Then, using the focused ion beam (FIB) technique, the scientists cut out microcylinders on the surface of the film.
if only briefly, notes Kyros Kutulakos, a professor of computer science at the University of Toronto. ven though wee not sending a huge amount of photons, at short time scales,
Control voltages that shift oxygen ions and vacancies switch the bits between ones and zeroes.
where the active drug molecules are extracted and refined into medicines. hen we started work a decade ago,
and break molecules, said Stephanie Galanie, a Phd student in chemistry and a member of Smolke team. heye the action heroes of biology. o get the yeast assembly line going,
Many plants, including opium poppies, produce (S)- reticuline, a molecule that is a precursor to active ingredients with medicinal properties.
a molecule that starts the plant down a path toward the production of molecules that can relieve pain.
in order to craft a molecule that emerged ready to plug pain receptors in the brain. In Science, the study authors acknowledge that a new process to make opioid painkillers could increase concerns about the potential for opioid abuse. e want there to be an open deliberative process to bring researchers and policymakers together
but it would eliminate the time delay of growing poppies. he molecules we produced and the techniques we developed show that it is possible to make important medicines from scratch using only yeast,
Toxins typically go after molecules that are either scarce or whose role is to send important metabolic signals.
Previous research had shown that ACD chains together several actin molecules in a way that depletes their ability to properly function,
and knowing that a single molecule of the most deadly bacterial toxins can kill a cell,
the researchers estimated that a single molecule of ACD introduced to a typical animal cell would take six months to disable half of the actin in the cell,
or a single molecule, and a filament, which is a strand of those molecules strung together.
Timely assembly and disassembly of these strands is key to how actin enables immune cells to chase
ACD creates a chemical reaction that binds single molecules of actin together in an irregular cluster called an oligomer.
these oligomers bind to formin much more tightly than a single actin molecule, blocking formin's activity."
"Therefore, ACD effectively hijacks formin by converting actin molecules into new potent poisons,"said co-corresponding author Elena Kudryashova, Ph d.,a research scientist in chemistry and biochemistry at OSU.
and to design entirely new protein-in-antibody molecules l
#Expanding the Super-Resolution Arsenal Technological advances in the field of microscopy and imaging have seen a flurry of activity over the past several years,
or reorganize their membranes to take up molecules from outside the cell. This adds to the tools available for super-resolution optical microscopy
"The problem with this approach is that you first turn on all the molecules, then you immediately turn off almost all the molecules,
stated Dr. Betzig. he molecules you've turned off don't contribute anything to the image,
but you've just fried them twice. You're stressing the molecules, and it takes a lot of time,
which you don't have because the cell is moving.""To Dr. Betzig and his team, the solution seemed almost too simple:"
"Don't turn on all of the molecules. There's no need to do that.""Alternatively, the new method, called patterned photoactivation nonlinear SIM, begins by switching on just a subset of fluorescent labels in a sample with a pattern of light."
The scientists created a new pattern of light to deactivate molecules and extract information from their deactivation.
"This is the first time that synthetic accessory molecules have been engineered to change the specificity of an enzyme
but one can envision applications of this concept with enzymes acting on other types of molecules such as lipids
"Dr. Koide and his team used their expertise in designing monobodies to engineer the small molecules to recognize
and used directed evolution techniques to identify molecules that bound near the active site of ß-Gal,
eventually ulling the herdand homing in on a single molecule that had desired the activity.""We were able to design one monobody that prevents ß-Gal from using certain sugars as starting material
The findings from this study were published recently in Nature Communications through an article entitled patial mapping of juxtacrine axo-glial interactions identifies novel molecules in peripheral myelination.
The tests are comprised of DNA molecules and the key to the new design is that it takes advantage of a basic force that drives molecular chemistryteric effects,
when atoms are brought too close together. This design allows the assay to detect a wide range of protein markers associated with various disease states."
I developed the idea that there was a natural molecule that must exist and be capable of forcing embryonic stem cells into becoming cones,
COCO, a"recombinational"human molecule that is normally expressed within photoreceptors during their development. In 2001, Bernier launched his laboratory in Montreal
and immediately isolated the molecule. But it took several years of research to demystify the molecular pathways involved in the photoreceptors development mechanism.
"This is an extraordinary finding that paves the way for targeting sugar molecules in pediatric and adulthood human cancer,
The new strips use small man-made DNA molecules called DNA aptamers. According to Mcmaster's Biointerfaces Institute director John Brennan, these aptamers can bind to virtually any target (not only small molecules but also proteins and cells.
The new sensors are also much simpler to produce.""Our original E coli sensor required a very sophisticated ink jet-printer printer
"The researchers came up with a biochemical processing method that allows them to generate very large DNA molecules with many thousands of nucleotides.
Whereas small DNA molecules moved from where they were printed, but these large DNA molecules are effectively too big to move.
The main benefit here is that they can print multiple markers.""In the published paper, we detect ATP (adenosine triphosphate),
#Flexible, fast-charging aluminum-ion battery offers safer alternative to lithium-ion Researchers at Stanford university have created a fast-charging and long-lasting rechargeable battery that is inexpensive to produce,
and which they claim could replace many of the lithium-ion and alkaline batteries powering our gadgets today.
The prototype aluminum-ion battery is also safer, not bursting into flames as some of its lithium-ion brethren are wont to do.
The prototype battery features an anode made of aluminum, a cathode of graphite and an ionic liquid electrolyte,
And unlike lithium-ion batteries which can short circuit and explode or catch fire when punctured, the aluminum-ion battery will actually continue working for a short
while before not bursting into flames.""The electrolyte is basically a salt that's liquid at room temperature,
The aluminum-ion battery hits the target here, too, with the Stanford team claiming"unprecedented charging times"of just one minute for recharging the prototype battery.
The aluminum-ion battery has covered you there, too. Unlike typical lithium-ion batteries that last around 1, 000 charge-discharge cycles,
or other aluminum-ion battery lab attempts that usually died after just 100 cycles, the Stanford researchers claim their battery stood up to 7, 500 cycles without a loss of capacity.
This would make it attractive for storing renewable energy on the electrical grid.""The grid needs a battery with a long cycle life that can rapidly store
It's hard to imagine building a huge lithium-ion battery for grid storage.""The experimental battery also has added the advantage of flexibility,
and the aluminum-ion technology offers an environmentally friendly alternative to disposable AA and AAA alkaline batteries used to power millions of portable devices.
which is around half that of a typical lithium-ion battery. However, the researchers are confident they can improve on this."
Graphene has already been identified as a superior substance for the transformation of photons to electrical current
In other words, the excitation of the molecules of graphene by the laser pulses causes the electrons in the material to heat up,
And, as the electrons in the laser-excited graphene do not cool down rapidly because they do not easily recouple with the graphene lattice,
constant laser pulse excitation of an area of graphene quickly results in superfast electron distribution within the material at constantly elevated electron temperatures.
This rapid conversion to electron heat is converted then into a voltage at the p-n junction of two graphene regions.
This is because their operation is dependent upon overcoming of the binding electron energy inherent in the material for an incoming photon to dislodge an electron
In the ICFO device, the continued excitation of electrons above this bandgap level results in the much faster and easier movement of them when subjected to incoming photons to create an electric current.
And, given that the basic operating principles of hot-carrier graphene devices are substantially different from traditional silicon or germanium semiconductors,
#World's highest-performance single-molecule diode created As electronics miniaturization heads towards a theoretical physical limit in the tens of nanometers,
In this vein, a new range of molecule-sized devices have been created in the laboratory, though with varying results in terms of efficiency and practicality.
single-molecule diode ever made, which is said to be 50 times better in performance and efficiency than anything previously produced.
This on/off asymmetric behavior in the nascent field of molecule-sized electronics, on the other hand, is achieved usually by the creation of molecules that chemically emulate the p-n junction.
This is where the Columbia university scientists claim to have made significant improvements with their new single-molecule diode."
"Using a single symmetric molecule, an ionic solution and two gold electrodes of dramatically different exposed surface areas,
which is a record for single-molecule devices, "said Jeffrey Neaton, director of the Berkeley Lab Molecular Foundry and professor at the University of California Berkeley."
This leads to different electrostatic environments surrounding the two electrodes and superlative single-molecule device behavior."
an asymmetric molecule that could act as a rectifier has been a long sought after goal, particularly as diodes form the basis of many microminiature electronic devices.
including single molecule diodes and transistors. Operating at this nanoscale, though, such devices may emulate their macro counterparts,
"Electron flow at molecular length-scales is dominated by quantum tunneling, "said professor"The efficiency of the tunneling process depends intimately on the degree of alignment of the molecule discrete energy levels with the electrode continuous spectrum.
In a molecular rectifier, this alignment is enhanced for positive voltage, leading to an increase in tunneling,
and tunneling probability in single-molecule junctions. This method allowed myself and Zhenfei Liu to understand the diode behavior quantitatively."
and Luis Campos from Columbia University to create their high-performance rectifier diode using junctions prepared from symmetric molecules attached to gold electrodes.
The Columbia group experiments showed that with the same molecule and electrode setup, a nonionic solution yields no rectification at all."
"The combined Berkeley Lab-Columbia University research team is convinced that the way they have managed to produce a single-molecule diode sets the benchmark for future nonlinear nanoscale device tuning and development, with applications above and beyond just
junctions of single-molecule components.""We expect the understanding gained from this work to be applicable to ionic liquid gating in other contexts,
With the increasing level of experimental control at the single-molecule level, and improvements in theoretical understanding and computational speed and accuracy, wee just at the tip of the iceberg with
or negative electrodes, of lithium-ion batteries while also extending their lifetime and potentially allowing for faster battery charging
The lithium-ion batteries in our phones, tablets and laptops store their energy-carrying ions inside negative electrodes made of graphite.
and contract very noticeably as the greatly increased number of lithium ions travel to and from the electrode with each charge cycle.
storing and releasing ions without damaging the structure of the electrode and leading to much longer-lasting, high-capacity batteries.
However, it isn't usually considered a good choice for building lithium-ion batteries because the repeated expansion and shrinkage inside the electrode cause aluminium particles to shed their outer layer.
Encasing the aluminum particles within a titanium dioxide shell, however, prevents the shedding, again prolonging the cell's lifetime.
To produce these nanostructures the researchers began by placing aluminum particles about 50 nanometers in diameter in a solution of sulfuric acid and titanium oxysulfate,
a process that coated the nanoparticles in a hard shell three to four nanometers thick.
After a few hours in the acid, the aluminum particles shrank down to about 30 nanometers while leaving the outer shell unchanged.
This gave the aluminum nanoparticles enough room to collect lithium ions and expand considerably as needed, without damaging the electric contacts of the cell.
but the aluminum particles were damaged hardly, even at very high charging rates. While standard graphite can store approximately 0. 35 ampere-hours per gram (Ah/g),
and manipulate photons in an infinite number of ways. Created from glass and silicon using standard semiconductor fabrication techniques,
and 15 integrated interferometers (devices that superimpose one photon beam over another to look for anomalies in intensity or phase), each
"The number of photon inputs and outputs also means the the new processor can be applied to new areas of research straight away,
While some of the silver and copper particles do leach into the clean water, Dankovich says that the levels are well below Environmental protection agency and World health organization limits.
now that the US Department of energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has given the green light to start construction of the world's largest digital camera.
and microwave radiation The technique could scale up to hold thousands, even millions of qubits on a single chip
and 300 fully entangled qubits can manipulate as many classical bits of information as there are atoms in the Universe.
or simulating the behavior of every single atom in your right toe. However if the bulk of operations has to be performed in a sequential order, flowchart-style,
Last year, UNSW scientists were able to create single"CMOS type"qubits that leveraged current transistor technology and silicon-28, a very common isotope of silicon,
and reconfiguring them so they would only hold a single electron each. The spin of the electron sets a code of 0 or 1,
and an external current and microwave field control the qubits and make them interact as needed."
"In our case, the target qubit flips its spin if the control qubit is pointing down.
would be to conduct virtual experiments simulating the behavior of atoms and particles in unusual conditions,
such as at the very high energies we can only recreate in the Large hadron collider, without actually performing the experiment.
and 300 fully entangled qubits can manipulate as many classical bits of information as there are atoms in the Universe.
or simulating the behavior of every single atom in your right toe. However if the bulk of operations has to be performed in a sequential order, flowchart-style,
Last year, UNSW scientists were able to create single"CMOS type"qubits that leveraged current transistor technology and silicon-28, a very common isotope of silicon,
and reconfiguring them so they would only hold a single electron each. The spin of the electron sets a code of 0 or 1,
and an external current and microwave field control the qubits and make them interact as needed."
"In our case, the target qubit flips its spin if the control qubit is pointing down.
would be to conduct virtual experiments simulating the behavior of atoms and particles in unusual conditions,
such as at the very high energies we can only recreate in the Large hadron collider, without actually performing the experiment.
#Boron-doped graphene to enable ultrasensitive gas sensors As an atom-thick, two-dimensional material with high conductivity,
By pairing boron atoms with graphene to create what is known as a heteroatom structure (where non-carbon atoms bond with carbon atoms to form part of the molecular ring),
the researchers created sensors that are able to detect gas molecules at exceptionally low concentrations;
"We were previously able to dope graphene with atoms of nitrogen, but boron proved to be much more difficult.
examined the electron transport function of the sensors, whilst contributing researchers in the US and Belgium established that boron atoms were melded into the graphene lattice
and observed their influence of interaction with ammonia or NOX molecules.""This multidisciplinary research paves a new avenue for further exploration of ultrasensitive gas sensors,
"says Dr. Avetik Harutyunyan, Chief Scientist and project leader of Honda Research Institute USA Inc."Our approach combines novel nanomaterials with continuous UV LIGHT radiation in the sensor designs that have been developed in our laboratory by lead researcher Dr
. Gugang Chen in the last 5 years. We believe that further development of this technology may break the parts per quadrillion (PPQ) level of detection limit,
The scientists also believe that their theoretical research points towards using boron-doped graphene to improve such things as lithium-ion batteries by controlling generated gas levels for optimum efficiency y
#Wrong Turn in the Skies Leads to Accidental Antimatter Discovery Antimatter plentiful in science fiction is a rare phenomenon in the real world
he was surprised to discover antimatter in their midst. Dr. Joseph Dwyer and the crew spent long minutes trying to find their way out,
and discover that he found antimatter in the thunderclouds. When antimatter comes into contact with a particle of normal matter
the two wipe out each other, and it doesn stick around long enough for scientists to study it at length.
Until now, scientists have theorized only that antimatter could exist in a thunderstorm actually discovering it was nothing short of a major shock. his was so strange that we sat on this observation for several years,
Dwyer is now chasing down antimatter by releasing weather balloons and planning more head-on flights into storms h
which is made up of tiny little particles of carbonnd if you put a lot of carbon under enough pressure,
while simultaneously leaving behind tiny black carbon particles that could be recycled into jewelry. After collecting $127, 000 to build it through a Kickstarter fundraising page that offered rings and cufflinks as rewards for donations,
but not without a certain amount of energy storage in the form of expensive lithium-ion batteries. he Innovus genset is going to allow us to achieve a very high renewable penetration without a very large battery,
Now, researchers trying to better understand wet adhesion have turned to a molecule produced by bacteria.
It helps remove salt ions from the surface to allow the glue to get to the underlying surface, according to UCSB Greg Maier.
By replacing the salt ions on the rock surface, CTC increased the adhesion force by a factor of 30."
Neumann measured the speed of titanium ions released by a pulsed electric arc similar to an arc welder. he titanium was coming out at 20 kilometers per second 12.4 miles per second and
Ion thrusters such as the one that took Dawn to Ceres are only suitable for use in vacuums
or photons, to transfer data could therefore allow for much greater speeds. But until now, scientists had struggled to find a way to create a light-based device that can store data for a significant period of time. here no point using faster processors
raising little hope among those who favor the tau theory. This makes the announcement in Nature Medicine that salsalate inhibits
and reverses the acetylation of tau particularly significant. Dr. Li Gan of Gladstone Institutes found evidence that acetylated tau is particularly damaging,
impeding the capacity of neurons to avoid the buildup of tau. Gan sought a drug that would prevent acetylization from occurring."
"We identified for the first time a pharmacological approach that reverses all aspects of tau toxicity, "said Gan in a statement."
"Remarkably, the profound protective effects of salsalate were achieved even though it was administered after disease onset, indicating that it may be an effective treatment option."
Tau buildup is observed also in rarer conditions, including progressive supranuclear palsy and frontotemporal dementia (FTD).
#New Experiment Confirms Fundamental Symmetry In Nature With the help of the Large hadron collider (LHC) heavy ion detector ALICE (A large Ion Collider Experiment),
By making precise measurements of particle mass and electric charge, researchers from the University of São paulo (USP) and the University of Campinas (UNICAMP) confirmed the symmetry between the nuclei of particles and antiparticles in terms of charge, parity
and identification capabilities to take measurements of particles produced from high-energy heavy ion collisions. The purpose of their experiment was to look for subtle differences in the ways protons
and neutrons join in the nuclei and then compare that to how antiparticles join in the antinuclei.
The researchers are also hoping ALICE will help them better understand how heavy quarks such as the charm
and beauty quarks are produced.""After the Big bang, for every particle of matter an antiparticle was created. In particle physics, a very important question is
whether all the laws of physics display a specific kind of symmetry known as CPT, and these measurements suggest that there is indeed a fundamental symmetry between nuclei
and antinuclei,"said Marcelo Gameiro Munhoz, a professor at USP's Physics Institute (IF) and a member of the Brazilian team working on ALICE.
In their experiment, the researchers measured differences in the mass-overcharge ratio for deuterons and antideuterons along with helium-3 and antihelium-3. Researchers took that data
and combined it with recent high-resolution measurements comparing proton and antiproton properties. As we know
the LHC is a massive particle accelerator and ALICE is specialized a instrument that looks for heavy ion (lead) collisions.
When lead ions collide, they produce a massive amount of particles and antiparticles. Data shows these particles combine to form nuclei as well as antinuclei at almost the same rate,
allowing for a detailed comparison. The team measured both the curvature of particle tracks within the detector magnetic field
and the particlesflight time in order to calculate the mass-to-charge ratios. After measuring both the curvature of particle tracks in the detector's magnetic field and the particles'time of flight
that information was used then to determine the mass-to-charge ratios for nuclei and antinuclei.
There are many theories regarding the fundamental laws of the universe and the measurements of mass and charge conducted in this experiment are an integral part that will help physicists determine which theory reigns supreme.
Scientists are hopeful that by understanding these results, they will better grasp the relationship between matter and antimatter."
"These laws describe the nature of all matter interactions, "Munhoz explained in a statement, "so it's important to know that physical interactions aren't changed by particle charge reversal, parity transformation, reflections of spatial coordinates and time inversion.
The key question is whether the laws of physics remain the same under such conditions
#New Material Made From 1 Billion Tiny Magnets Changes States Like Water Researchers at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) announced they have created a synthetic material with magnetic properties
A similar process can be observed in water molecules as water freezes into ice. Laura Heyderman
PSI is designed to complement the high-energy experiments conducted at CERN Large hadron collider (LHC). The facility world-class equipment includes an instrument known as The swiss Muon Source (S S)
which uses muon beams acting as magnetic probes to reveal magnetic properties on a nanoscale.
To take this initial experiment to the next level, the researchers may try to influence the phase transitions by experimenting with the size, shape,
Individual atoms in natural materials cannot be rearranged on such a grand scale, but the advantage of this new synthetic material is that it can be customized."
By coating tiny food safe particles with natural sugar like sucrose or glucose, the technology can trick the sweetness receptors on your tongue into thinking youe eating a full serving.
%That means it also cheaper than a normal recipe. f the coated particle were the same sweetness as sugar,
The sugar-carrying particle is already a commonly used food additive, so it doesn require new safety testing.
It clings tightly to the skin due to Van der waals forceshe weak attractive forces between molecules. This attraction prevents any motion between the sensor
But it filters out good and intentional molecules too, and has proven a stumbling block for doctorsaim to get drugs straight to where they are needed.
developing special molecules that can trick the BBB into think that they should be let through by exploiting the mechanism that let nutrients into the brain.
A team from the Canadian National Research Council has made carrier molecules that help disease-fighting ones break through,
The discovery has already been tested on animals, through a noninvasive procedure that put the molecules into rats.
That found that the molecules have a highly potent effect. Scientist now hope to move towards clinical trials,
#Concept the translucent battery, that charging from the sun A group of Japanese engineers at the University of Kogakuin developed translucent lithium-ion battery that can be recharged in the sun. Solar rays are converted into electricity, the fact
that the electrons, excited by the light are accumulated in the negative electrode. In the future, experts intend to create a mart box
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