelengths.
these particles heat the air around them, causing the characteristic streak of light seen from the ground.
If possible it also helps to be in a dark place away from artificial light, and to have unobstructed an view of the sky.
They mostly appear as fleeting streaks of light lasting less than a second but the brightest ones leave behind trails of vaporised gases
generated using laser beams, and is 100 times stronger than that of the world strongest magnets.
A superfluid with loops The team first used a combination of laser cooling and evaporative cooling methods,
the researchers used a set of lasers to create a crystalline array of atoms, or optical lattice.
The electric field of the laser beams creates what known as a periodic potential landscape, similar to an egg carton,
ultrahigh magnetic field, using laser beams to push atoms around in tiny orbits, similar to the orbits of electrons under a real magnetic field.
and two additional laser beams to control the motion of the atoms. On a flat lattice, atoms can easily move around from site to site.
In this scenario, atoms could only move with the help of laser beams. ow the laser beams could be used to make neutral atoms move around like electrons in a strong magnetic field
Using laser beams, the group could make the atoms orbit, or loop around, in a radius as small as two lattice squares, similar to how particles would move in an extremely high magnetic field. nce we had the idea,
All we had to do was take two suitable laser beams and carefully align them at specific angles,
and a half to optimize the lasers and electronic controls to avoid any extraneous pushing of the atoms,
which could make them lose their superfluid properties. t a complicated experiment, with a lot of laser beams, electronics,
showed that a special technique using a laser to detect the subtle differences in blood flow beneath the skin enabled researchers to tell the difference between malignant melanoma and non-cancerous moles.
55 patients with atypical moles agreed to have monitored their skin by researchers at Pisa University Hospital using a laser Doppler system.
The laser Doppler was used to record the complex interactions taking place in the minute blood vessels beneath their suspicious mole for around 30 minutes.
and the results were compared with the information obtained noninvasively sing the laser Doppler scan. The laser Doppler signal correctly identified 100%of the patients with malignant skin.
Professor Aneta Stefanovska of Lancaster University said: e used our knowledge of blood flow dynamics to pick up on markers
has developed a technology that fires and recaptures scattered laser light to literally ee around corners. The system sends a pulse of laser light off of a wall or surface and into a nonvisible space.
The scattering photons from the laser bounce off obstacles and make their way back to sensors in the camera.
The dimensions of that unseen space are recreated then based on the time stamp of the photons that scatter back to the camera.
directing laser pulses into suspected cave openings. The project is led by Jeff Nosanov, of Nosanov Consulting in Bethesda, Maryland.
At Morgridge, Velten is developing new potential directions for scattered light imaging, including less invasive imaging of difficult to observe parts of the human body e
The research was reported in the journal Nature Methods in a paper titled, ltrahigh-throughput single-molecule spectroscopy and spectrally resolved super-resolution microscopy,
Next they dyed the sample with 14 different dyes in a narrow emission window and excited and photoswitched the molecules with one laser.
#Closing the loop with optogenetics Optogenetics provides a powerful tool for studying the brain by allowing researchers to activate neurons using simple light-based signals.
When the proteins are illuminated with specific wavelengths of light they change the behavior of the cells,
electrical stimulation or even light-plus-optogenetics through fiber optics, will all be closed loop. That means they will be responsive to the moment-to-moment needs of the nervous system.
then use the difference between those two signals to inform our optical stimulator to vary the intensities of different wavelengths of light,
The light signals now affect an entire culture or brain region. e want to precisely control where photons are being sent to activate different cells,
#New, Ultrathin Optical devices Shape Light in Exotic Ways Researchers have developed innovative flat, optical lenses as part of a collaboration between NASA Jet propulsion laboratory and the California Institute of technology, both in Pasadena, California.
These optical components are capable of manipulating light in ways that are difficult or impossible to achieve with conventional optical devices.
Manipulating the polarization of light is essential for the operation of advanced microscopes, cameras and displays;
or less than a hundredth of the thickness of a human hair. dditionally, the new, flat lenses can be used to modify the shape of light beams at will.
Semiconductor lasers typically emit into elliptical beams that are really hard to work with and the new metasurface optical components could replace expensive optical systems used to circularize the beams.
#Scientists queezelight one particle at a time A team of scientists has measured successfully particles of light being queezed in an experiment that had been written off in physics textbooks as impossible to observe.
It creates a very specific form of light which is ow-noiseand is potentially useful in technology designed to pick up faint signals,
The standard approach to squeezing light involves firing an intense laser beam at a material, usually a nonlinear crystal,
The theory states that the light scattered by this atom should, similarly, be squeezed. Unfortunately, although the mathematical basis for this method known as squeezing of resonance fluorescence was drawn up in 1981,
they were able to observe the light as it was scattered, and proved that it had indeed been squeezed.
the more intense light gets, the higher the noise. Dim the light, and the noise goes down.
But strangely, at a very fine quantum level, the picture changes. Even in a situation where there is no light,
electromagnetic noise still exists. These are called vacuum fluctuations. While classical physics tells us that in the absence of a light source we will be in perfect darkness
quantum mechanics tells us that there is always some of this ambient fluctuation. f you look at a flat surface,
Even lasers the most perfect light source known, carry this level of fluctuating noise. This is when things get stranger still,
however, because, in the right quantum conditions, that base limit of noise can be lowered even further.
In the Cambridge experiment, the researchers achieved this by shining a faint laser beam on to their artificial atom, the quantum dot.
By scattering faint laser light from the quantum dot, the noise of part of the electromagnetic field was reduced to an extremely precise and low level
the researchers etched micrometer scale pillars into a silicon surface using photolithography and deep reactive-ion etching,
They excited motions with a laser pulse (pump pulse, red) and probed the laser-induced structural changes with a subsequent electron pulse (probe pulse, blue).
The electrons of the probe pulse scatter off the monolayer atoms (blue and yellow spheres)
It was made possible with SLAC instrument for ultrafast electron diffraction (UED), which uses energetic electrons to take snapshots of atoms
SLAC Director Chi-Chang Kao said, ogether with complementary data from SLAC X-ray laser Linac Coherent light Source,
Researchers have used SLAC experiment for ultrafast electron diffraction (UED), one of the world fastest lectron cameras,
to take snapshots of a three-atom-thick layer of a promising material as it wrinkles in response to a laser pulse.
Because of this strong interaction with light, researchers also think they may be able to manipulate the material properties with light pulses. o engineer future devices,
and evolve in response to laser light. Researchers at SLAC placed their monolayer samples which were prepared by Linyou Cao group at North carolina State university, into a beam of very energetic electrons.
This technique is called ultrafast electron diffraction. Illustrations (each showing a top and two side views) of a single layer of molybdenum disulfide (atoms shown as spheres.
If a laser pulse heats the monolayer up, it sends ripples through the layer. These wrinkles,
The team then used ultrashort laser pulses to excite motions in the material, which cause the scattering pattern to change over time. ombined with theoretical calculations,
these data show how the light pulses generate wrinkles that have large amplitudes more than 15 percent of the layer thickness
Transparent brain tissue must be viewable by both light and electron microscopy. And Scales managed this task with grace it provides an optimal combination of cleared tissue and fluorescent signals
The research was published September 14 in Nature Photonics. Today cellular and Wi-fi networks rely on microwaves to carry voice conversations and data.
The researchers fabricated the acoustic cell sorter in Penn State Nanofabrication Laboratory using standard lithography techniques. ust like using a lens to focus light,
#First Optical Rectenna Combined Rectifier and Antenna Converts Light to DC Current Using nanometer scale components,
the optical rectennas could provide a new technology for photodetectors that would operate without the need for cooling,
the carbon nanotubes act as antennas to capture light from the sun or other sources. As the waves of light hit the nanotube antennas,
they create an oscillating charge that moves through rectifier devices attached to them. The rectifiers switch on
Developed in the 1960s and 1970s, rectennas have operated at wavelengths as short as ten microns,
but for more than 40 years researchers have been attempting to make devices at optical wavelengths. There were many challenges:
making the antennas small enough to couple optical wavelengths, and fabricating a matching rectifier diode small enough and able to operate fast enough to capture the electromagnetic wave oscillations.
Virendra Singh and Thomas Bougher constructed devices that utilize the wave nature of light rather than its particle nature.
In operation, oscillating waves of light pass through the transparent calcium-aluminum electrode and interact with the nanotubes.
or other material that would produce flexible solar cells or photodetectors. Cola sees the rectennas built so far as simple proof of principle.
#A natural light switch MIT scientists, working with colleagues in Spain, have discovered and mapped a light-sensing protein that uses Vitamin b12 to perform key functions,
benefit from knowing whether they are in light or darkness. The photoreceptors bind to the DNA in the dark,
such as the engineering of light-directed control of DNA transcription, or the development of controlled interactions between proteins. would be interested very in thinking about
which detect strain by measuring shifts in the wavelength of light reflected by the optical fiber.
allowing light to escape. By measuring the loss of light, the researchers are able to calculate strain or other deformations.
Park said this type of flexible optical sensor could be incorporated into soft skins. Such a skin would
pole-like devices that could absorb light from all directions, which would be an improvement over today wide,
flat panels that can only absorb light from one surface. The study, led by Richard Kaner,
Devices such as solar cells and photosensors work better if the crystals grow vertically because vertical crystals can be packed more densely in the semiconductor,
UV LIGHT enabled catheter fixes holes in the heart without invasive surgery Researchers from Boston Children Hospital, the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard university,
Their newly designed catheter device utilizes UV LIGHT technology and can be used to place the patch in a beating heart.
The clinician then deploys the patch and turns on the catheter UV LIGHT. The light reflects off of the balloon shiny interior
and activates the patch adhesive coating. As the glue cures, pressure from the positioning balloons on either side of the patch help secure it in place.
and then activate it using UV LIGHT, all within a matter of five minutes and in an atraumatic way that doesn require a separate incision.
using heat, instead of light, to measure magnetic systems at short length and time scales. Researchers led by Greg Fuchs,
The technique relies on analysis of reflected light from short laser pulses to gain information about magnetization. Unfortunately
the physics of optical diffraction limit how small a laser spot can be used, which ultimately limits the resolution of the technique.
For instance, Bartell and colleagues will be looking at using tricks from nanophotonics, such as fabricating gold antennae to excite thermal excitations confined to nanoscale dimensions o
that will be eventually be able to treat countless patients. he findings are particularly significant in the light of improving life expectancies and the associated increase in cases of ARMD.
published by SPIE, the international society for optics and photonics. Surgical microscopes are specialized highly stereomicroscopes installed on articulated mounts
In the past, surgeons could not see the laser beam through the standard stereomicroscope, nor anatomical details in the NIR images.
#Researchers learn how to steer the heart with light We depend on electrical waves to regulate the rhythm of our heartbeat.
Their results are published in the journal Nature Photonics on 19 october. Both cardiac cells in the heart and neurons in the brain communicate by electrical signals,
and being able to get the light to desired locations. However as gene therapy moves into the clinic
#Researchers learn how to steer the heart with light We depend on electrical waves to regulate the rhythm of our heartbeat.
Their results are published in the journal Nature Photonics. Using computer-generated light patterns, researchers were able to control the direction of spiralling electrical waves in heart cells.
and being able to get the light to desired locations. However as gene therapy moves into the clinic
The beams of light emanating from the fluorescence molecules can be measured through the top of the mice skulls.
It can also be treated with a procedure called cardiac ablation that burns away the malfunctioning cells using a high-powered laser that threaded into the heart on a catheter.
The laser also damages surrounding cells which can cause artery damage and other serious problems.
and destroy the cells with a far more precise technique that uses low-level red light illumination instead of a high power laser.
the technique requires doctors to mark unwanted cells with a chemical that makes them sensitive to low-level red light.
The red light then destroys the marked cells while leaving surrounding tissue unharmed. he great thing about this treatment is that it precise down to the level of individual cells,
and high power lasers char the tissue in the heart. This treatment is much easier and much safer.
Red light is delivered then to the area using a procedure similar to today cardiac ablation. The low-level light destroys only the cells that have absorbed the nanoparticles
leaving the other heart cells unharmed. Encouraged by the technique performance in animal studies, Kalifa and Kopelman believe the next step is to begin human trials using the technology.
the metamaterials have to be constructed precisely for the wavelength of the field you want to make invisible,
Not only does this cast an important light on how cancer metastasizes and recruits cellular material from healthy cells,
Then they convert this light into an electrical charge proportional to its intensity and wavelength.
coming light is blocked not by any metal layers or other materials. This means that this flexible phototransistor features much more efficient light absorption.
Light is absorbed directly into an ultrathin silicon layer. Scientists placed electrodes under this ultrathin silicon nanomembrane layer.
This resulted in the metal layer and electrodes acting as reflectors, which improved light absorption. This means that an external amplifier is needed not.
Scientists say that there is an integrated capability to sense weak light, which is beneficial for a variety of applications.
Professor Zhenqiang ackma, one of the developers of this project explained: his demonstration shows great potential in high-performance and flexible photodetection systems.
Because light takes time to reach us, we can see very distant objects as they were in the past.
As light from remote galaxies makes its way to us, it becomes stretched to longer, infrared wavelengths by the expansion of space.
That where WISE and Spitzer help out. For infrared space telescopes, picking out distant galaxies is like plucking ripe cherries from a cherry tree.
The artificial eye is composed of a lens on top of three electronic photodetectors arranged in a triangular pattern.
By combining measurements of the individual photodetectors, the device can sense the speed and direction of motion in its view.
#Laser-printed holograms could enable'smart windows'Making holograms isn't easy-it requires expensive equipment, complex physics and time-consuming recording techniques.
Some progress was made with a recently-developed technique for hologram creation, which splits a laser pulse into two beams to create an interference pattern on a surface.
That method gives the appearance of a hologram quickly and cheaply, but it requires precise alignment of the beams,
and isn't very bright. Haider Butt and his colleagues overcame those problems using a nanosecond laser than can print ink holograms about a square centimetre in size in just five nanoseconds."
"The technique is slightly different from the conventional methods, which divide a single pulsed beam using beam splitters
and then recombine them to produce holograms and nanopatterns, "Butt told Phys. org.""Here we use only a single beam,
and this interference pattern is used for writing/printing holograms. The technique requires far fewer optical components,
"It's hoped this new hologram-creation method could be miniaturized into a smartphone, or even used to create 3d artwork and"smart windows".
Bao and her colleagues demonstrated that the sensors could relay pressure signals to the mammalian nervous system by linking them to a blue LED light that in turn stimulated slices of mouse brain that had been engineered to respond to those wavelengths.
and stand by staring at one of five flickering light emitting diodes (LEDS). The results delivered by scientists at Korea University
designed to hold a camera, LED light, an integrated circuit for receiving control instructions and transmitting data, antenna, 1. 5v button battery and, at the rear, the drive unit, to
#Tractor beam lifts and moves small objects Researchers have built a working tractor beam that uses high-amplitude sound waves to generate an acoustic hologram that can pick up
and seemingly defy gravity. ere we individually control dozens of loudspeakers to tell us an optimal solution to generate an acoustic hologram that can manipulate multiple objects in real-time without contact.
#Tractor beam lifts and moves small objects Researchers have built a working tractor beam that uses high-amplitude sound waves to generate an acoustic hologram that can pick up
and seemingly defy gravity. ere we individually control dozens of loudspeakers to tell us an optimal solution to generate an acoustic hologram that can manipulate multiple objects in real-time without contact.
which focus by diffraction. According to UW-Madison, each of Jiang half-millimetre diameter lenses resembles a series of ripples on water emanating out from the splash of a stone.
it has to absorb the light completely. It hard to find a material that doesn reflect
Incoming light bouncing between individual silicon nanowires cannot escape the complex structure, making the material darker than dark.
graduate student Jayer Fernandes and recent graduate Aditi Kanhere-are exploring ways to integrate the lenses into existing optical detectors and directly incorporate silicon electronic components into the lenses themselves e
Rather than stop at red lights, self-driving cars would schedule a slot through an intersection in real-time,
It not only promises to remove time waiting at lights, but will cut fuel usage and emissions as well. lot of emissions and fuel usage are caused by acceleration,
it is still not possible to engineer a way of turning the lights green as you pull up. t easy to change the traffic lights, ssays IBM Standford-Clark. ut...
as well as helping them adjust their speeds to hit lights when theye green. he system might advise a driver that
The technology works by using an array of flat speakers to produce acoustic holograms. Just as visual holograms are produced in 3d from interfering light waves,
so acoustic holograms are made by interfering sound waves. When the peaks of two waves meet, they produce a greater amplitude;
when a peak meets a trough they cancel out. Marzo team showed that by carefully adjusting the sound waves,
they could create moving acoustic holograms that worked like 3d cages, tweezers or rotating spirals that could lift,
The sonic tractor beam uses a 3d hologram with the shape of a cage or bottle in
And we can update the hologram in real time to move the cage towards us, and the particle moves with the trap,
He explained that one issue is that the transistor is controlled with UV LIGHT, and this is really not that practical for a highly integrated device.
as the"things you're discussing you need light of the same wavelength in the signal and the control,
as controlling light with light is somewhat difficult as photons do not interact with other photons like electrons do said,
"Our oxide is deposited through pulsed laser ablation (i e. a strong laser pulse literally blows off some of the material which travels across a chamber and sticks onto a substrate,
not unlike how you would get splashed if you throw a ball hard enough into water),
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