The most sensitive commercial magnetic sensors require a single SQUID kept at 4. 2 Kn incredibly chilly temperature that is usually maintained with expensive and difficult to handle liquid helium.
considering that operation of SQUIDS at 4. 2k requires the use of liquid helium-4, which is much more expensive
He also noted that the price of helium-4, which is a common isotope of helium,
is rapidly increasing and its availability may soon be limited to conserve strategic supplies. Liquid nitrogen, on the other hand, is much more readily available
#Cobalt atoms on graphene a powerful combo Graphene doped with nitrogen and augmented with cobalt atoms has proven to be an effective, durable catalyst for the production of hydrogen from water, according to scientists at Rice Univ. The Rice lab of chemist James Tour and colleagues at the Chinese Academy of Sciences,
the Univ. of Texas at San antonio and the Univ. of Houston have reported the development of a robust,
Catalysts can split water into its constituent hydrogen and oxygen atoms, a process required for fuel cells.
according to the researchers. hat unique about this paper is that we show not the use of metal particles, not the use of metal nanoparticles,
but the use of atoms, Tour said. he particles doing this chemistry are as small as you can possibly Get even particles on the nanoscale work only at the surface,
he said. here are so many atoms inside the nanoparticle that never do anything. But in our process the atoms driving catalysis have no metal atoms next to them.
Wee getting away with very little cobalt to make a catalyst that nearly matches the best platinum catalysts.
Tour said single-atom catalysts have been realized in liquids, but rarely on a surface. his way we can build electrodes out of it,
The researchers discovered that heat-treating graphene oxide and small amounts of cobalt salts in a gaseous environment forced individual cobalt atoms to bind to the material.
Electron microscope images showed cobalt atoms widely dispersed throughout the samples. They tested nitrogen-doped graphene on its own and found it lacked the ability to kick the catalytic process into gear.
Atom-thick graphene is the ideal substrate, Tour said, because of its high surface area, stability in harsh operating conditions and high conductivity.
a postdoctoral researcher in Zia's lab. Cueff started with an emitter made of erbium ions,
This change in reflectivity, in turn, switches how nearby erbium ions emit light. As the VO2 changes phase, the erbium emissions go from being generated mostly by magnetic dipole transitions (the rotational torque push
for gas molecules to stick to the internal surfaces of the poresnd store them at high density,
and iron atoms dispersed throughout the structure, with links of benzenedipyrazolate (bdp). Both cobalt (bdp) and iron (bdp) are highly porous when expanded,
A Purdue Univ.-led team of researchers observed electrons transition from a topologically ordered phase to a broken symmetry phase."
His team employs novel investigative techniques for the study of electrons freely flowing in ultrapure gallium arsenide semiconductor crystals,
and arsenic atoms that can capture electrons on a 2-D plane. Only a few groups in the world are able to grow the material,
The gallium arsenide crystals grown using the molecular beam epitaxy technique serve as a model platform to explore the many phases that arise among strongly interacting electrons,
but it is worth the effort to discover new phenomena involving the entire sea of electrons acting in concert.
"Material grown by the Manfra group was shown to have an electron mobility measurement of 35 million centimeters squared per volt-second,
"In most materials electrons are restricted very in what they can do because they bump into atomic-level defects that perturb them,
"The material grown by the Manfra group is so pure and free from defects that it gives electrons the freedom to enter into more than 100 different phases,
The extremely low temperature encourages the electrons to enter into exotic states where they no longer obey the laws of single particle physics,
A collective motion of the electrons is then possible that is described by the laws of quantum mechanics
"Imagine eggs in an egg carton as electrons arranged in a certain formation, "he said."
"The eggs are identical just like the electrons are identical particles. If you swap one egg with another,
if you swap two electrons, it causes a change to the entire group and the egg carton enters an entirely different state.
"The team was trying to induce an electron spin transition in this non-Abelian state, but before the desired state was reached,
the electrons spontaneously transitioned into the so-called"stripe"phase that belongs to the traditional, broken symmetry phases group."
but the electrons went from deep in the topological phase too deep in the broken symmetry phase."
The newly discovered, exotic nuclei are one isotope each of heavy elements berkelium, neptunium and uranium and two isotopes of the element americium.
and the joint Institute for Nuclear research in Russia. The results are published in the journal Physics Letters B. The Lab Dawn Shaughnessy, Ken Moody,
Every chemical element comes in the form of different isotopes. These isotopes are distinguished from one another by the number of neutrons in the nucleus,
and thus by their mass. The newly discovered isotopes have fewer neutrons and are lighter than the previously known isotopes of the respective elements.
To date, the known Periodic table comprises more than 3, 000 isotopes of 114 confirmed chemical elements. According to scientific estimates
more than 4, 000 additional, undiscovered isotopes also should exist. Due to their low number of neutrons,
their structure is very exotic and therefore interesting for the development of theoretical models describing atomic nuclei. hese results really push what we know about nuclear structure to the extreme, neutron-deficient end of the chart of the nuclides,
Shaughnessy said. hen you realize that naturally occurring uranium has 146 neutrons and this new isotope only has 124 neutrons,
it shows how much more we still have yet to learn about nuclear structure and the forces that hold the nucleus together.
Scientists at LLNL have been involved in heavy element research since the Laboratory's inception in 1952 and have been collaborators in the discovery of six elements 113,114 (Flerovium), 115,116 (Livermorium), 117 and 118.
Apart from discoveries themselves, the discovery is the first proof of the new technique for production of these exotic nuclides.
For the experiment, the scientists shot at a 300-nanometer-thick foil of curium with accelerated calcium nuclei.
the two nuclei involved exchanged a number of their nuclear building-blocks protons and neutrons. Different isotopes formed as the end products of this exchange.
The isotopes of berkelium neptunium, uranium and americium discovered were created as the end products of such collisions.
They are unstable and decay after a few milliseconds or seconds, depending on the isotope. All of the resulting decay products can be separated
and analyzed using special filters composed of electrical and magnetic fields. The scientists used all of the decay products detected to identify the new isotope that has been created.
The current experiments will make it possible to explore previously unknown areas on the isotope chart.
The elements 107 to 112 were discovered using the same experimental facility at GSI c
#How wireless-ray visioncould power virtual reality, smart homes, and Hollywood A team of researchers at MIT Computer science and Artificial intelligence Lab (CSAIL) has believed long that wireless signals like Wifi can be used to see things that are invisible to the naked eye.
Since 2013, CSAIL researchers have been developing technologies that use wireless signals to track human motion.
The team has shown that it can detect gestures and body movements as subtle as the rise and fall of a person chest from the other side of a house, allowing a mother to monitor a baby breathing
The emitted radiation is approximately 1/10,000 the amount given off by a standard cellphone.
The emitted radiation is approximately 1/10,000 the amount given off by a standard cellphone.
which has very high energy density, is more than 90%efficient, and, to date, can be recharged more than 2000 times,
which is ten times that of a lithium-ion battery. Such a high energy density would be comparable to that of gasoline
'fluffy'carbon electrode made from graphene (comprising one-atom-thick sheets of carbon atoms), and additives that alter the chemical reactions at work in the battery,
In the lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries we use in our laptops and smartphones, the negative electrode is made of graphite (a form of carbon),
The action of the battery depends on the movement of lithium ions between the electrodes. Li-ion batteries are light
but their capacity deteriorates with age, and their relatively low energy densities mean that they need to be recharged frequently.
Over the past decade, researchers have been developing various alternatives to Li-ion batteries, and lithium-air batteries are considered the ultimate in next-generation energy storage, because of their extremely high energy density.
However, previous attempts at working demonstrators have had low efficiency, poor rate performance, unwanted chemical reactions, and can only be cycled in pure oxygen.
What Liu, Grey and their colleagues have developed uses a very different chemistry than earlier attempts at a non-aqueous lithium-air battery
whereas 0. 2 V is closer to that of a Li-ion battery, and equates to an energy efficiency of 93%.
which an electrode used for splitting water absorbs solar photons while at the same time improving the flow of electrons from one electrode to another.
"Excited electrons When building a sun-capturing electrode, scientists aim to use as much of the solar spectrum as possible to excite electrons in the electrode to move from one state to another,
where they will be available for the water-splitting reaction. Equally important, but a separate problem entirely, the electrons need to move easily from the electrode to a counter-electrode,
creating a flow of current. Until now, scientists have had to use separate manipulations to increase photon absorption
and the movement of electrons in the materials they are testing. Choi and postdoctoral researcher Tae Woo Kim found that
if they heated an electrode made of the semiconducting compound bismuth vanadate to 350 degrees Celsius
The result was a notable increase in both photon absorption and electron transport. What was not clear was exactly how the nitrogen was facilitating the observed changes.
while flowing nitrogen gas is known to extract oxygen atoms from the bismuth vanadate, creating"defects."
"Galli's team found that these defects enhance the transport of electrons. But more interestingly, they found that the nitrogen that had been incorporated into the compound increased the transport of electrons independent of the defects.
Finally, that nitrogen lowered the energy needed to kick electrons into the state in which they were available to split water.
This meant that more of the solar energy could be used by the electrode.""Now we understand what's going on at the microscopic level,
"ORNL researchers tracked the molecular transition in labeling experiments with deuterium, a hydrogen isotope, to confirm the hydrocarbon pool mechanism.
So there are carbon particles inside the silicone which make it conductive so we can use it for electronics,
and Israel has discovered a novel phase of matter that is characterized by an unusual ordering of electrons. he discovery of this phase was unexpected completely and not based on any prior theoretical prediction.
first consider a crystal with electrons moving around throughout its interior. Under certain conditions, it can be energetically favorable for these electrical charges to pile up in a regular,
In addition to charge, electrons also have a degree of freedom known as spin.?When spins line up parallel to each other,
they form a ferromagnet. Because spin has both a magnitude and a direction, a spin-ordered phase is described by a vector. ver the several decades,
scientists have developed sophisticated techniques to look for both of these types of phases. ut what if the electrons in a material are ordered not in one of those ways?
In other words, what if the order were described not by a scalar or vector but by something with more dimensionality, like a matrix??
This could happen, for example, if the building block of the ordered phase was a pair of oppositely pointing spins described by what is known as a magnetic quadrupole.
Such examples of multipolar-ordered phases of matter are difficult to detect using traditional experimental probes. s it turns out,
Like the cuprates, iridates are electrically insulating antiferromagnets that become increasingly metallic as electrons are added to
where an additional amount of energy is required to strip electrons out of the material. For years, physicists have debated the origin of the pseudogap
and a smaller version, targeted at manipulating particles inside the human body l
#Non-Genetic Cancer Mechanism Found Cancer can be caused solely by protein imbalances within cells, a study of ovarian cancer has found.
The findings constitute the first-ever demonstration of a small molecule's ability to disarm C. difficile without incurring the collateral damage caused by antibiotics."
Bogyo's team has developed ways of conducting high-throughput screens of small molecules to speedily test their ability to inhibit
They put this technique to work in search of small molecules that specifically blocked the C. difficile toxins'protease activity.
Helping the good guys"We figured that a molecule that interfered with the pathogen's virulence could prevent inflammation
In the first of a series of experiments, the investigators separately incubated each of 120,000 different small molecules with the protease-containing piece of C. difficile's primary toxin, Toxin B. Then,
They incubated the complete Toxin B molecule with the cells in the presence or absence of ebselen.
however, did not contain glass particles. The aluminium oxide platelets in the second layer were aligned horizontally to the surface of the tooth using the magnet.
the levels of a molecule called CXCL12, the percentage of the tumor with an appearance of cancer stem cells and whether or not blood vessels were present in the tumor.
they found that the mosquito-borne parasite that causes malaria also produces a protein that binds to a particular type of sugar molecule in the placenta.
Researchers found that the same type of sugar molecule also is present in many types of cancer.
They realized that the sugar molecule--oncofetal chondroitin sulfate--could be a target for anticancer drugs,
""This is an extraordinary finding that paves the way for targeting sugar molecules in pediatric and adulthood human cancer,
these channels act like a doorman to regulate the entry of calcium ions in the nerve cells.
"It has also been known for a long time that following transient severe brain injury and prior to an initial spontaneous epileptic seizure, the concentration of free zinc ions increases in the hippocampus.
If the number of zinc ions increases following transient severe brain damage, these ions dock in greater numbers onto a switch, the so-called metal-regulatory transcription factor 1 (MTF1.
With the help of viruses, the researchers introduced fluorescing molecules in the brains of mice
and these molecules always glowed when the production of the special calcium ion channel was activated. The beams of light emanating from the fluorescence molecules can be measured through the top of the mice's skulls.
This makes it possible to examine the processes which take place during the development of epilepsy in a living animal."
"If the fluorescence molecules glow, this indicates that the mouse is developing chronic epileptic seizures, "says the molecular biologist Prof.
and converts to electrons. According to the press release, these electrons are used then to supplement the voltage stored in the lithium-anode portion of the solar battery.
When they tested their solar batteries against conventional lithium-iodine batteries, they charged and discharged them 25 times to see how much electricity they would discharge each round.
thrombin-a molecule at the centre of the clotting process-breaks open the outer layer of the nanocapsule,
and it contains sub-micron particles that pick up amino and fatty acids as well as the shape of the print itself with the aid of a mass spectrometer.
This scans the print with a laser, particles in the powder are ionised vaporised and, and a molecular profile appears.
#This transparent lithium-ion battery charges itself with sunlight Researchers in Japan have invented a rechargeable lithium-ion battery that can charge itself using sunlight-no solar cell required.
of which are used commonly in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. For the prototype that was put on display in Tokyo last month,
another possibility for the technology is self-charging smartphone screens made from transparent lithium-ion batteries.
They then fed a cocktail of specially chosen molecules to the yeast, and it essentially'poops'out the THC.
The big challenge now will be figuring out how to replace these molecules with a raw material such as sugar to make the process cheap
Specially made synthetic membranes are used to filter out large salt particles and impurities so they can be evaporated away,
because wee hit the limit for how fast electrons can travel between the processor and the memory."
"Making light-based computers isn as simple as replacing electrons with light particles-or photons-in current computers.
the silicon chips we have now still require the photons to be converted back to electrons when the data reaches our computer.
which actually makes it less efficient than if we just used electrons in the first place. Instead, we need to completely redesign the way our computers work,
"It stores data using the same material that found in rewritable CDS and DVDS-a phase-change alloy of germanium-antimony-tellurium known as GST."
-which carries the photons to where they need to go.""Think of the waveguide as a kind of miniature fibre optic cable that can carry light:
which means their atoms are arranged in a highly organised way. Metallic glass alloys, on the other hand, have disordered a highly structure,
with their atoms arranged irregularly. The new model, which is described in Nature Communications, looks at the atomic structure of different metals and identifies
The team calls this a"highly degenerate spin ice phase (Ice I)".But then they started to slowly cool the material down,
They call this the"long-range charge-and spin-ordered (LRO) phase"."""We were fascinated by the fact that our synthetic material displayed this everyday phenomenon of a phase transition,
and track hydrated salts in these gullies-using an image spectrometer on the MRO, the NASA team has been able to link these salts to areas where the slope gullies
researchers have been trying to build a computer that harnesses the enormous potential of quantum mechanics. Now engineers from the University of New south wales (UNSW) in Australia have overcome the final hurdle,
are defined by the spin of a single electron. But by reconfiguring traditional transistors to only be associated with one electron,
Dzurak and his team were able to have them define qubits instead. ee morphed those silicon transistors into quantum bits by ensuring that each has only one electron associated with it.
We then store the binary code of 0 or 1 on the'spin'of the electron,
which is associated with the electron tiny magnetic field, said Menno Veldhorst, the lead author of the research,
which has been published in Nature. The team then showed that they could use metal electrodes on these transistors to control the qubits
#Scientists say theye found a particle made entirely of nuclear force After decades of searching, scientists say theye finally identified a glueball-a particle made purely of nuclear force.
Hypothesised to exist as part of the standard model of particle physics, glueballs have eluded scientists since the 1970s because they can only be detected indirectly by measuring their process of decay.
Now, a team of particle scientists in Austria say they've found evidence for the existence of glueballs by observing the decay of a particle known as f0 (1710.
Protons and neutrons-the particles that make up everyday matter-are made of minuscule elementary particles called quarks,
and quarks are held together by even smaller particles called gluons. Also known as'sticky particles',massless gluons are described as a complicated version of the photon,
because just like how photons are responsible for exerting the force of electromagnetism, gluons are in charge of exerting a strong nuclear force."
"In particle physics, every force is mediated by a special kind of force particle, and the force particle of the strong nuclear force is the gluon,
"explains one of the researchers, Anton Rebhan from the Vienna University of Technology. But there is one major difference between the two:
while photons aren affected by the force they exert, gluons are. This important fact means that
while photons can exist in what known as a bound state, gluons can be bound together via their own nuclear force to form glueballs."
"The existence of glueball particles brings the idea that, not only can particles be forces or force carriers (i e.,
, photons), but that these massless particles are also contingent upon the force that they are made up of,
allowing glueballs to exist in a static state, "J. E. Reich writes for Techtimes. Gluons might be massless on their own,
but their interactions with each other give glueballs a mass, which, theoretically, allows scientists to detect them,
if only indirectly through their decay process. And while several particles have been identified in particle accelerator experiments as being viable candidates for glueballs
until now, no one been able to make a convincing case for any of them consisting of pure atomic force.
The closest scientists have gotten to finding a glueball is narrowing in on two possible candidates: f0 (1500) and f0 (1710),
which are called subatomic particles mesons that are composed of one quark and one antiquark each. For a while, f0 (1500) was considered the more promising candidate of the two,
because while f0 (1710) produced better results when applied to computer models, its decay process produced heavy quarks-also known as'strange quarks'.
'This was a problem, because some scientists assumed that gluon interactions did not usually differentiate between heavier and lighter quarks-something that Rebhan
and his colleagues say theye reconciled in their calculations, published in Physical Review Letters today."
"Our calculations show that it is indeed possible for glueballs to decay predominantly into strange quarks,
"he says, explaining that when the decay pattern for lighter quarks was measured also for f0 (1710),
the results agreed"extremely well"with their model. The researchers are hoping the new data from experiments at the Large hadron collider at CERN (TOTEM
and LHCB) in Switzerland and an accelerator experiment in Beijing (BESIII) will help them strengthen their case for f0 (1710) being a glueball."
"These results will be crucial for our theory, "says Rebhan.""For these multi-particle processes, our theory predicts decay rates
which are quite different from the predictions of other, simpler models. If the measurements agree with our calculations,
this will be a remarkable success for our approach.""Need a crash course in quarks, strange quarks,
and all the rest a
#Watch: This self-balancing wheelchair can climb and descend stairs automatically Stairs and uneven ground surfaces pose a huge problem for wheelchair users,
and while ramps can improve accessibility, theye costly to implement and not always easy to retrofit to existing building structures.
Fortunately, students in Switzerland have answered this very problem with the calevo an electric wheelchair that has the ability to ascend steps directly by lowering a tank-style tread that can roll the wheelchair up a flight of stairs.
#Researchers create lithium-air battery that could be 10x more powerful than lithium-ion A new lithium-air battery created by researchers at the University of Cambridge points the way to the ultimate battery packs of the future,
With a very high energy density, more than 90 percent efficiency and the capability for more than 2, 000 recharge cycles,
The idea of a lithium-air or lithium-oxygen battery isn't new scientists have known for a while that these types of batteries can hold up to 10 times the charge of today's lithium-ion packs (imagine not having to charge your phone for a whole week.
Microorganisms can synthesise mixtures of complex organic molecules, such as antibiotics, from simple organic building blocks by fermentation.
The KAHA ligation uses special types of organic molecules to form new bonds without the usual need for toxic chemical reagents.
What's more, they have demonstrated the practicality of this approach by identifying a novel molecule that blocks a key enzyme used by the hepatitis C virus."Our dream is to provide a do-it-yourself method--one that can be applied by anyone,
and assess millions of organic molecules, without using dangerous reagents, "says Professor Bode.""For example, we envision that synthetic fermentation could be used by farmers to generate
and identify new antibacterial or antifungal molecules to treat plant diseases.""By combining a handful of molecules in a variety of ways,
a farmer could identify a novel combination that treats plant infections. He adds that the next step is to determine the most efficient way to screen the thousands
certain cancer biomarkers cling to the surface of the tiny particles, increasing their size and causing them to clump together.
Huo and her team at UCF's Nanoscience Technology Center developed a technique known as nanoparticle-enabled dynamic light scattering assay (Nanodlsay) to measure the size of the particles by analyzing the light they throw off.
With the use of lithium ions as dopant, researchers found it offered significant electronic conductivity
The breakthrough, described in the Journal of the American Chemical Society and featured as ACS Editors'Choice for open access, addresses a decades-long challenge for electron-transport conducting polymers,
but until now have not been successful in developing an efficient electron-transport conducting polymer to pair with the established hole-transporting polymers.
Yanliang Liang, a research associate at UH and first author on the paper, said researchers aren't trying to compete directly with conventional lithium-ion batteries."
a significant progress for electron-transporting? -conjugated polymers...With rational molecular design? -conjugated redox polymers will establish new design space in polymer chemistry
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