Drugs receive a 20-year patent life from the date of filing on the first molecule.
because now drug companies can patent their molecules or materials so anyone can come along and market the drug
he suggested looking more toward the future than trying to fix the present. e should decrease interest in investing in small molecule chemical drugs
Graphene is an incredibly strong one-atom-thick layer of carbon, and is known for its excellent conductive properties of heat and electricity.
which involves the gaining of electrons. The reduced-graphene oxide-coated materials were found to be particularly sensitive to detecting nitrogen dioxide
and measures the refracted light with a photon sensor to find optical aberrations that affect eyesight.
and uses it to excite electrons to higher energy levels. These excited electrons, and the empty spaces they leave behind,
are then capable of driving forward the two half-reactions required to split water into oxygen and hydrogen.
which combine metal atoms and organic molecules, exhibit the ideal electronic structure required to catalyse these reactions."
"Our research is inspired by nature, as porphyrin is related to chlorophylls, the green pigments which allow plants to convert sunlight into chemical energy,
The surfactant molecules, which carry an electrical charge, can be attracted to, or repelled by, a metal surface by changing the polarity of the voltage applied to the metal.
like a dust particle, to start the process of nucleation, the bubbles formed by boiling water also require nucleation.
"I was in awe of the molecules that plants make. They do incredible and beautiful biochemistry, "she said."
and the hope of others, was to come up with a better way to make the molecules,
by using a compound that biologists have used to track other molecules. Prions are a distinct type of protein they can self-replicate,
The molecules are tightly bound, even boiling-water temperatures won't break them up. In the study, Aguzzi said the team did extensive computer simulations of how the molecules interact before they injected them into the animals
to learn the"rules"of how the chemicals interact with prions. The work builds on experiments done by Beat Meier, a researcher at Switzerland's Federal Institute of technology,
However, the new findings show that there's a pathway to making molecules that could stop the diseases prions cause
on its orbital path through space, collides with particles from a comet or an asteroid. The Perseids come from the tail of Comet Swift-Tuttle,
Researchers then use information about the mass of the molecules in the fragments to identify specific proteins.
or low can speed up the documents'decay. What librarians, archivists and conservators try to do is preserve the most fragile texts in areas where humidity
Known as the Compact Laser weapons System, the futuristic, drone-shooting weapon is a smaller, more versatile version of the High energy Laser Mobile Demonstrator (HEL MD),
they quickly coat themselves in large amounts of glassy molecules,"Juan de Pablo, professor of molecular engineering at the University of Chicago and one of the authors of a recent study on the tardigrade-inspired glass, said in a statement.
The glassy molecules help the microscopic animals stay in a deathlike state of suspended animation as they float through harsh environments,
The tardigrade's ability to produce glasslike molecules under a wide range of temperatures they can survive temperatures as high as 304 degrees Fahrenheit (151 degrees Celsius)
which the molecules that will make up the glass are evaporated inside a vacuum and then left to condense, layer by layer, on top of a temperature-controlled substrate,
the molecules were oriented all in the same way, and, as such, interacted with light in a similar way. Because the structure of glasses is usually random
or all of its molecules"pointing"in the same direction is rare. And not only is structured a molecularly glass hard to come by,
or"oriented"molecules.""Orientation is great for those applications, because by being able to'point'the molecule in a direction,
you have the ability to improve its ability to carry charge or emit light, for example,"Dalal wrote.
what caused the molecules in glass in certain instances, to cooperate and point in the same direction.
They assumed that certain glass molecules were just better at orienting themselves than others. But the new, tardigrade-inspired research suggests that isn't the case.
Like a tardigrade The temperature difference between the glass molecules and the substrate where it condensed seemed to drive the orientation of the molecules, the researchers found.
however, means that the quantum effects of particles at that scale could disrupt their functioning.
The scientists teleported photons (packets of light) across a spool of fiber optics 63 miles (102 kilometers) long, four times farther than the previous record.
Quantum teleportation relies on the strange nature of quantum physics, which finds that the fundamental building blocks of the universe can essentially exist in two or more places at once.
which subatomic particles can become linked and influence each other instantaneously, regardless of how far apart they are.
Scientists cannot distinguish the state of either particle until one is measured directly, but because the particles are connected,
measuring one instantly determines the state of the other. Currently physicists can't instantly transport matter (say, a human),
In a recent experiment, scientists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) were able to teleport photons farther across an optical fiber than ever before."
The new distance record was set using advanced single-photon detectors made of superconducting wires of molybdenum silicide that were about 150 nanometers
"Only about 1 percent of photons make it all the way through 100 kilometers (60 miles) of fiber,
"The detectors used in this new experiment could record more than 80 percent of arriving photons, according to the scientists.
Moreover, the new experiment detected 10 times fewer stray photons than the previous record-holder. Prior research did achieve quantum teleportation over longer distances over open air a span of 89 miles (144 kilometers) between the two Canary islands of La Palma and Tenerife, located off the northwest coast
The researchers now plan to develop even better single-photon detectors to push distances for quantum teleportation even farther,
Ojha and his colleagues scrutinized data gathered about four different RSL locations by another MRO instrument, the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM."
"This is because the action of drug molecules relies on them recognizing a specific molecular shape much like a key fits a particular lock,
the researchers recreated DNA molecules in the lab . Because linear strands of DNA don't coil,
"Even this relatively modest increase in size reveals a whole new richness in the behavior of the DNA molecule,
Researchers also developed a glass material embedded with electronics that shatters into tiny particles after use."
One works like tweezers and seems to grab the particles in thin air. Another traps the object in a high-pressure cage.
-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a naturally produced charged molecule used by the body to control pain, to the precise spot where an injured nerve makes contact with the spinal cord.
and Federal University of Rio de janeiro in Brazil has managed to develop nanoparticles capable of carrying DNA molecules through the previously impenetrable mucus barrier of the lungs.
The device is a centrifuge that spins a few microliters of a urine sample. On the periphery of the spinning disk are microchannels leading to tiny vessels called-cup capture unitsthat collect individual bacteria.
when you fuse aluminum and iron atoms together, it tends to create tough, crystalline structures called B2,
Water from the blood is the catalysis that sets it fizzing. f you can get the particles in the general area of the wound,
#Transparent Batteries That Charge In The Sun A group of Japanese researchers have managed to improve the design of a transparent lithium-ion battery
Those are all common ingredients used in Li-ion rechargeable batteries but the thickness of these electrodes are just 80 to 90 nanometers,
#Device can measure the distribution of tiny particles as they flow through a microfluidic channel A new technique can measure the relative positions of tiny particles as they flow through a fluidic channel,
As cells or particles flow through the channel, one at a time, their mass slightly alters the cantilever vibration frequency.
The masses of the particles can be calculated from that change in frequency. In this study, the researchers wanted to see
if they could gain more information about a collection of particles, such as their individual sizes and relative positions. ith the previous system,
when a single particle flows through we can measure its buoyant mass, but we don get any information about whether it a very small, dense particle,
or maybe a large, not-so-dense particle. It could be a long filament, or spherical, says grad student Nathan Cermak, one of the paper lead authors.
Postdoc Selim Olcum is also a lead author of the paper; Manalis, the Andrew and Erna Viterbi Professor in MIT departments of Biological engineering and Mechanical engineering,
and to measure how each particle affects the vibration frequency of each mode at each point along the resonator.
but also the position of each particle. ll these different modes react differently to the distribution of mass,
The particles flow along the entire cantilever in about 100 milliseconds, so a key advance that allowed the researchers to take rapid measurements at each point along the channel was the incorporation of a control system known as a phase-locked loop (PLL).
which changes as particles flow through. Each vibration mode has its own PLL, which responds to any changes in the frequency.
This allows the researchers to rapidly measure any changes caused by particles flowing through the channel.
In this paper, the researchers tracked two particles as they flowed through a channel together, and showed they could distinguish the masses
and positions of each particle as it flowed. Using four vibrational modes, the device can attain a resolution of about 150 nanometers.
Inertial imaging could allow scientists to visualize very small particles, such as viruses or single molecules. ultimode mass sensing has previously been limited to air or vacuum environments,
where objects must be attached to the resonator. The ability to achieve this dynamically in flow opens up exciting possibilities,
when a small amount of foreign atoms are made to attach to its surface at high temperatures. In this case
The nanoparticle is made up of columns consisting of palladium atoms stacked on top of each other. This image has been modified from the original to provide a better visualization.
when a small amount of foreign atoms are made to attach to its surface at high temperatures. In this case
#Flicking the switch on spin-driven devices Compressing magnetically and electrically active crystals in one direction unlocks exotic spintronic switching activityby breaking the symmetry of ultiferroiccrystals using a special compression cell,
a team of RIKEN scientists has discovered a simple way to activate the material spin-based polarization.
Recently, researchers have taken an interest in spin-driven ferroelectricity where polarization effects are initiated at ultralow temperatures by changing the crystal internal symmetry.
electron spins can be aligned to generate ferroelectric polarization. Most pressure cells, however, apply stress in all directions equally. he biggest challenge we faced was accurately controlling uniaxial stress at temperatures as low as 3 kelvin,
The team constructed a unique cell that clamps a multiferroic barium cobalt germanium oxide (Ba2coge2o7) crystal between a pair of zirconium oxide pistons (Fig. 1). They then investigated how the sample electric polarization changed under uniaxial stress.
In typical spin-driven ferroelectric experiments, the magnetic field causes polarization to rise to a single value when the temperature approaches absolute zero.
because they show we can control the spin-driven ferroelectricity in this compound by applying uniaxial stress at the low megapascal level,
the researchers anticipate that a variety of spin-driven ferroelectric behaviors will emerge in the future, particularly for crystals with high levels of symmetry. any multiferroic materials have the potential to show stress-induced effects,
thrombin (a molecule at the centre of the clotting process) breaks open the outer layer of the nanocapsule,
and power of lithium-ion batteries One big problem faced by electrodes in rechargeable batteries, as they go through repeated cycles of charging
which use aluminum as the key material for the lithium-ion battery negative electrode, or anode, are reported in the journal Nature Communications, in a paper by MIT professor Ju Li and six others.
Most present lithium-ion batteries the most widely used form of rechargeable batteries use anodes made of graphite, a form of carbon.
This expansion and contraction of aluminum particles generates great mechanical stress, which can cause electrical contacts to disconnect.
which would be ok if not for the repeated large volume expansion and shrinkage that cause SEI particles to shed.
As a result, previous attempts to develop an aluminum electrode for lithium-ion batteries had failed.
but yolk-shell particles feature a void between the two equivalent to where the white of an egg would be.
The aluminum particles they used, which are about 50 nanometers in diameter, naturally have oxidized an layer of alumina (Al2o3).
a better conductor of electrons and lithium ions when it is very thin. Aluminum powders were placed in sulfuric acid saturated with titanium oxysulfate.
if the particles stay in the acid for a few more hours, the aluminum core continuously shrinks to become a 30-nm-across olk,
which shows that small ions can get through the shell. The particles are treated then to get the final aluminum-titania (ATO) yolk-shell particles.
After being tested through 500 charging-discharging cycles, the titania shell gets a bit thicker, Li says,
while allowing lithium ions and electrons to get in and out. The result is an electrode that gives more than three times the capacity of graphite (1. 2 Ah/g) at a normal charging rate
Li says. At very fast charging rates (six minutes to full charge), the capacity is still 0. 66 Ah/g after 500 cycles.
indicating ATO is quite close to being ready for real applications. hese yolk-shell particles show very impressive performance in lab-scale testing,
The Van der waals force is the attractive sum of short-range electric dipole interactions between uncharged molecules. Thanks to strong Van der waals interactions between graphene and boron nitride, CVD graphene can be separated from the copper
Raman spectroscopy and transport measurements on the graphene/boron nitride heterostructures reveals high electron mobilities comparable with those observed in similar assemblies based on exfoliated graphene.
an atom-thick material with extraordinary properties, is a promising candidate for the next generation of dramatically faster, more energy-efficient electronics.
Now, University of Wisconsin-Madison engineers have discovered a way to grow graphene nanoribbons with desirable semiconducting properties directly on a conventional germanium semiconductor wafer.
and is compatible with the prevailing infrastructure used in semiconductor processing. raphene nanoribbons that can be grown directly on the surface of a semiconductor like germanium are more compatible with planar processing that used in the semiconductor industry,
Graphene, a sheet of carbon atoms that is only one atom in thickness, conducts electricity and dissipates heat much more efficiently than silicon,
straight edges directly on germanium wafers using a process called chemical vapor deposition. In this process, the researchers start with methane,
which adsorbs to the germanium surface and decomposes to form various hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons react with each other on the surface,
the graphene crystals naturally grow into long nanoribbons on a specific crystal facet of germanium. By simply controlling the growth rate and growth time,
when graphene grows on germanium, it naturally forms nanoribbons with these very smooth, armchair edges,
or growing, at seemingly random spots on the germanium and are oriented in two different directions on the surface.
Progressively zoomed-in images of graphene nanoribbons grown on germanium. The ribbons automatically align perpendicularly and naturally grow with their edges oriented along the carbon-carbon bond direction, known as the armchair edge configuration a
uses a beam of electrons to track where heat is produced and how it dissipates with nanometer accuracy.
Electrons passing through a sample excite collective charge oscillations called plasmons. Monitoring the energy required to excite the plasmons enables measuring local variations in a sample density,
A defectree layer is also impermeable to all atoms and molecules. This amalgamation makes it a terrifically attractive material to apply to scientific developments in a wide variety of fields, such as electronics, aerospace and sports.
e transferred electrons from the dopant-potassium-to the surface of the black phosphorus, which confined the electrons
and allowed us to manipulate this state. Potassium produces a strong electrical field which is required what we to tune the size of the band gap.
This process of transferring electrons is known as doping and induced a giant Stark effect, which tuned the band gap allowing the valence
a Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) researcher has invented a new technology to image single molecules with unprecedented spectral and spatial resolution,
Because SR-STORM gives full spectral and spatial information for each molecule, the technology opens the door to high-resolution imaging of multiple components and local chemical environments,
The research was reported in the journal Nature Methods in a paper titled, ltrahigh-throughput single-molecule spectroscopy and spectrally resolved super-resolution microscopy,
and spectrum of each individual molecule, plotting its super-resolved spatial position in two dimensions and coloring each molecule according to its spectral position,
Xu said. his is a new type of imaging, combining single-molecule spectral measurement with super-resolution microscopy. hat more,
able to deliver spatial and spectral information for millions of single molecules in about five minutes,
compared to several minutes for a single frame of image comprising tens of molecules using conventional scanning-based techniques.
Xu built on work he did as a postdoctoral researcher at Harvard with Xiaowei Zhuang, who invented STORM, a super-resolution microscopy method based on single-molecule imaging and photoswitching.
which is useful for scientists to understand the behavior of individual molecules, as well as to enable high-quality multicolor imaging of multiple targets. o we constructed a dual-objective system
but dispersed the single-molecule image collected by one objective lens into spectrum while keeping the other image for single-molecule localization Xu said. ow we are simultaneously accumulating the spectrum of the single molecules and also their position,
so we solved the conundrum. ext they dyed the sample with 14 different dyes in a narrow emission window and excited and photoswitched the molecules with one laser.
While the spectra of the 14 dyes are heavily overlapping since theye close in emission, they found that the spectra of the individual molecules were surprisingly different
and thus readily identifiable. hat useful because it means we had a way to do multicolor imaging within a very narrow emission window,
they were able to easily distinguish molecules of different dyes based on their spectral mean alone,
Color is used to indicate the measured fluorescence emission position of each single molecule n
#New glass manufacturing technique could enable design of hybrid glasses and revolutionise gas storage A new method of manufacturing glass could lead to the production of'designer glasses'with applications in advanced photonics,
which are cage-like structures consisting of metal ions, linked by organic bonds. Their porous properties have led to proposed application in carbon capture, hydrogen storage and toxic gas separations,
and store preselected target molecules, much like a building a sieve which discriminates not only on size,
"This work is an exciting example of how work with synchrotron radiation which deepens our fundamental understanding of the properties of glasses also produces tantalising prospects of practical applications of new materials.
Previous studies have shown that vapour molecules adhere differently to the top of these structures than to the bottom due to local chemistry within the scales.
This selective response to vapour molecules is the key to this bio-inspired gas sensor.
DNA sequencing is a technique that can determine exact sequence of a DNA molecule. One of the most critical biological and medical tools available today, it lies at the core of genome analysis. Reading the exact make-up of genes,
Reading too fast DNA is a long molecule made up of four repeating different building-blocks.
DNA is a fairly sticky molecule and Mos2 is considerably less adhesive than graphene. The team then created a nanopore on membrane, almost 3 nm wide.
The next step was to dissolve DNA in a thick liquid that contained charged ions and whose molecular structure can be tuned fine to change its thickness,
By combining ionic liquids with nanopores on molybdenum disulfide thin films they hope to create a cheaper DNA sequencing platform with a better output.
Adsorption of molecules from solution onto a sensing surface alters the refractive index of the medium near this surface and,
These results mean, that the new chip needs much less molecules for detecting a compound
and can be used for analysis of chemical reactions with small drug molecules. An important advantage of the new GO based sensor chips is their simplicity
which harness the science of the very small the strange behaviour of subatomic particles to solve computing challenges that are beyond the reach of even today fastest supercomputers.
a UNSW Research Fellow and the lead author of the Nature paper. ee morphed those silicon transistors into quantum bits by ensuring that each has only one electron associated with it.
We then store the binary code of 0 or 1 on the pinof the electron, which is associated with the electron tiny magnetic field,
he added. Dzurak noted that the team had recently atented a design for a full-scale quantum computer chip that would allow for millions of our qubits,
The working principle used in this case is similar to the concept of lithium-ion batteries. There are several possibilities to create
however, this mechanism is limited often to the top monolayer of atoms of the crystal lattice only.
and consumption of energy. housands of charge-discharge cycles of lithium-ion batteries used in mobile phones, for instance,
This led us to the idea to exploit similar structures such as the lithium-ion batteries
When charging and discharging a lithium-ion accumulator, the ions migrate from one electrode to the other
and intercalate into the electrode. The team of scientists around Dasgupta has produced now a lithium-ion accumulator, in
which one electrode is made of maghemite, a ferromagnetic iron oxide(?-Fe2o3), and the other electrode consists of pure lithium metal.
Experiments revealed that lithium ion intercalation in maghemite reduces its magnetization at room temperature. By the specific control of the lithium ions,
i e. by charging and discharging the accumulator, magnetization of maghemite can be controlled. Similar to conventional lithium-ion accumulators, this effect can be repeated.
In the experiments reported, the researchers reached a variation of magnetization by up to 30%.%In the long term, complete on
but in this case can reach far higher energy efficiency. Research of the KIT scientists mainly aims at small magnetic actuators for use in (micro) robots or microfluidics o
Germanium is a semiconductor, and this method provides a straightforward way to make semiconducting nanoscale circuits from graphene, a form of carbon only one atom thick.
The method was discovered by UW scientists and confirmed in tests at Argonne.""Some researchers have wanted to make transistors out of carbon nanotubes,
"UW researchers used chemical vapor deposition to grow graphene nanoribbons on germanium crystals. This technique flows a mixture of methane, hydrogen,
At high temperatures, methane decomposes into carbon atoms that settle onto the germanium's surface to form a uniform graphene sheet.
when graphene grows on germanium, it naturally forms nanoribbons with these very smooth, armchair edges,"said Michael Arnold, an associate professor of materials science and engineering at UW-Madison."
"Graphene, a one-atom-thick, two-dimensional sheet of carbon atoms, is known for moving electrons at lightning speed across its surface without interference.
and stop electrons at will via bandgaps, as they do in computer chips. As a semimetal, graphene naturally has no bandgaps,
a technique using electrons (instead of light or the eyes) to see the characteristics of a sample,
researchers confirmed the presence of graphene nanoribbons growing on the germanium. Data gathered from the electron signatures allowed the researchers to create images of the material's dimensions and orientation.
In addition, they were able to determine its band structure and extent to which electrons scattered throughout the material."
"We're looking at fundamental physical properties to verify that it is, in fact, graphene and it shows some characteristic electronic properties,
"What's even more interesting is that these nanoribbons can be made to grow in certain directions on one side of the germanium crystal,
"For use in electronic devices, the semiconductor industry is interested primarily in three faces of a germanium crystal.
where single atoms connect to each other in a diamond-like grid structure, each face of a crystal (1, 1,
0). Previous research shows that graphene sheets can grow on germanium crystal faces (1, 1, 1) and (1, 1,
if there is any unique interaction between the germanium and graphene that may play a role e
It is the first time that a single detector has been able to monitor the spectral range from visible light to infrared radiation and right through to terahertz radiation.
this comparatively simple and inexpensive construct can cover the enormous spectral range from visible light all the way to terahertz radiation."
"In contrast to other semiconductors like silicon or gallium arsenide, graphene can pick up light with a very large range of photon energies and convert it into electric signals.
"explained Dr. Stephan Winnerl, physicist at the Institute of Ion beam Physics and Materials Research at the HZDR.
thereby transferring the energy of the photons to the electrons in the graphene. These"hot electrons"increase the electrical resistance of the detector
and generate rapid electric signals. The detector can register incident light in just 40 picoseconds these are billionths of a second.
Then there is also an antenna which acts like a funnel and captures long-wave infrared and terahertz radiation.
This optical universal detector is already being used at the HZDR for the exact synchronization of the two free-electron lasers at the ELBE Center for High-power Radiation Sources with other lasers.
obviating the need for the expensive and time-consuming nitrogen or helium cooling processes with other detectors.
The external antenna on the detector captures long-wave infrared and terahertz radiation and funnels it to a graphene flake
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