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| Kerosene (26) | |
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| Liquid fuel (23) | |
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running cars on ethanol and turning its race meets into centres for recycling everything from waste engine oil to old mobile phones.
In this case, the car uses a type of advanced cellulosic 85%ethanol renewable fuel from woody biomass.
I would have used 193 gallons (730 litres) of gasoline. But the computer claimed that using the biofuel mix,
I would only have used 39 gallons (147 litres) of gasoline. The rest would have been biofuel,
A zinc electrode that lasts about five months would cost about the same as a litre of kerosene
more efficient ways of burning petrol and Diesel fuel injection has been the subject of research for more than 20 years,
what happens when fuel injection systems squirt petrol or diesel into the cylinders which house the pistons that drive internal combustion engines.
Petroleum accounts for over 90%of the country's exports, and over half its GDP.
which behaves very like the kerosene that the jet engines of today use. Jet engine efficiency#has come on in leaps and bounds,
The centre has selected a universal design that might look familiar to petrol-powered car drivers,
If there is a sharp increase in gasoline prices in the future electric, efficient, vehicles like the C-1 could see strong demand.
Getting back to those gas prices analysts are predicting that we could see a ten-cent spike of gasoline prices as we see the effects of the storm play out depending on how drastic the supply cut actually is from the region
But if it doesn't last analysts are also forecasting a quick retreat from that possible spike in gasoline prices.
and the grocery store in the months ahead since everything from transportation to manufacturing to our petroleum-intensive agricultural system is a puppet flailing upon the strings of this volatile commodity.
*In California, the California Ethanol and Power Project will produce 66 million gallons of ethanol annually from sugar cane and sweet sorghum.
while reducing greenhouse gas emissions everybody winssaid Mel Kurtz president of quasar energy group. uasar Columbus facility can produce 1. 3 million gasoline gallon equivalents of CNG each year. hat
and Oklahoma infrastructure in some states is scarce. o avoid feelings of range anxiety common in owners of CNG-only vehicles we made the Impala bi-fuel allowing our customers to drive on CNG when available and on gasoline
The CNG tank mounted in the trunk has the equivalent capacity of 7. 8 gallons of gasoline
With gasoline and compressed natural gas combined expected range is 500 city miles based on GM testing. EPA estimates are not yet available.
Impala bi-fuel system seamlessly switches to gasoline power when the CNG tank is depleted. Drivers who wish to change fuels
Operating on CNG can result in an average fuel savings of nearly $1. 13 per gasoline-gallon-equivalent based on a national average of $3. 24 per gallon of gasoline as reported by AAA
Also CNG vehicles typically have 20 percent fewer greenhouse gas emissions than gasoline-powered cars according to the California Air Resources Board.
battery electric buses that do not use any diesel fuel and create no tailpipe emissions, or fuel cell buses powered by hydrogen.
And if the relatively small amount of diesel fuel used by these buses is replaced with sustainably-produced biodiesel,
With dwindling global supplies of oil, recycling offers a powerful means of reducing the amount of petroleum (currently standing at around 8%of global production) required to manufacture plastics, the production
The development of the new packaging products for a global market will make an important contribution towards the reduction of the dependency of the packaging sector on petroleum resources and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
A characteristic of the bio-liquids that are produced compared to crude oil is the high level of oxygenates
EU project makes first'solar'kerosene An EU-funded research project called SOLAR-JET has produced the world's first'solar'jet fuel from water and carbon dioxide (CO2), a promising technology for a better
Researchers have demonstrated for the first time successfully the entire production chain for renewable kerosene, using concentrated light as a high-temperature energy source.
The syngas (a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide) was converted then into kerosene by Shell using the established"Fischer-Tropsch"process.
the processing of syngas to kerosene is already being deployed by companies, including Shell, on a global scale.
sustainable and scalable supplies of aviation fuel as well as diesel and gasoline, or even plastics. Fischer-Tropsch derived fuels are certified already
crystal clear base oil made from natural gas with fewer of the impurities found in crude oil. The oils are designed to provide coverage on five areas consumers deem as most critical for motor oil performance:
or petroleum reservoirs deep underground#places where pressure and temperature could destroy conventional electronic sensors.
The only byproduct is water unlike gasoline combustion which emits carbon dioxide a greenhouse gas. Most of these vehicles will run on fuel manufactured at large industrial plants that produce hydrogen by combining very hot steam and natural gas an energy-intensive process that releases carbon dioxide as a byproduct.
which uses microbes to glean ethanol from glycerol and has added the benefit of cleaning up the wastewater,
will allow producers to reincorporate the ethanol and the water into the fuel-making process, says Gemma Reguera, Michigan State university microbiologist and one of the study coauthors. ith a saturated glycerol market,
The next step, the team searched for partner bacteria that could ferment it into ethanol while generating byproducts that edthe Geobacter.
crude oil comes out of the ground with sulfur. If the amount of sulfur is greater than 0. 5 percent the crude is considered our.
and is used commonly for processing into gasoline, kerosene, and high-quality diesel. raditionally we have operated just off sweet crudes,
In order for the ourcrude to be refined into gasoline the sulfur has to be removed, which is done currently through hydro treating,
an expensive process that in turn leads to higher-priced gasoline. ou need hydrogen in order to sweeten crudes,
another process to use the leftover cellulose to make a composite materialmoon says. he cellulose crystals are more difficult to break down into sugars to make liquid fuel.
Solvents are liquid chemicals often petroleum-based that are used widely to dissolve solid materials. They are found in paints thinners aerosol sprays dyes marking pens adhesives and other products.
but a high dose of ethanol can blunt their fear according to new research. These findings may pave the way for new methodologies for understanding anxiety
and that this preference can be abolished by exposing the fish to ethanol. Scary robotporfiri and Macri along with students Valentina Cianca and Tiziana Bartolini hypothesized that robots could be used to induce fear as well as affinity
To determine whether alcohol would affect fear responses the researchers exposed separate groups of fish to different doses of ethanol in water.
Ethanol has been shown to influence anxiety-related responses in humans rodents and some species of fish.
The zebrafish exposed to the highest concentrations of ethanol showed remarkable changes in behavior failing to avoid the predatory robot.
Acute administration of ethanol causes no harm and has no lasting effect on zebrafish.##These results are further evidence that robots may represent an exciting new approach in evaluating
and evaluated whether the results obtained therein were sensitive to ethanol administration. They placed test subjects in a two-chamber tank with one well-lit side and one darkened side to establish which conditions were preferable.
Ethanol exposure significantly modulated these fear responses as well abolishing the preference for the light compartment
Among ethanol-exposed fish there were many more who were unaffected by the robotic predator preferred the dark compartment
Three groups of fish were treated with varying doses of ethanol in water#zero percent (control group) 0. 25 percent and 1 percent by volume.
The two ethanol-exposed groups deviated significantly from this pattern spending more time in other regions of the tank.
unlike bottles for petroleum or gas burners that cannot be carried on airplanes and must be sourced at destination.
Due to a combination of new found purchasing power, declining solar system costs, increasing kerosene costs, and advances in solar services business models,
solar is actually cheaper than the alternative (kerosene plus phone-charging) when financed. That s because close to 1 billion people have risen above the poverty line over the past twenty years,
and polluting energy sources like kerosene (or even worse, candles). Selling cheap basic services like solar electricity into this market through#micropayment schemes#is
Typically made from petroleum, it is estimated that 7%of the#world s annual oil production#is used to produce
Thousands of tons of vanadium are brought to the surface through worldwide petroleum operations alone every year.
Halliburton's petroleum systems modeling technology defines the distribution of hydrocarbons in the unconventional reservoir to aid well placement
which could enable humanity to transition off of a petroleum economy Boeke said. In addition to practical applications synthetic yeast could be used to study how different genes function
#Liquid storage could make hydrogen a feasible fuel A process for extracting hydrogen from a liquid fuel could remove one of the biggest hurdles to a'hydrogen economy,
a liquid fuel that#unlike hydrogen itself#can be transported easily and stored. Matthias Beller, a chemical engineer at the University of Rostock in Germany,
It is straightforward to turn hydrogen into the liquid fuel: a well-known reaction combines hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases using commercial catalysts.
Olah argues that a future economy could use methanol directly as a liquid fuel, so the world should work on ways to produce it#perhaps by capturing carbon dioxide.
#Obama to announce $2 billion plan to get US cars off gasoline An article by Scientific American.
The technology could also drive down operating costs for base stations in the developing world where these stations rely on expensive diesel fuel for power
#New approach to boosting biofuel production Yeast are used commonly to transform corn and other plant materials into biofuels such as ethanol.
However large concentrations of ethanol can be toxic to yeast which has limited the production capacity of many yeast strains used in industry.
Now Stephanopoulos and colleagues at MIT and the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research have identified a new way to boost yeast tolerance to ethanol by simply altering the composition of the medium in
Ethanol and other alcohols can disrupt yeast cell membranes eventually killing the cells. The MIT team found that adding potassium and hydroxide ions to the medium in
By making these changes the researchers were able to boost yeast s ethanol production by about 80 percent.
This work goes a long way to squeezing the last drop of ethanol from sugar adds Gerald Fink an MIT professor of biology member of the Whitehead Institute and the paper s other senior author.
or group of genes that could be manipulated to make yeast more tolerant to ethanol but this approach did not yield much success
and increasing the ph with potassium hydroxide the researchers were able to dramatically boost ethanol production.
They also found that these changes did not affect the biochemical pathway used by the yeast to produce ethanol:
Yeast continued to produce ethanol at the same per-cell rate as long as they remained viable. Instead the changes influenced their electrochemical membrane gradients differences in ion concentrations inside and outside the membrane
Ethanol increases the porosity of the cell membrane making it very difficult for cells to maintain their electrochemical gradients.
the longer they survive the more ethanol they make. By reinforcing these gradients we re energizing yeast to allow them to withstand harsher conditions
What s also exciting to us is that this could apply beyond ethanol to more advanced biofuel alcohols that upset cell membranes in the same way Lam says.
Industrial relevancebefore yeast begin their work producing ethanol the starting material usually corn must be broken down into glucose.
While many studies have examined ways to boost ethanol tolerance at low glucose levels the MIT team used concentrations of about 300 grams per liter similar to
Otherwise what you learn at low ethanol levels is not likely to translate to industrial production Stephanopoulos says.
In more recent experiments the MIT researchers have used this method to bump ethanol productivity even higher than reported in the Science paper.
They are also working on using this approach to boost the ethanol yield from various industrial feedstocks that because of starting compounds inherently toxic to yeast now have low yields.
What s more such robots run on gasoline and are powered by a gasoline engine in order to generate high forces.
In the desert environment dust is present on a daily basis says co-author Numan Abu-Dheir of the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) in Saudi arabia.
Now researchers at MIT and King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) in Saudi arabia have devised a robotic system that can detect leaks at a rapid pace and with high accuracy by sensing a large pressure
or in petroleum pipelines about setting up field tests under real-world conditions. Chatzigeorgiou presented the concept this month at the International Conference on Robotics and Automation in Hong kong,
have helped replace thousands of kerosene lanterns usually burned in homes for lighting; such lanterns spew out black carbon that contributes to global warming and indoor air pollution.
high-quality fuels from low-quality oil New findings released by MIT researchers could help energy companies implement a long-recognized process for converting heavy, high-sulfur crude oil into high-value,
cleaner fuels such as gasoline without using hydrogen a change that would reduce costs, energy use, and carbon dioxide emissions.
But converting crude oil into lightweight, clean-burning, high-quality fuels such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel is getting harder.
o there a lot of interest in finding alternative processes for converting low-quality crude oil into valuable fuels with less residual coke and for removing the sulfur efficiently
When crude oil is mixed with SCW, the hundreds of chemical compounds present can react together in different combinations and at different rates,
and then MWCNT@S and VACNTS were assembled into macro-CNT-S films via the dispersion in ethanol followed by vacuum filtration",Zhe Yuan,
Her team's discovery may provide future consumers a biologically-inspired alternative to gasoline.""These are the types of discoveries we can make at Argonne,
Even hours later fires caused by kerosene and solid propellant were still burning. Unlike Spacex which is almost completely vertically integrated Orbital outsources most of its components and focuses on system integration and design.
A bacterial fermentation process known as Acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) produces acetone, n-Butanol, and ethanol from starch.
ABE fermentation was developed first in the UK a century ago, but died out in competition with the petrochemical industry.
Biobutanol is recognized now as an advanced biofuel a direct replacement for petrol. The biofuel is produced from draff the sugar rich kernels of barley soaked in water to facilitate the fermentation process necessary for whisky production and pot ale,
A bacterial fermentation process known as Acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) produces acetone, n-Butanol, and ethanol from starch.
ABE fermentation was developed first in the UK a century ago, but died out in competition with the petrochemical industry.
Biobutanol is recognized now as an advanced biofuel a direct replacement for petrol. The biofuel is produced from draff the sugar rich kernels of barley soaked in water to facilitate the fermentation process necessary for whisky production and pot ale,
#Artificial'plants'could fuel future cars Scientists have taken a big step towards creating artificial'plants'that can use only sunlight to make gasoline
The research builds on a similar hybrid system that yielded butanol, a component in gasoline,
however, synthetic photosynthesis seeks to produce liquid fuels that can be stored for months or years and distributed through existing energy infrastructure.
#N1 Technologies Seeks Patent for Non-Petroleum Nano Organic Motor oil The directors and management of N1 Technologies Inc. have filed a patent for a bio-based non-petroleum motor oil.
The company has taken renewable plant oils and added Tungsten and Carbon nanotubes to the oil blend.
The result is a"Green"motor oil that performs in many ways better than standard petroleum motor oil."
"A biodegradable motor oil that can go toe to toe with the best petroleum motor oil is the Holy grail
for example, prove especially valuable for crude oil transport, in which fuel lines frequently become clogged, leading to high costs and risk of gas accidentally escaping into the environment.
#Nanoscientists Convert Sunlight into Liquid fuel Using Nature and Technology Imagine creating artificial plants that make gasoline
and natural gas using only sunlight. And imagine using those fuels to heat our homes or run our cars without adding any greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.
that yielded butanol, a component in gasoline, and a variety of biochemical building blocks. The research is a major advance toward synthetic photosynthesis,
however, synthetic photosynthesis seeks to produce liquid fuels that can be stored for months or years and distributed through existing energy infrastructure.
an inert material obtained by the incomplete combustion of certain petroleum products. Prior to the team's research, the quantity and dimensions of the carbon black nanoparticles weren't considered particularly crucial to a battery's function."
the risks of an explosion or fire are lower compared to conventional airline kerosene fuel.
hence there won't be a pool of hydrogen on the ground as is the case for kerosene.
Hydrogen, like kerosene, needs an igniter or a heat source to initiate combustion so it doesn't ignite spontaneously,
An alternative fuel could be liquefied natural gas such as super-cold liquid methane; when stored as a liquid it needs far less space than gas. f a market for small business jets existed,
Scientists Enlist E coli To Make Planet-Saving Plastic Out Of Practically Nothing The Intertubes have buzzing with news of a new way to make plastic without using petroleum or petrochemicals.
powered by electricity instead of petrol. A 10.4 kilowatt-per-hour battery pack lasts 150 to 200 miles on a single charge, according to Lit Motors.
Liquid-oxygen or kerosene rockets would be fired to enable the plane to rapidly climb higher in the sky
This includes reducing chlorinated solvents at industrial dry cleaning sites as well as petroleum cleanup projects. Plumestop is composed of very fine particles of activated carbon (1-2 m) suspended in water through the use of unique organic polymer dispersion chemistry.
#Wood instead of petroleum: Producing chemical substances solely from renewable resources Petroleum might well be replaced by wood soon
when it comes to manufacturing chemical substances. Research has made now significant progress towards using sustainable biomass, like wood, as an alternative raw material for chemical production.
The process can be as cost-effective as the conventional petroleum product-based process and is less damaging to the environment."
or xylochemical, syntheses of substances for which petroleum products are employed usually as starting materials. This new work shows that the relevant carbon skeletons can be created solely from wood-based starting materials.
because of their chemical structure, are suited better than petroleum products for many applications. It is often necessary to subject the latter to extensive transformation processes before they acquire comparable functionality."
and vegetable wrapping foil but it is considered not yet a full alternative to traditional petroleum-based plastics,
LA will never fully replace petroleum-based plastics. For one thing, some objects, such as toilet drain pipes, are meant not to be biodegradable.
Azza Faiad ideas attracted the attention of the Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute. The institute gave the teen access to a lab
which can be turned into ethanol, what some scientists are calling iofuelbecause the organic chemicals from plastic polymers she extracts,
are the same chemicals extracted from vegetation to create ethanol biofuel. The process releases other chemicals that can also be recycled and sold.
Mining companies pay roughly 70 cents per liter of diesel fuel, but often have to oversize their fixed-speed generator fleets to meet rare peaks in demand,
With applications for both the food packaging and cosmetic industries, the new bioactive film is a green alternative to traditional petroleum-based plastics
In this process, the titanium dioxide and platinum precursors are dissolved in ethanol and converted to a fog using an ultrasonic bath.
which in turn has the potential to help make the driving range of an adsorbed-natural-gas (ANG) car comparable to that of a typical gasoline-powered car."
Consequently, propane is an attractive target product in research aimed at developing new renewable alternatives to complement currently used petroleum-derived fuels.
a liquid fuel and the focus of a recent study conducted at the U s. Department of energy's (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory("Carbon dioxide Conversion to Methanol over Size-Selected Cu4 Clusters at Low pressures").
Liquid fuel and a liquid oxidizer combine within a combustion chamber and ignite. Ultimately its this combustion that thrusts the rocket forward.
or cold temperatures of today compressed or liquefied natural gas vehicles. Natural gas is cleaner-burning than gasoline,
and today there are more than 150,000 compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles on the road in the U s, . most of them trucks and buses. But until manufacturers can find a way to pack more methane into a tank at lower pressures and temperatures,
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) vehicles operate at lower pressures but require significant insulation in the tank system to maintain the natural gas at minus-162 degrees Celsius (minus-260 degrees Fahrenheit)
In addition, gasoline packs over three times the energy density per volume as natural gas even when compressed to 3, 600 psi,
Mos2 is a common industrial catalyst that is used as a dry lubricant and in petroleum refining.
Such a high energy density would be comparable to that of gasoline -and would enable an electric car with a battery that is a fifth the cost and a fifth the weight of those currently on the market to drive from London to Edinburgh on a single charge.
there are several practical challenges that need to be addressed before lithium-air batteries become a viable alternative to gasoline.
-based ethanol into hydrocarbon blend-stocks for use as fossil fuel alternatives. Scientists have experimented for decades with a class of catalysts known as zeolites that transform alcohols such as ethanol into higher-grade hydrocarbons.
As ORNL researchers were developing a new type of zeolite-based conversion technology, they found the underlying reaction unfolds in a different manner than previously thought."
"For 40 years, everyone thought that these reactions must go first from ethanol to ethylene,
"It has been assumed that you must go from ethanol to ethylene, which is endothermic and requires energy.
"Our method of direct conversion of ethanol offers a pathway to produce suitable hydrocarbon blend-stock that may be blended at a refinery to yield fuels such as gasoline, diesel and jet fuel or commodity chemicals,
#The UK is trialling a new road surface that charges your electric car as you drive One of the problems with being on the cutting edge of electric car technology is you're not as sure of being able to find a filling station as all the petrol-burning drivers around you.
According to CBC News, the larger plant should be able to produce up to 400 litres of gasoline
Even existing petrol pumps can work with the fuel. A major limitation of solar and wind technologies, on the other hand, is that they require specific technologies to capture
including biodegradable plastics, pharmaceutical drugs and even liquid fuels. Scientists with the U s. Department of energy (DOE)' s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and the University of California (UC) Berkeley have created a hybrid system of semiconducting nanowires and bacteria
The yields of target chemical molecules produced from the acetate were also encouraging--as high as 26-percent for butanol, a fuel comparable to gasoline, 25-percent for amorphadiene, a precursor to the antimaleria drug artemisinin,
#Sensor detects spoilage of food VTT has developed a sensor that detects ethanol in the headspace of a food package.
Ethanol is formed as a result of food spoilage. The sensor signal is wirelessly readable, for instance, by a mobile phone.
The sensor monitors ethanol emitted from the spoilage of foods into the headspace of a package.
Ethanol, in addition to carbon dioxide, was found to be the main volatile spoilage metabolite in fresh-cut fruit.
This ethanol sensor can have potential in other applications, such as in alcometers. The sensor layer is part of a radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag,
A similar optical readout based on the colour change of the ethanol sensor was developed also for a smartphone.
#Artificial'plants'could fuel the future Imagine creating artificial plants that make gasoline and natural gas using only sunlight.
that yielded butanol, a component in gasoline, and a variety of biochemical building blocks. The research is a major advance toward synthetic photosynthesis,
however, synthetic photosynthesis seeks to produce liquid fuels that can be stored for months or years and distributed through existing energy infrastructure.
#Artificial'plants'could fuel the future The developer of a new technology that turns sunlight into liquid fuel,
Imagine creating artificial plants that make gasoline and natural gas using only sunlight. And imagine using those fuels to heat our homes
that yielded butanol, a component in gasoline, and a variety of biochemical building blocks. The research is a major advance toward synthetic photosynthesis
however, synthetic photosynthesis seeks to produce liquid fuels that can be stored for months or years and distributed through existing energy infrastructure.
#Energy-efficient reaction drives biofuel conversion technology A new study from the Department of energy's Oak ridge National Laboratory explains the mechanism behind a technology that converts bio-based ethanol into hydrocarbon blend
Scientists have experimented for decades with a class of catalysts known as zeolites that transform alcohols such as ethanol into higher-grade hydrocarbons.
"For 40 years, everyone thought that these reactions must go first from ethanol to ethylene,
"It has been assumed that you must go from ethanol to ethylene, which is endothermic and requires energy.
"Our method of direct conversion of ethanol offers a pathway to produce suitable hydrocarbon blend-stock that may be blended at a refinery to yield fuels such as gasoline, diesel and jet fuel or commodity chemicals,
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