While this solves the physics of the problem another challenge that comes with cheap vibration motors is that they are well cheap and all spin at different frequencies with different weights and even different directions.
and low cost (the powered floor is a simple 2-layer printed circuit board) could make the Droplets an ideal educational platform enabling instructors to tangibly teach subjects such as organic chemistry (with each Droplet being a wiggling atom
It probably electric and its maximum speed is limited to 25mph (40km/h). Its most striking characteristic is that it doesn have any controls#no steering wheel accelerator
During it#3-month exploration it will search for natural resources and rare elements such as titanium and uranium.
or capacitive charge (scratch-drive robots) or synthetic molecules with light-driven motors (nanocars). How it worksto emulate micro
With this we developed our own network layer to handle inter-unit communication as well as algorithms for routing packets time synchronization information fusion etc. on a resource limited embedded system.
Finally a high energy density Lithium-Ion Polymer battery is used to power all the electronics and actuators contained onboard.
#What happens when quantum physics meets genetic engineering? Nature has had billions of years to perfect photosynthesis, which directly or indirectly supports virtually all life On earth.
One way plants achieve this efficiency is by making use of the exotic effects of quantum mechanics effects sometimes known as uantum weirdness.
which include the ability of a particle to exist in more than one place at a time, have now been used by engineers at MIT to achieve a significant efficiency boost in a light-harvesting system.
and Seth Lloyd, an expert on quantum theory and its potential applications; research associate Heechul Park;
a photon hits a receptor called a chromophore, which in turn produces an exciton a quantum particle of energy.
This exciton jumps from one chromophore to another until it reaches a reaction center, where that energy is harnessed to build the molecules that support life.
But the hopping pathway is random and inefficient unless it takes advantage of quantum effects that allow it, in effect,
behaving more like a wave than a particle. This efficient movement of excitons has one key requirement:
or molecules (as in photosynthesis). But this could be done by adding a reaction center, where such processing takes place,
As terahertz waves travel down the waveguide, some of the radiation leaks out of the slit.
and the data receiver at the other end could pick up an individual stream by accepting radiation at a specific angle.
The cloak is a thin Teflon sheet (light blue) embedded with many small, cylindrical ceramic particles (dark blue.
The cloak is a thin Teflon sheet (light blue) embedded with many small, cylindrical ceramic particles (dark blue.
so they combine the calcium with carbonate ions to form calcite, or limestone, which closes up the cracks.
The UC research team has developed a new kind of lithium-ion battery anode using portobello mushrooms,
which increases levels of a specific type of signaling molecule in the brain called interleukin-1 ß (IL-1ß).(
and moves data with photons of light instead of electrons would make today chips look like proverbial horses and buggies.
When electrons move through the basic parts of a computer chipogic circuits that manipulate data,
That not the case with photons, which travel together with no resistance, and do so at, well, light speed.
Researchers have made already photon-friendly chips, with optical lines that replace metal wires and optical memory circuits.
That materialbbreviated GSTONSISTS of a thin layer of an alloy of germanium, antimony, and tellurium.
Both groups designed artificial versions of antibodies, the Y-shaped molecules made by the immune system to target pathogens.
Bringing the killer T cell in close proximity to the infected cell effectively stuffs the prey into the lion mouth. he molecule works
and youe continually popping particles where you think they should levitate, and then watching them continually drop down.
which spins and entraps the bead in the center of a tornadolike flurry, rotates the bead on its own axis. Lastly,
#Faster, smaller, more informative A new technique invented at MIT can measure the relative positions of tiny particles as they flow through a fluidic channel,
As cells or particles flow through the channel, one at a time, their mass slightly alters the cantilever vibration frequency.
The masses of the particles can be calculated from that change in frequency. In this study, the researchers wanted to see
if they could gain more information about a collection of particles, such as their individual sizes and relative positions. ith the previous system,
when a single particle flows through we can measure its buoyant mass, but we don get any information about whether it a very small, dense particle,
or maybe a large, not-so-dense particle. It could be a long filament, or spherical, says grad student Nathan Cermak, one of the paper lead authors.
Postdoc Selim Olcum is also a lead author of the paper; Manalis, the Andrew and Erna Viterbi Professor in MIT departments of Biological engineering and Mechanical engineering,
and to measure how each particle affects the vibration frequency of each mode at each point along the resonator.
but also the position of each particle. ll these different modes react differently to the distribution of mass,
The particles flow along the entire cantilever in about 100 milliseconds, so a key advance that allowed the researchers to take rapid measurements at each point along the channel was the incorporation of a control system known as a phase-locked loop (PLL).
which changes as particles flow through. Each vibration mode has its own PLL, which responds to any changes in the frequency.
This allows the researchers to rapidly measure any changes caused by particles flowing through the channel.
In this paper, the researchers tracked two particles as they flowed through a channel together, and showed they could distinguish the masses
and positions of each particle as it flowed. Using four vibrational modes, the device can attain a resolution of about 150 nanometers.
Inertial imaging could allow scientists to visualize very small particles, such as viruses or single molecules. ultimode mass sensing has previously been limited to air or vacuum environments,
where objects must be attached to the resonator. The ability to achieve this dynamically in flow opens up exciting possibilities,
to gain access to these nutrients. revious research has shown that the vacuoles are selectively permeable to small molecules,
the researchers found that it prevented the dyes flowing into the vacuole. hat was our first indication that these proteins actually have a role in small-molecule transfer,
suggesting that this small-molecule transport function had been restored. ll of this came together to strongly suggest that this protein that is involved in protein export in Plasmodium may also have an additional function in small-molecule transport,
he says. his very strongly suggests that you could find small-molecule drugs to target these pores,
but likely wouldn have any interaction with any human molecules, he says. o I think this is a really strong potential drug target for restricting the access of these parasites to a set of nutrients. n addition to malaria,
this molecule is conserved for this function in the related and deadly malaria parasite Plasmodium, where it was intriguingly found to be a part of a complex required for the export of proteins for the transformation of the host red blood cell and the virulence of the parasite,
The immune system attacks the invader with a number of reactive molecules designed to neutralize it,
However, these molecules can also cause collateral damage to healthy tissue around the infection site:
This lesion, a damaged form of the normal DNA base cytosine, is caused by the reactive molecule hypochlorous acid the main ingredient in household bleach
At temperatures approaching absolute zero, atoms cease their individual, energetic trajectories, and start to move collectively as one wave.
Superfluids are thought to flow endlessly, without losing energy, similar to electrons in a superconductor. Observing the behavior of superfluids
if atoms cannot be kept cold or confined. The MIT team combined several techniques in generating ultracold temperatures,
the John D. Macarthur Professor of Physics at MIT. e use ultracold atoms to map out
A superfluid with loopsthe team first used a combination of laser cooling and evaporative cooling methods, originally co-developed by Ketterle, to cool atoms of rubidium to nanokelvin temperatures.
Atoms of rubidium are known as bosons, for their even number of nucleons and electrons. When cooled to near absolute zero
bosons form what called a Bose-Einstein condensate a superfluid state that was discovered first co by Ketterle,
and for which he was awarded ultimately the 2001 Nobel prize in physics. After cooling the atoms,
the researchers used a set of lasers to create a crystalline array of atoms, or optical lattice.
The electric field of the laser beams creates what known as a periodic potential landscape, similar to an egg carton,
which mimics the regular arrangement of particles in real crystalline materials. When charged particles are exposed to magnetic fields,
their trajectories are bent into circular orbits, causing them to loop around and around. The higher the magnetic field, the tighter a particle orbit becomes.
However, to confine electrons to the microscopic scale of a crystalline material, a magnetic field 100 times stronger than that of the strongest magnets in the world would be required.
The group asked whether this could be done with ultracold atoms in an optical lattice. Since the ultracold atoms are charged not,
as electrons are, but are instead neutral particles, their trajectories are unaffected normally by magnetic fields. Instead, the MIT group came up with a technique to generate a synthetic
ultrahigh magnetic field, using laser beams to push atoms around in tiny orbits, similar to the orbits of electrons under a real magnetic field.
In 2013, Ketterle and his colleagues demonstrated the technique, along with other researchers in Germany, which uses a tilt of the optical lattice
and two additional laser beams to control the motion of the atoms. On a flat lattice, atoms can easily move around from site to site.
However, in a tilted lattice, the atoms would have to work against gravity. In this scenario, atoms could only move with the help of laser beams. ow the laser beams could be used to make neutral atoms move around like electrons in a strong magnetic field
added Kennedy. Using laser beams, the group could make the atoms orbit, or loop around, in a radius as small as two lattice squares, similar to how particles would move in an extremely high magnetic field. nce we had the idea,
we were excited really about it, because of its simplicity. All we had to do was take two suitable laser beams
and carefully align them at specific angles, and then the atoms drastically change their behavior,
Kennedy says. ew perspectives to known physicsfter developing the tilting technique to simulate a high magnetic field,
the group worked for a year and a half to optimize the lasers and electronic controls to avoid any extraneous pushing of the atoms,
which could make them lose their superfluid properties. t a complicated experiment, with a lot of laser beams, electronics,
and magnets, and we really had to get everything stable, Burton says. t took so long just to iron out all the details to eventually have this ultracold matter in the presence of these high fields,
and keep them cold some of it was painstaking work. n the end, the researchers were able to keep the superfluid gas stable for a tenth of a second.
During that time, the team took time-of-flight pictures of the distribution of atoms to capture the topology
but to add strong interactions between ultracold atoms, or to incorporate different quantum states, or spins.
Ketterle says such experiments would connect the research to important frontiers in material research, including quantum Hall physics
and his colleagues are now working to demonstrate full-scale multi-core computing with an entire computer that uses only photons to communicate with memory,
Germanium lasers, demonstrated by Kimerling group in 2010, offer a prime example. ne of the big issues today is the light source,
Our germanium laser would be a way to do that. It's at the research rather than the commercial stage at this point,
growing germanium crystals on amorphous substances at temperatures low enough for fabricating electronics as well. Such approaches, focused on the long term, will achieve monolithic integration for chips with an electronic front end with optics embedded in the back end
they developed a program to form natural triple-helical collagen molecules and alter the amino acid sequence.
Some have used tiny particles of glass, melded together at a lower temperature in a technique called sintering.
The surfactant molecules, which carry an electrical charge, can be attracted to, or repelled by, a metal surface by changing the polarity of the voltage applied to the metal.
like a dust particle, to start the process of nucleation, the bubbles formed by boiling water also require nucleation.
The emitted radiation is approximately 1/10,000 the amount given off by a standard cellphone.
The extracellular matrix is a 3d meshwork of molecules or microenvironment, including collagen, within which cells live
cell-instructive implants, engineered tissue and organ replacements, hybrid medical devices and therapeutic cell and molecule delivery.
and frees it from the use of radioisotopes or antibodies.""""The free flow of information between departments at the University of Bath promoted this collaboration
#Breakthrough finds molecules that block previously'undruggable'protein tied to cancer A team of scientists at the University of Kansas has pinpointed six chemical compounds that thwart Hur,
"These are reported the first small-molecule Hur inhibitors that competitively disrupt Hur-RNA binding and release the RNA,
We aimed to find a small-molecule compound that makes the hand release the rope by competing with ARE of the RNA."
The Synthetic Muscle could be used in robotics in deep space travel such as travel to Mars because of its radiation resistance."
"Humans can only withstand a certain amount of radiation so that limits the time that people can be in space,
whereas robots particularly if they're radiation-resistant can be up there for long periods of time without being replaced."
when the material was exposed to over 300,000 RADS of gamma radiation. That is 20 times the amount that would be lethal to a human
or durability of the material due to the radiation although there was a slight change in color. Tests on selected samples of the material found it was affected not by extreme temperatures down to-271 degrees Celsius,
she won a highly competitive grant from the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS) to pursue the synthetic muscle experiment on the International space station National Laboratory (ISS-NL) through the Masschallenge global business accelerator.
involves improving the transport of oxygen ions, a key component in converting chemical reactions into electricity.
which transports oxygen ions and is currently in use as a solid oxide fuel cell electrolyte. Through the use of additives and a"smart"chemical reaction, they demonstrated a greatly enhanced conductivity in GDC.
"This built in charge serves as a barrier for ion transport at the interface. The challenge is how to effectively avoid the segregation of Gd in the grain boundary.
"The improved oxygen ionic conductivity of GDC has been demonstrated in an oxygen permeation experiment where the elevated oxygen ion transport was used to separate pure oxygen from air at elevated temperatures.
The PNNL study shows how to create particles with a similar reactivity to platinum that replace some of the platinum with Earth-abundant metals.
They placed them on a surface using ion soft landing techniques devised at PNNL. The result is a layer of bare nanoparticles made from two different metals that is free of capping layers, residual reactants,
and solvent molecules that are unavoidable with particles synthesized in solution. The process begins when the scientists load 1-inch-diameter metal discs into an instrument that combines particle formation and ion deposition.
Once the metals are locked into a vacuum chamber in the aggregation region argon gas is introduced. In the presence of a large voltage the argon becomes ionized
The metal ions travel through a cooled region where they collide with each other and stick together. The result is bare ionic metal nanoparticles that are about 4 to 10 nanometers across.
The mass spectrometer filters the ionic particles, removing those that don't meet the desired size. The filtered particles are landed then soft onto a surface of choice,
such as glassy carbon, a commonly used electrode material. Creating the alloy particles in the gas phase provides a host of benefits.
The conventional solution-based approach often results in clumps of the different metals rather than homogeneous nanoparticles with the desired shape.
Further, the particles lack a capping layer. This eliminates the need to remove these layers and clean the particles,
which makes them more efficient to use.""An important benefit is that it allows us to skirt certain thermodynamic limitations that occur
when the particles are created in solution, "said Johnson.""This allows us to create alloys with consistent elemental constituents and conformation.
"The coverage of the resulting surface is controlled by how long the particles are aimed at the surface and the intensity of the ion beam.
With longer times and a surface with defects, the particles cluster on the imperfections, providing a way to tailor surfaces with particle-rich areas and adjacent open spaces.
The characterization experiments were done using the atomic force microscope scanning and transmission electron microscopes, as well as other tools in DOE's EMSL, a national scientific user facility.
They plan on further studying these particles in the new in situ transmission electron microscope, planned to open in EMSL in 2015,
to understand how the particles evolve in reactive environments. Explore further: New nanomaterials will boost renewable energy More information:"
The film is able to repel water-which means other potentially harmful molecules also bounce off.
as well as exposure to environmental factors such as UV radiation, X-rays and chemical compounds. Improper repair of DNA lesions can lead to mutations, abnormal chromosome structures,
#Physicists tune Large hadron collider to find'sweet spot'in high-energy proton smasher As protons collide,
physicists will peer into the resulting particle showers for new discoveries about the universe, said Ryszard Stroynowski, a collaborator on one of the collider's key experiments and a professor in the Department of physics at Southern Methodist University,
Dallas."The hoopla and enthusiastic articles generated by discovery of the Higgs boson two years ago left an impression among many people that we have succeeded,
we are done, we understand everything, "said Stroynowski, who is the senior member of SMU's Large hadron collider team."
"The reality is far from this. The only thing that we have found is that Higgs exist
and therefore the Higgs mechanism of generating the mass of fundamental particles is possible.""There is much more to be learned during Run 2 of the world's most powerful particle accelerator."
"In a way we kicked a can down the road because we still do not have sufficient precision to know where to look for the really,
"The LHC's control room in Geneva on April 5 restarted the Large hadron collider. A project of CERN, the European organization for nuclear research, the 17-mile LHC tunnel big enough to ride a bicycle through straddles the border between France and Switzerland.
Two years ago it made headlines worldwide when its global collaboration of thousands of scientists discovered the Higgs boson fundamental particle.
The Large hadron collider's first run began in 2009. In 2012 it was paused for an extensive upgrade.
The new upgraded and supercharged LHC restarts at almost twice the energy and higher intensity than it was operating at previously,
"I think that in the LHC Run 2 we will sieve through more data than in all particle physics experiments in the world together for the past 50 years,
gigantic particle detectors at four interaction points along the ring record the proton collisions that are generated
In routine operation, protons make 11,245 laps of the LHC per second producing up to 1 billion collisions per second.
That's a lot of collision data, says SMU physicist Robert Kehoe, a member of the ATLAS particle detector experiment with Stroynowski and other SMU physicists.
a custom-designed software program culls even more data from each nanosecond grab, reducing 40 million events down to 200.
We must be very careful that it's the right 200 the 200 that might tell us more about the Higgs boson, for example.
"The ATLAS computers are part of CERN's computing center, which stores more than 30 petabytes of data from the LHC experiments every year, the equivalent of 1. 2 million Blu-ray discs.
Data from the ATLAS particle detector's Liquid Argon Calorimeter is transmitted via 1 524 small fiber-optic transmitters.
A powerful and reliable workhorse, the link is one of thousands of critical components on the LHC that contributed to discovery and precision measurement of the Higgs boson.
The custom-made high-speed data transmitters were designed to withstand extremely harsh conditions low temperature and high radiation.""It's not always a smooth ride operating electronics in such a harsh environment,
Fine-tuning the new, upgraded machine will take several weeksthe world's most powerful machine for smashing protons together will require some"tuning"before physicists from around the world are ready to take data,
so that the particle physicists working on the experiments, who prize stability, will be satisfied with the quality of the beam conditions being delivered to them,
"Machine physicists at CERN must learn the nuances of the upgraded machine, he said. The beam must be stable,
Sekula said. 10 times as many Higgs particles means a flood of data to sift for gems LHC Run 2 will collide particles at a staggering 13 teraelectronvolts (Tev),
which is 60 percent higher than any accelerator has achieved before.""On paper, Run 2 will give us four times more data than we took on Run 1,
we're going to do it at a higher energy. When you do more collisions and you do them at a higher energy, the rate at
which you make Higgs bosons goes way up. We're going to get 10 times more Higgs than we did in run 1 at least."
"SMU's Maneframe supercomputer plays a key role in helping physicists from the Large hadron collider experiments.
One of the fastest academic supercomputers in the nation, it allows physicists at SMU and around the world to sift through the flood of data,
During Run 1, the LHC delivered about 8, 500 Higgs particles a week to the scientists,
but also delivered a huge number of other kinds of particles that have to be sifted away to find the Higgs particles.
US scientists celebrate the restart of the Large Hadron Collide e
#Crystal breeding factory uncovered A breakthrough in understanding the way in which crystals develop will have a major impact for the pharmaceutical, chemical and food industries.
"Previous experiments to understand the issue have been inconsequential as microscopes are just not strong enough to determine what the molecules are actually doing.
and Professor Lennart Lindfors, of Astrazeneca, Sweden, have mapped out'in diagram format the actual movements made by chemical molecules on their breeding journey using computer simulations.
The simulations rely on understanding the'forces'between the atoms from which they compute what the molecules do,
The journey involves the chemical molecules in solution forming clusters which on attaching to the crystal seed surface,
The'seeding'methodology allows you to separate correct molecules from rogue ones and to do this efficiently."
"The breakthrough also sheds light on the longstanding question of how the distinct'handedness'of molecules of life might have arisen.
Molecules of life exist in pairs that are mirror images of each other. Life forms appear to have selected molecules of only one of these mirror images (known as handedness)
and how this happened has challenged scientists for a long time.""Something happened early on in life so that one of the molecule mirror images dominated
and the whole of life was built on that, "says Professor Anwar. Current ideas are that molecules of one of the mirror images came together and led to a chance formation of a mirror crystal which, subsequently, induced massive crystallisation of the same image."
"Thanks to this study, we now know how such a single crystal seed could have amplified its effect
Unique combinations of readout probes bind to individual RNA molecules spelling out a 14-bit or 16-bit code that identifies each one."
"The core transcription machinery of RNA polymerase copies the information found in DNA genes onto MESSENGER RNA molecules that then govern the production of proteins.
or tissue specific RNA molecules are located, Zhuang says, since the RNA location can influence where the encoded protein will perform its function.
An approach known as single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smfish) has been valuable for imaging RNA molecules in their natural setting. smfish
and determine the location of specific RNA molecules. By combining multiple probes for each RNA, the method has been used to simutaneously image up to 30 different RNA molecules in individual cells."
"Single-molecule FISH has made enormous contributions to our understanding of cell biology, "says Zhuang. But what if scientists could simultaneously image not just 30,
but all 20,000 or so different protein-coding RNAS inside a single cell? Or all of those, plus RNAS that do not code for protein bringing the total closer to 60,000?
Zhuang says she had been pondering about how to distinguish between such an overwhelming collection of molecules for a long time,
First, they attached a set of"encoding probes"to RNA molecules in the cells. These probes bind specifically to target RNAS,
revealing a fluorescent spot for each cellular RNA molecule that has bound readout probes. Those fluorescent spots are translated to the first bit of the binary code:
They determined how many copies of each molecule were present and found that their results closely matched the results of conventional smfish measurements of several individual genes and,
both tried-and-true methods for quantifying specific RNA molecules. Using an alternative encoding scheme that detects
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