and the U s. Department of energy's Argonne National Laboratory has confirmed a new way to control the growth paths of graphene nanoribbons on the surface of a germainum crystal (Nature Communications,"Direct oriented growth of armchair graphene nanoribbons on germanium").
"Germanium is a semiconductor and this method provides a straightforward way to make semiconducting nanoscale circuits from graphene, a form of carbon only one atom thick.
The method was discovered by UW scientists and confirmed in tests at Argonne.""Some researchers have wanted to make transistors out of carbon nanotubes
"UW researchers used chemical vapor deposition to grow graphene nanoribbons on germanium crystals. This technique flows a mixture of methane, hydrogen and argon gases into a tube furnace.
At high temperatures, methane decomposes into carbon atoms that settle onto the germanium's surface to form a uniform graphene sheet.
when graphene grows on germanium, it naturally forms nanoribbons with these very smooth, armchair edges,"said Michael Arnold, an associate professor of materials science and engineering at UW-Madison."
"Graphene, a one-atom-thick, two-dimensional sheet of carbon atoms, is known for moving electrons at lightning speed across its surface without interference.
and stop electrons at will via bandgaps, as they do in computer chips. As a semimetal, graphene naturally has no bandgaps,
a technique using electrons (instead of light or the eyes) to see the characteristics of a sample,
researchers confirmed the presence of graphene nanoribbons growing on the germanium. Data gathered from the electron signatures allowed the researchers to create images of the material's dimensions and orientation.
In addition, they were able to determine its band structure and extent to which electrons scattered throughout the material."
"We're looking at fundamental physical properties to verify that it is, in fact, graphene and it shows some characteristic electronic properties,
"What's even more interesting is that these nanoribbons can be made to grow in certain directions on one side of the germanium crystal,
"For use in electronic devices, the semiconductor industry is interested primarily in three faces of a germanium crystal.
where single atoms connect to each other in a diamond-like grid structure, each face of a crystal (1, 1,
0). Previous research shows that graphene sheets can grow on germanium crystal faces (1, 1, 1) and (1, 1,
if there is any unique interaction between the germanium and graphene that may play a role e
shaping the earth's surface and processing ozone-damaging molecules in the stratosphere. In 2013, Shultz's lab took a giant step toward removing these limitations by inventing a special apparatus to grow large samples of single-crystal ice.
called Ih or"ice one h,"is made up of water molecules in a hexagonal crystal shape in an orderly,
and structure and the way in which other molecules bind to the specific faces of the crystal,
#Scientists design a full-scale architecture for a quantum computer in silicon Australian scientists have designed a 3d silicon chip architecture based on single atom quantum bits,
and have developed the world's most efficient quantum bits in silicon using either the electron or nuclear spins of single phosphorus atoms.
and modelling complex biological molecules s
#Buildings producing their own energy prepared for tomorrow's cities An innovative façade, able to turn solar energy into heat for residentsuse,
In this configuration, the polymerases would add nucleotides (molecules containing the complementary A t, G, and C bases of the genetic code) to the side-by-side split ends as they move out of the helicase to form two new complete double helix DNA strands.
A series of electron micrographs showing the barrel-shaped helicase with several components of the replisome:
The electron micrographs show that the replisome is a 20-nanometer sized nanomachine. click on image to enlarge) To test these assumptions,
right, revealed by electron micrograph images in the current study. Prior to this study scientists believed the two polymerases (green) were located at the bottom
greasy molecules that want to associate together, but can also be triggered to come apart.""So, he said,
#Ultrasensitive sensors made from boron-doped graphene Ultrasensitive gas sensors based on the infusion of boron atoms into graphene--a tightly bound matrix of carbon atoms--may soon be possible, according to an international team of researchers
and ability to transport electrons at high speed, but it is also a highly sensitive gas sensor.
With the addition of boron atoms, the boron graphene sensors were able to detect noxious gas molecules at extremely low concentrations, parts per billion in the case of nitrogen oxides and parts per million for ammonia
"will open a path to high-performance sensors that can detect trace amounts of many other molecules."
"We were previously able to dope graphene with atoms of nitrogen, but boron proved to be much more difficult.
confirmed the presence of the boron atoms in the graphene lattice and their effect when interacting with ammonia or nitrogen oxide molecules.
Collaborators in Japan and China also contributed to the research.""This multidisciplinary research paves a new avenue for further exploration of ultrasensitive gas sensors,
chief scientist and project leader at Honda Research Institute USA Inc."Our approach combines novel nanomaterials with continuous ultraviolet light radiation in the sensor design that have been developed in our laboratory by lead researcher Dr
theoretical work indicates that boron-doped graphene could lead to improved lithium-ion batteries and field-effect transistors, the authors report t
ACS) Today, lithium-ion batteries are the storage technology of choice for many applications, from electric cars to smartphones.
For example, Tesla, the maker of luxury electric cars, is ambitiously expanding its lithium-ion technology to fill that niche
Maksym V. Kovalenko and colleagues wanted to develop an affordable alternative to lithium-ion. The researchers started with magnesium as the batterys safe
The electrolyte the electrically conducting component contains sodium and magnesium ions. Testing showed that the resulting devices energy density was close to that of lithium-ion batteries.
It could get an additional two-to threefold boost with further development of magnesium electrolytes.
and environment monitoring of important molecules at high sensitivity by SERS.""SERS substrates are used to analyze the composition of a mixture at the nanoscale for environmental analysis, pharmaceuticals, material sciences, art and archeological research, forensic science, drug detection, food quality analysis,
used fluorescence microscopy and radioactive tracers to validate the MRI data and to assess the influence of body posture on the clearance of amyloid from the brains. t is interesting that the lateral sleep position is already the most popular in human and most animals even in the wild
Full open access research for mall-Molecule-Driven Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Functional Neuronsby Xiang Li, Xiaohan Zuo, Junzhan Jing, Yantao Ma,
The immune system attacks the invader with a number of reactive molecules designed to neutralize it
However, these molecules can also cause collateral damage to healthy tissue around the infection site:
This lesion, a damaged form of the normal DNA base cytosine, is caused by the reactive molecule hypochlorous acid the main ingredient in household bleach
The researchers then compared their measurements of the brain to those calculated in functional studies studies that measure the time it takes for a molecule to travel across that brain region.
Peptides are a group of molecules that consist of a chain of amino acids. Amino acids are also known as the building blocks of proteins
As oxytocin is a relatively large molecule, it has trouble crossing the barrier between the brain and circulating blood.
The new study, appearing online September 17 in the journal Molecular Cell, suggests that blocking the door with a small molecule inhibitor could be key to the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and stroke
Because pore opening disrupts the flow of electrons and protons across the mitochondrial membranes which normally sustains energy production,
has shown that a specific molecule controls morphine receptor signaling in a small group of brain cells.
The molecule in question is known as a regulator of G protein signaling (RGS PROTEIN, which controls the morphine receptor (mu opioid receptor).
-or neutron scattering-based techniques to study them. A different approach The de Pablo group took a completely different approach.
The scientists made a film of a liquid crystal molecule called 5cb, which de Pablo called the ruit flyof liquid crystal research
Then they applied chemicals to the 5cb film that caused the molecules to align in such a way as to block the passage of light.
Floating on top of the film was made a membrane of molecules resembling those found in the membranes of biological cells.
which the scientists injected the molecules that spontaneously form the toxic aggregates. s aggregates grow on the membrane,
the Liew Family Professor in Molecular Engineering. he liquid crystal molecules that are at the interface become distorted:
or neutron scattering would be very useful.?Carla Reiter a
#Artificial intelligence System Solves SAT Geometry As well as 11th Graders The Allen Institute for Artificial intelligence (AI2) and University of Washington researchers have created an artificial intelligence (AI) system that can solve SAT geometry questions as well as the average American 11th-grade student, a breakthrough in AI research.
The researchers are now attempting to block fibrinogen using biological and small-molecule approaches as potential new therapies to suppress autoimmunity directed against the brain,
where it is broken down into smaller molecules. These molecules then diffuse into a cavity just outside the placenta, known as the intervillous space.
From there, they are absorbed into the placenta.""Once the sugar is there, some is used straight away as energy to help the embryo grow,
and the rest is reconverted to the storage molecule, glycogen,"says Aplin. The team also tracked the transport of substances called glycoproteins.
The probe can theoretically monitor almost any molecule, but Rostami says the most useful parameters are glucose,
and loaded it with a signalling molecule called CCL22. This attracts certain immune cells, which encourages cancer cells to follow suit.
involves measuring the way light is scattered off large molecules and structures inside cells. Cancer cells can be detected
Nothing about the particles told the researchers what the voltages should be, however. They started with random combinations of voltages and learned
The clump of particles has to be cooled to just 0. 3°C above absolute zero, but making the particles smaller would allow the working temperature to rise.
Van der Wiel says there is no reason the approach couldn work at room temperature. Van der Wiel hopes the research will lead to specialised processors that can solve problems such as pattern recognition
Nothing about the particles told the researchers what voltages to try, however. They started with random values and learned
because very small particles then slip out of it like fish through a net. The use of 3d printing to make working tissue
but with modification it can be made to measure the movement of water molecules. This allows them to pick up on movements in tissues
Snakes can sense this radiation even in darkness, using it to hunt down their prey. e want to simulate the scene of catching a mouse,
They built an accordion-like structure from germanium leaving a 2. 7-centimetre-wide cavity in the middle for the toy mouse.
The germanium sent infrared rays from behind the mouse on a curved path around the cavity, then bent them back into straight lines for the camera,
he cloak was tested by hiding the toy lower body from the camera its head seemed to float in the airo my knowledge this is the first attempt to cloak against thermal radiation,
These protein-like molecules, called VIP and PACAP, first raised suspicion after they were found to be elevated in blood drained from the brains of people having a migraine attack.
To block the effect, Akerman and Goadsby used molecules that block the receptors that PACAP binds to.
#First pocket rockets take tiny satellites for a spin The next giant leap in space exploration could start with a small spin around the lab. A new propulsion system for shrunk-down satellites called Cubesats just passed a key lab test,
made entirely of positively or negatively charged ions. Because the material is liquid at room temperature, it is safer and simpler to take it into space than a plasma or gas.
Applying an electric field can send these ions streaming away from the satellite at high speeds
Would the ions left behind corrode the spacecraft? Would the spacecraft itself remain neutrally charged,
or would the positive ions left behind pull the negative ions back in, cancelling out the thrust?
rather than having it fly around the lab. One thruster emitted positive ions and the other negative ones, keeping the Cubesat neutrally charged.
will we be able to deplete all the ions from this ionic liquid? Lozano says. ut we were able to get every single ion out.
The tank was completely dry. This is the most exciting test we have run so far.
what path photons take down the fibre, and how they interfere with each other, Carpenter says. Finally, they created a light pulse with the exact cross-section needed to counteract the distortion
They manufactured the implant with a $1. 3 million metal printer at a government-run lab. The printer uses an electron beam to melt titanium powder,
Using light-generated radiation combined with phase-contrast X-ray tomography, the scientists visualized ultrafine details of a fly measuring just a few millimeters.
such radiation could only be produced in expensive ring accelerators measuring several kilometers across. By contrast, the laser-driven system in combination with phase-contrast X-ray tomography only requires a university laboratory to view soft tissues.
The paper states,-rays radiated by relativistic electrons driven by well-controlled high-power lasers offer a promising route to a proliferation of this powerful imaging technology.
and wiggles electrons, giving rise to a brilliant kev X-ray emission. his so-called betatron radiation is emitted in a collimated beam with excellent spatial coherence and remarkable spectral stability.
Our results suggest that laser-based X-ray technology offers the potential for filling the large performance gap between synchrotron-and current X-ray tube-based sources.
The X-rays required were generated by electrons that were accelerated to nearly the speed of light over a distance of approximately one centimeter by laser pulses lasting around 25fs.
and their electrons like a ship through water, producing a wake of oscillating electrons. This electron wave creates a trailing wave-shaped electric field structure on which the electrons surf and by
which they are accelerated in the process. The particles then start to vibrate, emitting X-rays. Each light pulse generates an X-ray pulse.
The X-rays generated have special properties: a wavelength of approximately 0. 1nm, which corresponds to a duration of only about 5fs,
Due to the shortness of the X-ray pulses, this technique may be used in future to freeze ultrafast processes on the femtosecond time scale e g. in molecules
#Single molecule detector reveals biomolecule secrets Supersensitive detection systems are an important element of today's life sciences.
what it is calling a Single Molecule Detection Machine, which is designed for the analysis of ultra-small amounts of nucleic acid.
The Single Molecule Detection Machine (SMDM) employs a highly sensitive confocal microscope also developed by Fraunhofer FIT,
Fluorescent markers are attached to bio molecules, such as DNA, RNA and proteins; a laser is used to induce fluorescence.
which is based on single molecule brightness levels, and to turn it into an algorithm. The resulting process now lets us generate the information we need about the molecule faster
and with higher precision, said Prof. Harald Mathis, head of the Biomos group at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information technology FIT
The smallest molecule concentration detectable by the SMDM is an unimaginably low 1 pg/l (one trillionth of a gram per one millionth of a liter.
This chip allows the separation of molecules for analysis at the single molecule level m
but also to greatly improve the precision of atomic clocks, telescopes, and GPS equipment. The research was performed by scientists from the Laser Physics
Phase-change materials that change their optical properties depending on the arrangement of their constituent atoms allow for the storage of several bits in a single cell.
which are novel materials that change their optical properties depending on the arrangement of the atoms.
or waveguide to emit photons which are always in phase with one another, "said Philip Munoz,
and infinitely long, enabling even distant particles to be entangled
#Laser array on silicon promises new level of photonic integration Scientists in Belgium are claiming a breakthrough advance for integrated photonics by fabricating an array of laser diodes on a large silicon wafer typical
and 935 nm when pumped with a nanosecond-pulsed Nd: YAG laser provided by Ekspla.
In a paper published in the journal Nature Geoscience, Dr. Alfred S. Mcewen and other scientists identified waterlogged molecules salts of a type known as perchlorates in readings from orbit. hat
#Chip Simplifies Quantum Optics Experiments A silicon chip that can process photons in an infinite number of ways could speed up development of quantum computing.
The system consists of a cascade of 15 Mach-Zehnder interferometers with 30 thermo-optic phase shifters and 12 single-photon detectors.
which are typically extremely demanding due to the notoriously fragile nature of quantum systems.""A whole field of research has essentially been put onto a single optical chip that is easily controlled,
Now anybody can run their own experiments with photons, much like they operate any other piece of software on a computer.
#Spinal Neuron Connections Probed with Fluorescence microscopy Using two-photon fluorescence microscopy, researchers have gained new insight into how the spinal cord mediates commands from the brain to get the body moving.
giving us the ability to see ultraviolent radiation, infrared waves, and more.""Perhaps you do not yet make full use of your brain,
#Aluminum-Ion Batteries Are Flexible, Fast-Charging, And Won't Catch on Fire Almost all of the electronic devices that we carry around with us all day now rely on one key,
the lithium-ion battery. A mainstay of rechargeable power for the last couple decades, this battery technology has gotten only minor refinements.
compromise a lithium-ion battery and you'll likely see some sparks or flame, but the materials in this new battery are all non-reactive.
000 you'd likely get out of a Li-ion battery--aluminum-ion's woes aren't all behind it.
The voltage provided by an aluminum-ion battery is only about half of that what you'd get from a lithium-ion cell.
And, as Ars Technica points out the overall power density--the amount of juice you can store in a battery vis-a-vis its size--more closely resembles the large lead-acid battery you'd find in your car.
So aluminum-ion batteries still aren't quite ready for primetime, but you can bet that electronics manufacturers, makers of electric cars,
Meanwhile, researchers are working to enhance the performance of lithium-ion batteries using materials like carbon nanotubes,
Should scientists be able to increase the power and energy density of aluminum-ion batteries its speed of charging, lack of volatility,
will be used on Rocket Labs Electron orbital launch vehicle, which will get its first test spin later this year.
Rocket engines today more or less follow the same formula. Liquid fuel and a liquid oxidizer combine within a combustion chamber
the most notable kinds of electric engines include ion thrusters, which propel rockets by accelerating ions.
Such an engine is currently being used on the Dawn mission to the dwarf planet Ceres. However,
Rutherford is produced also via electron beam melting, an advanced form of 3d printing. Its engine chamber, injector, turbopumps,
The Rutherford engine will be the main propulsion source for Rocket Labs Electron vehicle which the company hopes to use as a low-cost method for launching satellites and other small payloads of up to 220 pounds into space.
On the most basic level, that means that dissolved salt particles, which have a slight electric charge,
and B have an extra sugar molecule bound to the surface of their red blood cells --but a transfusion of the wrong blood type can be fatal.
all because it detects that sugar molecule. Now researchers from the University of British columbia have figured out a way to change the type of blood donated by volunteers,
and movement/fusion of gallium alloy droplets (e). Tsinghua University scientists led by Jing Liu, have discovered a'smart'liquid metal alloy that moves on its own.
Prions, or roteinaceous infectious particles, are proteins that exist normally in the body but can sometimes cause disease.
or cause slight variations in its ph. Researchers have found that the human nose is very sensitive to two molecules that often slip through the treatment process:
And while these molecules aren harmful in water, they smell earthy and musty, respectively, which can make water taste just gross enough to be off-putting.
whether these molecules are in drinking water, a process that is expensive and time-consuming. A team of South korean researchers has developed a simple sensor based on the human nose to sniff out the smelly molecules.
The sensor is coated with special proteins called olfactory receptors that bind to the molecules when they are present.
In this particular sensor the researchers found human olfactory receptors that react to GSM and MIB,
When the molecules are present, the carbon nanotubes light up. In tests, the researchers found that their device could detect GSM and MIB concentrations as low as 10 nanograms per liter of water,
and startup accelerator that researches emerging technology to develop unique solutions to the challenges that modern communities facesked the above questions,
ions effectively dance within the glass and hit the electrochromic material to achieve tint-controlled windows.
In the days after the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986 the German particle physicist Gerhard Knies
and contrast agents to the nanoparticle to track the particle. Or the nanoparticle itself is the image and contrast agent
Her Phd at Purdue University and her research at Boston's Massachusetts institute of technology were dedicated both to studying particle stabilization to avoid clogging arteries with the nanoparticles and drug delivery vehicles;
Germanium is a semiconductor, and this method provides a straightforward way to make semiconducting nanoscale circuits from graphene, a form of carbon only one atom thick.
The method was discovered by UW scientists and confirmed in tests at Argonne.""Some researchers have wanted to make transistors out of carbon nanotubes,
"UW researchers used chemical vapor deposition to grow graphene nanoribbons on germanium crystals. This technique flows a mixture of methane, hydrogen,
At high temperatures, methane decomposes into carbon atoms that settle onto the germanium's surface to form a uniform graphene sheet.
when graphene grows on germanium, it naturally forms nanoribbons with these very smooth, armchair edges,"said Michael Arnold, an associate professor of materials science and engineering at UW-Madison."
"Graphene, a one-atom-thick, 2-D sheet of carbon atoms, is known for moving electrons at lightning speed across its surface without interference.
and stop electrons at will via bandgaps, as they do in computer chips. As a semimetal, graphene naturally has no bandgaps,
a technique using electrons (instead of light or the eyes) to see the characteristics of a sample,
researchers confirmed the presence of graphene nanoribbons growing on the germanium. Data gathered from the electron signatures allowed the researchers to create images of the material's dimensions and orientation.
In addition, they were able to determine its band structure and extent to which electrons scattered throughout the material."
"We're looking at fundamental physical properties to verify that it is, in fact, graphene and it shows some characteristic electronic properties,
"What's even more interesting is that these nanoribbons can be made to grow in certain directions on one side of the germanium crystal,
"For use in electronic devices, the semiconductor industry is interested primarily in three faces of a germanium crystal.
where single atoms connect to each other in a diamond-like grid structure, each face of a crystal (1, 1,
0). Previous research shows that graphene sheets can grow on germanium crystal faces (1, 1, 1) and (1, 1,
if there is any unique interaction between the germanium and graphene that may play a role.
The researchers note that other compounds could also be added to release drug molecules, make a robot glow
which certain parent molecules form highly regular, two-or three-dimensional network structures. These network polymers possess suitable optical and electronic properties
and be transferred to a different atom or molecule. Ultimately, it is these electrons which are transferred to the protons in the water moleculend thereby create elementary hydrogen.
The COFS created in Stuttgart meet all the prerequisites. However the scientists had to add platinum nanoparticles and an electron donor to their powder polymer."
"The platinum nanoparticles work as microelectrodes on which the electrons are transferred from the COF to the protons to form hydrogen,
"says Vijay Vyas, a scientist in the Nanochemistry Research Group at the Stuttgart-based Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research."
"And the electron donor is necessary to remove the residual positive charge on the COF, "Vyas explains.
The scientists added all the ingredients to an aqueous solution. When irradiated with visible light, the mixture starts producing hydrogen.
which the lab describes as occer ball-like carbon molecules known as buckyballs. After uniformity is achieved by spin casting the mixture on a rotating substrate
the material is annealed. The annealing process reduces the material hardness, but increases its toughness. However, the new method allows scientists to bypass the thermal annealing process,
which absorb electrons meant for conversion. According to researchers, the sample with the solvent additive was consistent throughout
However, the information obtained from the neutron reflectometry will help scientists boost organic solar cell performance, according to ORNL. ptimization of photovoltaic properties provides information to manufacture solar cells with fully controlled morphology
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