due to its inherent ability to maintain excitation levels that allow the freer flow of electrons.
That is, just as graphene is able to rapidly emit electrons when excited by lasers as the electrons remain at an elevated state,
it also provides a similar capability for efficient photon release in an electrically-heated situation."
"At the highest temperatures, the electron temperature is much higher than that of acoustic vibrational modes of the graphene lattice,
so that less energy is needed to attain temperatures needed for visible light emission, "said Myung-Ho Bae, a senior researcher at KRISS."
and then that causes electrons to flow in the"wrong"direction thereby increasing electric resistance and allowing a very precise read of the data that's magnetically stored in a given location."
"The faster the electrons in the material move, the greater the Lorentz force and thus the effect of a magnetic field,"explains study lead author Binghai Yan.
The electrons in this material, niobium phosphide, travel very quickly. Niobium phosphide contains superfast charge carriers,
or relativistic electrons, that move at 300 km/s (186 mi/s), which is one-thousandth the speed of light.
low energy solution to grow food in parts of the world where this was not previously possible.
its molecules bind together to create a mechanical stability, so much so that it can endure more stretching than that experienced by arterial tissue in the body.
Some of the light is absorbed by electrons on the film's surface which causes them to jostle.
as the electrons would quickly"disappear"into a lower energy state. This meant that these cells were not a viable solution for a clean energy grid,
Now, researchers Fuqiang Liu and colleagues have created a PEC cell that includes a specially designed photoelectrode (the component that converts incoming photons into electrons.
Unlike previous designs, their hybrid tungsten trioxide/titanium dioxide (WO3/Tio2) photoelectrode can store electrons effectively for long periods of time,
is much safer than a lithium-ion cell (though less energy-dense), is nearly immune to temperature extremes,
and electrons in the cell,"says lead author of the paper Dong Liu.""Release of the stored electrons under dark conditions continues solar energy storage,
thus allowing for continuous storage around the clock.""The team is now working on building a larger prototype,
Rim and colleagues say the level of magnetic flux exposure is within the safety levels set by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP
In order to achieve this, the team used a number of nonconventional semiconductor manufacturing methods including the development of transistor channels made of silicon-germanium, or Sige
Sige is suited better for smaller transistors because of the fact that it has higher electron mobility than pure silicon.
the gap between silicon nuclei gets so small that silicon atoms cannot carry enough current.
When some germanium is added to the mix, electron mobility is increased. These transistors are each only 7 nanometers wide that's about 1/10, 000th the width of a human hair and three times the width of a single strand of DNA.
The smallest transistors in use on chips today are 14 nm wide although 10 nm chips are in development by the likes of Intel and Samsung.
the team created a method to join the atoms on the ends of the two crystalline materials
whose light production depends on the perovskite matrix's ability to guide electrons into the quantum dots, which then super-efficiently convert electricity to light.
Ions on the window glass surface subsequently fluorescence in infrared when exposed to that reflected light the more light that hits them,
#New molecular transistor can control single electrons Researchers from Germany, Japan and the United states have managed to create a tiny,
reliable transistor assembled from a single molecule and a dozen additional atoms. The transistor reportedly operates so precisely that it can control the flow of single electrons,
paving the way for the next generation of nanomaterials and miniaturized electronics. For our electronics to become more powerful it's vital that the transistors,
A single silicon atom is about half a nanometer in size meaning that, in the current generation of electronics,
the terminals of the switch are separated only by around 30 atoms. Once that number drops to single digits these transistors will become inoperable as quantum mechanics starts getting in the way,
with electrons spontaneously jumping from one end of the switch to the other whether the switch is closed open
or. Tiny molecular transistors much smaller than the ones inside our computers (as small as two nanometers) have already been built,
as molecular transistors are often so small that their on/off state depends on the location of a single electron.
however, must be built from the bottom up, by assembling atoms one by one in a chemistry lab. Although this may sound highly unusual and extremely laborious,
and placing 12 indium atoms laid out in a hexagonal shape on top of it, with a phthalocyanine molecule in the middle.
the central molecule is only weakly bound to the crystal surface beneath it, and this means that,
when the tip of the microscope is very close to the molecule and a voltage is applied,
single electrons can tunnel between the surface of the crystal and the tip of the microscope.
The positively charged atoms around the molecule act as the gate of the transistor regulating the electron's flow and leading to a functioning and reliable molecular transistor.
One unusual fact observed was that the molecule orients itself in a different direction depending on its charge state and, in turn,
the orientation of the molecule has a strong effect on how the electron flows across the molecule.
The researchers are now working on trying to better understand this phenomenon and the link between molecular orientation and conductivity.
If exploited, this knowledge could help us build molecular nanostructures with a very precise control over single electrons, leading to new types of high-performance semiconductors and nanomaterials r
#Metal foams could provide lightweight radiation shielding Radiation generally comes under the heading of"things you want to stay away from,
"so it's no surprise that radiation shielding is a high priority in many industries. However, current shielding is bulky and heavy,
so a North carolina State university team is developing a new lightweight shielding based on foam metals that can block X-rays, gamma rays,
and neutron radiation, as well as withstanding high-energy impact collisions. Though they aren't very familiar to the public,
but Rabiei became curious about its potential in radiation shielding. The result was a high-Z steel-steel foam,
which showed that it was effective in blocking X-rays, various forms of higher and lower energy gamma rays, and neutron radiation.
it demonstrated the same shielding properties for high-energy gamma rays, though its density was lower.
In addition, it has better blocking qualities for low energy gamma rays and neutron radiation. Although it was better than most materials at blocking X-rays,
which would strip away our atmosphere and surface water and bombard us with radiation if left unchecked.
Scale drives cost reduction for storage We are already witnessing the impact of manufacturing scale on cost for lithium-ion batteries being bid into the electricity market.
Boston-Power has raised up to $450 million for its lithium-ion battery technology over the past five years.
#Harvard Organic Flow battery Under Development in Europe Last year, the Harvard School of engineering and Applied sciences demonstrated a flow battery concept in the laboratory that used organic quinone molecules as the basis for its electrolyte.
These molecules are also highly stable, even at fairly high temperatures, and are less likely than other electrolyte options to cross the battery membrane, thanks to the organic molecules'size and charge.
Another advantage claimed for organic flow batteries is the high solubility of quinones in aqueous solutions, allowing for energy densities that are orders of magnitude higher than lead-acid, lithium-ion,
and vanadium redox flow chemistries. Tags: green energy storage, harvard, organic flow battery, redox flow batter l
#24m Unveils the Reinvented Lithium-Ion Battery Five years ago, M24 Technologies spun out from parent company A123 with plans to turn a mysterious,
semisolid electrode material into a revolution in how lithium-ion batteries are designed and built. Back then, cofounder and Massachusetts institute of technology professor Yet-Ming Chiang described a lean sheet of paperapproach, combining concepts from flow batteries and fuel cells,
and stripping the modern lithium-ion battery architecture of all its inactive materials and complex manufacturing steps.
-based startup unveiled the results--a lithium-ion battery that it says can be built at $100 per kilowatt-hour at scale,
Compared to the multi-stage process used in today lithium-ion batteries, it implified, streamlined, with a lot of metrology,
to make it as reliable and bulletproof as we can. 24m process can also incorporate a multitude of today different lithium-ion chemistries into its semisolid materials process,
he said. ur defining goal is to chop 50 percent out of the cost of lithium-ion today,
that where we get to this $100 per kilowatt-hour cost. 24m is targeting a lithium-ion energy storage market that already being targeted by contenders like Tesla motors, Boston-Power,
And outside lithium-ion batteries, a host of new chemistries from startups such as Aquion, Eos Energy storage and a long list of flow battery contenders are promising low-cost
So how does 24m approach make for an entirely new way of designing and building lithium-ion batteries?
he said. ut what we realized upon forming the company was that this semisolid electrode capability had a much better home--reinventing how lithium-ion batteries are made.
Chiang identified two main problems in today lithium-ion battery design. ne is that the current lithium-ion battery itself contains a great deal of material that doesn store any energy
He referring to the inactive material that layered between the super-thin electrodes that allow today lithium-ion batteries to charge
and discharge quickly. aving a thin electrode means that the distance the lithium ion has to travel is short--and in the beginning,
like the semisolid materials that 24m forms into anodes and cathodes. hat we do is provide more line of sight paths for the lithium ions to get out of the electrode,
That necessary for the lithium ions to get out of the back of the battery, he said.
is a battery cell that combines high energy capacity and high current density in the same set of materials,
as compared to typical lithium-ion batteries for power tools, tablets and electric vehicles. At the same time, e believe these to be the safest lithium-ion batteries ever created,
he said, largely due to the lack of brittle, breakable separator materials within the battery cells.
he said. he second aspect of lithium-ion technology that we felt needed to be reconsidered is the whole manufacturing process,
Chiang said. hy does a conventional lithium-ion battery plant have to be so expensive and so large?
First of all, a conventional lithium-ion battery plant starts with metal foil, and then layers liquid nk or painton it to form its electrodes,
he said. verything they use is already in the lithium-ion supply chain. And because all the materials that 24m puts into the process end up in the final product
much simpler than the processes used to make lithium-ion batteries today. he formulation process for making these electrodes is spent exacting,
24m technologies, a123, alevo, aquion, arpa-e, batteries, boston-power, energy storage, eos energy storage, flow battery, imergy, investors, lg chem, lithium-ion
It only allows a selected few types of molecules to cross including water, some gases and lipid soluble molecules.
The antibodies are able to squeeze past the barrier not just because of their size (these are fragments that consist of one molecule)
and are able to bind chemically to other molecules. The scientists add that the method allows them to target multiple types of diseases by producing different carrier molecules.
The method is part of the NRC Therapeutics Beyond Brain Barriers (TBBB) program which has been developing special carrier molecules for the past six years. t really opens the possibilities to use many different types of therapeutics for different diseases that we couldn really use before
unless we inject them directly into the brain which is highly invasive, r. Danica Stanimirovic,
and radiation pattern. sing a liquid metal such as eutectic gallium and indium that can change its shape allows us to modify antenna properties such as frequency more dramatically than is possible with a fixed conductor,
a long chain of sugar molecules found in plant cell walls that bestows wood with its strength.
Finally, the substance is put through a processing technique that stabilizes the molecules, preventing the foam-like material from collapsing. he result is a material that is both strong,
as the graphene patches and diamond particles rub up against a large diamond-like carbon surface, the graphene rolls itself around the diamond particle, creating something that looks like a ball bearing on the nanoscopic level. he interaction between the graphene
and the diamond-like carbon is essential for creating the uperlubricityeffect, he said in a statement. he two materials depend on each other.
enough diamond particles and graphene patches prevent the two surfaces from becoming locked in state.
the electron temperature is much higher than that of acoustic vibrational modes of the graphene lattice,
but using it in its pure formraphenend at its ultimate size limitne atom thick. The group is currently working to further characterize the performance of these devicesor example,
the resulting increase in length and decrease in cross-sectional area restricts the flow of electrons through the material.
because electrons can travel over such a hierarchically buckled sheath as easily as they can traverse a straight sheath.
which uses molecules from algae or other microorganisms that respond to light, or creates molecules to do so,
and put them into nerve cells to transform them so that they can receive light. As well as helping blind people see,
by inserting the right molecules and shining light at them. The light wakes up the right proteins, allowing messages to flow through and then bringing out the same behaviour in cells around them n
etc. against cell types. ur method provides us with robust control over particle properties, passive release kinetics,
and particle distributions throughout a 3d matrix, Michael Mcalpine, an associate professor in mechanical engineering at the university, said. urthermore,
that transmit airborne gases enough energy to heat the electrons and force them to leave their orbit ionize the air
and in the process of ionization towards the plasma a air begins to emit light. To achieve this effect allowed the femtosecond laser pulse
and was able to develop silicon-germanium transistors to boost processing power. 2015 AF o
Electrons flow around the circuit, thus the cell effectively works as a battery. But, unlike a traditional battery, Ceres fuel cells last years. e are targeting 10 years,
The particles are each about 140 nanometers (0. 000005 inches) across and consist of eight-point gold stars that are surrounded by a layer of dye
The researchers'method of making the stars ensures that all of the particles are nearly identical
But a small number of photons about 1 in 10 million--scatter with less energy
The particles spread thorough the bloodstreams of the mice and built up in the cancerous cells.
The company will also be releasing new printing materials in order to try its hand at printing resistors, sensors and, for future models of its printer, even lithium-ion batteries.
The key to its success in replicating a sunny sky uses nanostructured materials to scatter light from LEDS in the same way tiny particles scatter sunlight in the atmosphere so-called Rayleigh scattering.
Light was recognized also in the Nobel prize category of Chemistry last year for light-based microscopy tools that use a few tricks to sense the presence of a single molecule.
in order to control the fluorescence of individual molecules to view them in high detail. By turning the light emitted from the molecules on or off,
the scientists could reconstruct the location of the molecules at the nanometer scale. Here how it works:
a fraction of fluorescent molecules or proteins is excited first by a weak light pulse. Then after their emission fades, another subgroup of fluorescent molecules are excited.
This cycle of on and off continues, and then the images are processed and superimposed to form a high-resolution map of individual proteins.
The ability to peer into the nanoworld of living cells to observe, for example, how proteins aggregate in the earliest stages of diseases like Alzheimer
Understanding disease progression at the single-molecule level could help identify when early intervention might be advantageous.
In my own work as a chemistry researcher, my group invented a laser the size of a virus particle,
and receive data with high bandwidths as well as to detect trace molecules or bio-agents. Construction of our nanolaser required precise control over the shape and location of the adjacent gold nanoparticles.
and Pakistan has started reportedly operating a third plutonium reactor, Squassoni said. She said the United states has good rhetoric on nuclear nonproliferation,
and wanted to raise awareness about the dangers of nuclear technology. The Doomsday Clock first appeared on a cover of the magazine in 1947
Antibodies are immune system molecules that zero in on the proteins of a virus's coat and stick to it,
Electrons moving through the material knock against electrons in the filament's atoms, giving them energy.
Those electrons return to their former energy levels and emit photons (light) in the process.
Crank up the current and voltage enough and the filament in the light bulb hits temperatures of about 5, 400 degrees Fahrenheit (3, 000 degrees Celsius) for an incandescent.
"The temperature of hot electrons at the center of the graphene is about 3, 000 K 4, 940 F,
Before us, other groups had reported only inefficient radiation emission in the infrared from graphene.""The light emitted from the graphene also reflected off the silicon that each piece was suspended in front of.
Whereas conventional microelectronics shuffle electrons around wires, in recent years, scientists have begun developing so-called microfluidic devices that shuffle liquids around pipes.
these droplets were infused with tiny magnetic particles only nanometers, or billionths of a meter, wide.
#Elusive New Pentaquark Particle Discovered After 50-Year Hunt After 50 years, the hunt is over.
Scientists at the Large hadron collider, the world's largest atom smasher, have found proof of the existence of the pentaquark,
an elusive subatomic particle that was proposed first to exist more than 50 years ago.""The pentaquark is not just any new particle,"Guy Wilkinson,
a spokesperson for the LHC experiment that discovered the pentaquark, said in a statement.""It represents a way to aggregate quarks, namely the fundamental constituents of ordinary protons and neutrons,
in a pattern that has never been observed before in over 50 years of experimental searches.
the protons and neutrons from which we're all made, is constituted.""See Photos of the Large hadron collider The new discovery validates a long-held notion about the nature of matter.
In 1964, physicist Murray Gell-Mann proposed that a group of particles known as baryons, which include protons
and neutrons, are made actually up of three even tinier charged subatomic particles known as quarks. Meanwhile, the theory went,
another group of particles called mesons were composed of quarks and their antimatter partners, antiquarks. The theory was validated soon by experimental results,
and Gell-Mann's work won the Nobel prize in physics in 1969. But crunching the numbers in Gell-Mann's theory also led to the conclusion that other
more exotic particles could exist, such as the pentaquark: a group of four quarks and an antiquark.
Over the past several decades, people have seen hints of pentaquarks in experimental data, but those all turned out to be false leads.
In the current study, Wilkinson and his colleagues examined the decay of particles after collisions in the Large hadron collider (LHC),
a 17-mile-long (27 kilometers) underground ring beneath Geneva, Switzerland. The team studied how a particular baryon known as lambda B decayed into three other particles:
a proton, a particle known as J-psi and a charged kaon. However, while analyzing data from these collisions,
researchers noticed spikes that suggested the lambda B baryons took a pit stop on the way to decaying to these other three particles, transitioning into other, intermediate particles on the way."
"We have examined all possibilities for these signals, and conclude that they can only be explained by pentaquark states,
the team concluded that these intermediate particles were made pentaquarks up of two up quarks, one down quark, one charm quark and one anti-charm quark.
Quarks come in six flavors: up, down, top, bottom, strange and charm. The researchers have submitted now their findings to the journal Physical Review Letters.
The new results not only validate the Standard model, the dominant physics theory that explains the mess of subatomic particles that make up the world,
but they also raise new questions. For instance, it's still not clear exactly how the pentaquarks are glued"together.
while others propose a loose association between the teeny subatomic particles. Follow Tia Ghose on Twitterand Google+.
#Novel Approach for Lithium-ion Batteries Researchers from MIT and Cambridge, Mass. -based Battery Company 24m have come up with an advanced manufacturing technology for lithium-ion batteries.
Researchers have claimed of reinvented the process for manufacturing lithium-ion batteries. Not much change has been noticed in the manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries in the two decades.
Yet-Ming Chiang, the Kyocera Professor of Ceramics at MIT, was of the view that the existing technology is not perfect
and there is a need to made advancements. Five years back, Chiang and colleagues developed the new process.
In the process, the electrodes are suspensions of small particles carried by a liquid and pumped through different compartments of the battery.
"We realized that a better way to make use of this flowable electrode technology was to reinvent the lithium ion manufacturing process".
Having the electrode in the form of tiny suspended particles reduces the path length for charged particles as they move through the material, a property known as tortuosity.
and data obtained with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) chemical imaging analyses of serial sections of the same tissue.
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows researchers to measure the viscoelastic properties of individual cells, but this technique has been too slow
The method is about twenty times faster than was possible before with atomic force microscopy when imaging live cells and was used to monitor how a specific protein affects how breast cancer cells spread.
and is particularly difficult for young children that don understand the purpose of it All the new technology relies on a special silica glass that has ions throughout that fluoresce in infrared in response to laser light.
Mercedes-benz and Hyundai. Think of a fuel-cell car as an exhaust-free electric car with a little chemical factory producing the electrons in place of a battery.
and shuttle data with light instead of electrons. Electrical and computer engineering associate professor Rajesh Menon and colleagues describe their invention today in the journal Nature Photonics.
says Menon. ut that information has to be converted to electrons when it comes into your laptop.
the photons of light must be converted to electrons before a router or computer can handle the information.
And because photonic chips shuttle photons instead of electrons mobile devices such as smartphones or tablets built with this technology would consume less power,
or shuttled is done through light instead of electrons. Photo credit: Dan Hixson/University of Utah College of Engineering Source:
Sanchez-Yamagishi was a lead co-author of a 2014 paper in Nature("Tunable symmetry breaking and helical edge transport in a graphene quantum spin Hall state)
"which showed that having a component of the applied magnetic field in the graphene plane forced electrons at the edge of graphene to move in opposite directions based on their spins.
It's called a Quantum Spin Hall State, "Sanchez-Yamagishi explains. That would have applications in quantum computing,
Hofstadter butterfly Graphene and boron nitride layers each have arranged atoms in a hexagonal, or six-sided, pattern.
What excites physicists is that this butterfly is one of the rare examples of a fractal pattern in quantum physics."
because the electrons are very small and we make them very cold. So quantum physics takes a role
and it is very different, shockingly different, "Sanchez-Yamagishi says. In addition to the Hofstadter butterfly result, the same devices were also the first to show a bandgap in graphene.
it has very little effect on the physics of the electron. But when they're aligned,
the more they are aligned, the larger the moire and the stronger the effect on the electrons,
when layers of graphene just one to few atoms thick are separated from the graphite.""Graphene conducts electricity better than graphite.
electrons get slowed down, "he explains. It turns out that if two layers of graphene are stacked in alignment,
electrons traveling within a layer are slowed down in the same way. But with graphene, if the layers stacked on top of each other are misaligned,
then the electron in one layer does not get affected by the other layers and zips along quickly."
or rotation out of alignment, can enhance electron flow through individual layers, it has the opposite effect on electrons moving between layers."
"Even though they are right on top of each other, atoms apart, if you twist them, then the electrons cannot actually go from one layer to the other just by themselves.
They need help from other elements in the system. So you can put them right on top of each other,
they're actually not electrically connected. It's related to this moire pattern. It's because of the twisting between the two layers that decouples them in this way,
"A big focus of our lab is just studying electricity in the form of how electrons move around
and so to do that we first want to cool it down to low temperatures where all we see is how the electron behaves by itself primarily,
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