produces much less thrust at 30 to 50 micronewtons-less than a thousandth of the output of some relatively low-powered ion thrusters used today.
Physics says particles in the quantum vacuum cannot be ionised, so therefore you cannot push against it.
or released when it transforms from solid to liquid and low differences in disorder of the atoms,
The behaviour of the atoms as a liquid also determines this melting point. They found their Hf-N-c alloy would absorb similar amounts of energy
which analyses molecules or cells in bodily fluids, such as DNA, proteins, viruses, and blood cells. ilab will bring a revolution in medical diagnostics,
and will be much more specific. he chip will take about 15 minutes to analyse the molecules
pull two Li-ion batteries out of the Smartscooter, dump them into shaped holes in the charger,
which individual phosphorus atoms are replaced by arsenic. In a collaborative international effort, American colleagues have built the first field-effect transistors from the new material.
Another application is the measurement of dust particles and trace gases in environmental monitoring. A further interesting aspect of these new, two-dimensional semiconductors is their anisotropic electronic and optical behavior.
i e. the addition of a property-altering molecule. Having tested several different additives, the Chalmers researchers concluded that an addition of (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) molecules has desired the most effect.
When heated and put through hydrolysis, it creates so-called silane bonds between the graphene and the electronic component (see picture).
which individual phosphorus atoms are replaced by arsenic. In a collaborative international effort, American colleagues have built the first field-effect transistors from the new material.
Another application is the measurement of dust particles and trace gases in environmental monitoring. A further interesting aspect of these new, two-dimensional semiconductors is their anisotropic electronic and optical behavior.
because they have consisted only of a few layers of thermal conductive atoms. hen you try to add more layers of graphene,
i e. the addition of a property-altering molecule. Having tested several different additives, the Chalmers researchers concluded that an addition of (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) molecules has desired the most effect.
When heated and put through hydrolysis, it creates so-called silane bonds between the graphene and the electronic component (see picture).
The Scio handheld spectrometer instantly analyzes foods and pharmaceuticals at a molecular level; a quick scan provides nutritional info,
or in public access mode where anyone with the hardware can soak up some electrons (controlled via an app).
and even fewer opt ions is serving no one. Tech companies are lining up on both sides of this one, with other major firms standing against the FCC proposed plan C
but because each lattice is only a few atoms thick, the final display is semitransparent, extremely thin,
Electron movement is controlled via quantum wells (a quantum well is a layer of material that constricts the movements of electrons to particular dimensions to ensure energy arrives where it meant to go).
) One of the major downsides to working with many advanced materials has been their stability wee covered several promising developments that decay so rapidly as to make any type of manufacturing quite difficult.
and have reached efficiencies that are already comparable to organic LEDS in terms of quantum efficiency (photons emitted per electron injected).
#New aluminum air battery could blow past lithium-ion runs on water As battery technologies go,
the world has a love-hate relationship with lithium-ion. On the one hand, breakthroughs in Li-ion designs and construction are responsible for the Tesla Model S, new installations, green energy research,
and the modern smartphone. On the other hand, lithium-ion limitations are the reason why most EVS have a range of 40-60 miles, the Model S costs upwards of $80, 000,
and why your smartphone can last all day on a single charge. For all its promise and capability
lithium-ion has limited long-term utility which is why a new announcement from Fuji Pigment is so interesting.
we can build batteries that blow traditional lithium-ion out of the water. Keep in mind that the chart below is exponential,
meaning that fuel cell technology has 10 times the energy density of a typical cobalt-Li ion battery.
and lithium-air, have some of the highest energy densities its possible to build. The difficulties with aluminum-air construction, in particular, has been rapid degradation of the anode and, in early models of Al-Air, the release of hydrogen gas.
and Tesla has thrown already its weight behind the further use of lithium-ion technology u
This can actually lead to higher energy consumption overall by constantly operating in the subthreshold region,
and then be able to control, the flow of electrons through tiny snippets of the material.
and therefore the ease with which electrons can hop and slide from one layer to the next.
as the plotted electron density. In the present case, the researchers used fields up to 45 Tesla that were available at the National High Magnetic field Laboratory in Tallahassee.
As a graphical representation of the fractal structure of the energy spectrum for electrons in a magnetic field,
The researchers previously demonstrated something known as a uantum spin Hall statewhen they applied a magnetic field with an in-plane orientation.
The field forced electrons at the edge of the material to move in opposite directions, and in separate lanes, according their spin.
In contrast to the unidirectional current flow of electrons in a regular metal, a material that behaves as a opological insulatorwould be useful in several spintronic applications.
If all that terminology isn enough physics for you, there more. While the famous Schrödinger equation (which gives the wave functions mentioned above) describes the behavior of electrons in most materials,
electron behavior in graphene is ltrarelativisticand therefore is described better using the lesser-known Dirac equation.
Compared with normal materials where electron velocity is subrelativistic, electrons in graphene composites configured with just the right alignment can flow at significantly greater speeds,
and need to be described with a different formalism. Furthermore, when many layers of graphene are stacked properly together (with associated greater strength),
they can still show the high conduction seen in a single layer h
#DARPA laser scanning: Bending light with a microchip The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has demonstrated solid-state optical phased array technology in a microchip bringing the ability to bend light to the battlefront.
by applying stronger or weaker currents to the light within the phase shifter, the number of electrons within each light path changeshich, in turn,
and then amplify the kinetic energy of an incoming particle by converting that potential energy into a larger kinetic energy added to an exiting object.
The authors note that the maximum gradient available in most clinical scanners is in around 20-40mt/m. This would produce a force on a magnetized steel particle equal to 36-71%of its gravitational force.
whereby opaque, charged particles (approx. 1 micron in size) are attracted to electrodes that posses an opposite charge.
Thus the electric field created between the two electrodes causes the flow of these particles back and forth.
The interaction of incoming light with each electrophoretic pixel (two electrodes) depends on the position of the particles relative to these electrodes,
In reference to these, the device uses electrophoresis to attract charged color particles to the top transparent electrode to preadtheir color,
The device is filled with dual-colour, dual-particle colloidal dispersion inks. It is common in e-ink displays to use sub-pixels (i e. multiple electrodes to do some fancy charged transport),
seeing that the use of organic film as the electron transport in past LED production resulted in a decreased photoluminescence and an inaccurate color reproduction.
but consume more energy and lead to higher energy bills. LEDS are more expensive up-front, with some costing as high as $70 a piece,
and stretched the lithium-ion battery to 150%of its original size. The result? The wearer bent
This material would be just a single molecule thick, much like graphene but without being chemically pure.
just as in silicon, the electrons orbiting within titanium-trisulfide can be pushed easily up into the conduction band,
Its achievable bandgap also makes silicon highly absorptive to incoming energy sources like photons, and today most solar cells are based on silicon.
The antibody binds to the surface of the virus particle, marking it for destruction by the immune system,
It bypasses the mixed-up pattern of proteins on the surface of virus particles. Instead, CT149 binds to the hemagglutinin stem region,
#New material combines photons for big solar energy gains An innovative new approach to solar energy from University of California Riverside could dramatically increase the amount of light available to contemporary solar panel designs.
They created an all-new hybrid material that takes two photons of 980-nanometer infrared light shone onto it and p convertsthem into one photon of 550-nanometer orange yellow light.
This photon has almost double the energy of the originals and more importantly, it exists in a form that existing solar panels can absorb.
which takes these long wavelength photons and combines them. The resulting, lower-wavelength photons can move on to be absorbed by the transistors of the solar panel as normal,
just as though it has been that color upon first arrival. The overall costs of solar power lie much more in installation, maintenance,
The ability to accurately convert photons between wavelengths could have a wide range of applications, from medical imaging to optical data storage,
Research in manipulating DNA molecules has led to a robust set of abilities in snapping it together to create complex 2d and 3d shapes.
DNA code-based organization made it possible to design linear molecules that would fold and snap together in predictable ways under laboratory conditions.
allowing scientists to shape their molecule directly, but builds that molecule to be more stable than any previous attempt at DNA rigami. he thing about DNA is that much of the chemical bonding that holds it into complex structures is transient.
The adhesion offered by hydrogen bonding, for instance, is dependent on a wide range of things. Not the least of these is salt concentration,
Every edge in the computer wire-frame ends up represented by a self-contained double helix in the final molecules,
All they need to do is have their algorithms design a set of DNA molecules coded
and holding them open for a new therapeutic molecule. They could be programmed to grab on to only one sort of marker (say
Helium balloons will be attached to the plane and float it up into the air. The drones have a wingspan of 42 meters (46 yards.
Helium balloons will be attached to the plane and float it up into the air. The drones have a wingspan of 42 meters (46 yards.
Helium balloons will be attached to the plane and float it up into the air. The drones have a wingspan of 42 meters (46 yards.
Helium balloons will be attached to the plane and float it up into the air. The drones have a wingspan of 42 meters (46 yards.
#Flavour delivery particle can cut sugar by half and is cheaper than sugar Developed by inventor
a carrier particle is coated with sugar molecules using non-covalent bonding. This increases the surface area meaning the same sweetness can be achieved using less sugar.
"The carrier particle has been approved for use in food and beverage applications and requires no regulatory process.
The carrier particle is so effective in cutting out sugar that the end product while the same size in terms of volume-can be significantly lighter that the original product,
while a second generation particle called S2 can be used in beverages. The R&d team is looking into using the technology for salt reduction,
while a carrier particle for Xylitol, Malitol and Erithrytol has also been developed
#hina is still one of the biggest markets for vision systemschina is still one of the biggest markets for vision systems,
to detect wrong particles in chocolate or 3d to determine the outline of a package,
and place or to fill the right candies at the right position in a candy box. he next project for EVT is developing sensor fusion,
with no particles in the product and he knows the product base on the Barcode to feed
and those featuring large chunks or high particle concentrations, it will be exhibiting two dosing units:
and participated in the Y Combinator startup accelerator program. Farmlogs raised $10 million in Series B about six months ago, bringing its total institutional funding to $15 million thus far.
According to the reports, the laser is prepared with the simulated atoms, notably known as quantum dots. The study is published in the Science journal.
Quantum dots act like single atoms as segments for quantum computers. An associate professor of physics, Jason Petta at Princeton and the lead author of the study,
said, t is essentially as little as you can go with these single-electron gadgets. The revelation will enhance the continuous endeavors of researchers over the world to utilize semiconductor materials to construct quantum computing frameworks. consider this to be a truly imperative result for our long haul objective,
Qubits are the basic unit of data in quantum computing. e composed dots to emanate photons
when single electrons hop from a higher to a lower energy level over the dual dot.
These dual quantum dots are zero-dimensional as far as the electrons are concerned they are caught in each of the three spatial dimensions
A single electron caught in a semiconductor nanostructure can structure the most fundamental of building blocks for a quantum computer.
researchers need to create a versatile architecture that permits full control over individual electrons in computational arrays p
Davis. his molecule has great potential to advance into translational and clinical studies. hile HAART has been quite successfuleducing HIV infection in newborns,
A successful molecule must precisely target proteins associated with HIV latency without overstimulating the immune system or wantonly activating protein master switches, such as NF-kappab.
This painstaking process identified another molecule, JQ1, which works synergistically with PEP005 to maximize HIV activation.
identifying PEP005 and JQ1 as potent HIV-activators is a key step in the right direction. t is really exciting is that the molecule in PICATO is approved already
a new class of microbial signaling molecules, says Pamela Ronald, a professor of plant pathology at University of California, Davis,
flat, disc-shaped polymeric particles that could, in the near future, hold therapeutic agents that can be released at the site of the inflammation.
the researchers chose a flexible particle that is nonspherical in shape, which, according to the study, has proved to be more durable and resistant to phagocytosis than a rigid spherical particle.
The shape and flexibility gives the backpack the ability to bind strongly while resisting phagocytosis to hitchhike onto monocytes
At the inflamed site, the particles would simultaneously degrade and release their drugs.""It is a good idea to get your levels checked on a yearly basis
it also collects dust particles and takes them along for the ride. To test this self-cleaning property,
Roughly half of the dust particles were removed with just three drops of water. It took only a dozen drops to leave the surface spotless.
The atoms sit in a perfectly ordered lattice in the nanowire crystal not only in the semiconductor and the metal but also in the transition between the two very different components which is significant in itself explains Peter Krogstrup an assistant professor who helped develop the contact.
#Molecule that Destroys Apoptotic Cells also Repairs Damaged Axons Two new studies involving the University of Colorado Boulder and the University of Queensland (UQ) in Brisbane,
Australia, have identified a molecule that not only destroys inflammatory and apoptotic cells, but also has the ability to repair damaged nerve cells.
or PSR-1, the molecule can locate and clear out apoptotic cells that are preprogrammed to die as well as necrotic cells that have been injured
But it is the finding that the PSR-1 molecule also can help reconnect and knit together broken axons that has caught the attention of both science teams."
"This is the first time a molecule involved in apoptosis has been found to have the ability to repair severed axons,
He also is co-author of the companion paper (FF-1-mediated regenerative axonal fusion requires components of the apoptotic pathway in Nature led by Massimo Hilliard, Ph d,
In contrast, broken axons in nerve cells send PSR-1 molecules an SOS alert.""The moment there is a cut to the nerve cell we see a change in the cell membrane PS composition,
which acts as a signal to PSR-1 molecules in the other part of the nerve, said Dr. Xue. e propose that PS functions as a ave-mesignal for the distal fragment,
allowing conserved apoptotic cell clearance molecules to function in reestablishing axonal integrity during regeneration of the nervous system,
One of the most encouraging finding is that PSR-1 plays an early role in the axonal fusion process required for neuroregeneration
if molecules involved in apoptosis also play a role in the neuroregeneration process, "said Dr. Xue.
the higher the repair capacity of the molecule,"said Dr. Chen. According to Dr. Xue, C. elegans is an ideal organism to use in the hunt for new therapeutics to treat nerve damage because of its relatively small,
#Small Molecule Successfully Targets Telomerase to Destroy Cancer cells Scientists at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical center report that they have targeted telomeres with a small molecule called 6-thiodg that takes advantage of the cell's biological clock to kill cancer cells
"We believe this small molecule will address an unmet cancer need in an underexplored area that will be rapidly applicable to the clinic
forming a nanofiber string that winds around the platter as it continues to spin. The device can spin at more than 1
a small molecule that attaches to our DNA and acts like a switch to turn genes on and off.
"15-PDGH is a key enzyme responsible for the biological inactivation of a group of signaling molecules, called eicosanoids,
which are formed from the oxidation of long-chain fatty acid molecules. A subclass within the eicosanoids, prostaglandins are physiologically active lipid compounds that have diverse hormone-like effects in humans.
The new SW033291 molecule works by targeting a 15-PGDH-regulated pathway of bone marrow regeneration in
The study (ingle molecule-level detection and long read-based phasing of epigenetic variations in bacterial methylomes appears in Nature Communications,
The instrument single molecule, real-time sequencing enables the detection of N6-methyladenine and 4-methylcytosine,
and phasing of DNA methylation at the single molecule level. We found that a typical clonal bacterial population that would otherwise be considered homogeneous using conventional techniques has epigenetically distinct subpopulations with different gene expression patterns"said Gang Fang, Ph d,
Resolving nucleotide modifications at the single molecule, single nucleotide level, especially when integrated with other single molecule-or single cell-level data,
#Scientists Devise Promising Strategy to Tackle MERS A Purdue University-led team of scientists studying the Middle east Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) reports that it found molecules that shut down the activity of an essential enzyme
The study details the identification of molecules that inhibit an enzyme essential to MERS virus replication,
Once inside the cell, the virus creates a long strand of a large viral protein that must be cut at specific points to release individual proteins that serve various functions in building new virus particles.
The team found that formation of the MERS protease dimer can be stimulated by the binding of a third molecule at a particular site on its surface to trigger the formation of a strong dimer The particular site is where the protease would normally bond to the strand of protein it is meant to cut.
This also was the site the team was targeting with an inhibitor molecule. By sending another molecule to attach to
and block this key site, the protease would be unable to bind to the strand of viral protein,
what happened when the team began to add inhibitor molecules to interact with the protease.
"We were surprised very to see that this inhibitor molecule, which could potentially shut down the virus,
We must be sure that all of the target molecules bind with the inhibitor.""The team studied the interaction of the inhibitor molecule with 3c-like protease isolated from the MERS virus,
but next plans to study the interaction of the inhibitor with a complete virus inside a cell."
a small molecule called SBI-0206965 that inhibits autophagy. Such a coordinated attack could effectively overrun cancer before it could muster one last defense,
and Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (SBP), was described June 25 in Molecular Cell, in an article entitled, mall Molecule Inhibition of the Autophagy Kinase ULK1 and Identification of ULK1
and characterize a potent ULK1 small molecule inhibitor. According to this study, SBI-0206965 proved to be a highly selective ULK1 kinase inhibitor in vitro,
Another challenge was finding molecules that selectively targeted the ULK1 enzyme without affecting healthy cells.
In a paper (road Anti-tumor Activity of a Small Molecule that Selectively Targets the Warburg Effect and Lipogenesis published in Cancer cell
and reverses cancer metabolic reprogramming. 14-3-3s is part of a family of conserved regulatory molecules that are expressed in all eukaryotic cells.
Moreover, the 14-3-3 proteins have been observed to be involved actively in regulating an array of signaling molecules such as kinases, phosphatases,
Now, VARI scientists report that they have unraveled how a plant protein known as TOPLESS interacts with other molecules responsible for turning genes off.
both on its own and when linked with other molecules responsible for turning genes off, thereby regulating gene expression.
Although these interacting molecules were chosen from different signaling pathways in plants, they all linked up with TOPLESS in the same manner"This structure will allow us to take a more targeted approach to investigating TOPLESS's counterparts in humans
and how they interact with other molecules in health and disease states.""Although the new study provides further insight into human molecular pathways,
or the interaction between light and free electrons on a metal's surface. When exposed to light,
the free electrons get excited and begin to oscillate, generating heat. Once the light is off, the oscillations and the heating stop.
The light was able to heat electrons at the interface of the gold films and DNA solution ramping temperatures up staggeringly fast at approximately 13°C per second.
When a photon hits a silicon atom inside a solar cell, the excess energy frees up an electron that is later used to generate electricity.
Occasionally, though, the electron simply recombines with a silicon atom, effectively wasting the energy provided by the photon.
Recombination is proportional to the surface area of the silicon and the needles on the surface of dark silicon raise surface area so much that about half of the freed electrons are lost"in this way.
Now, a team of researchers led by assistant professor Hele Savin has managed to get around the issue, and in so doing, it has increased the record efficiency of black silicon cells by almost four percentage points, up to 22.1 percent.
These two changes meant that only four percent of the freed up electrons recombined, as opposed to the previous 50 percent.
According to Ricoh, its new energy-generating rubber combines flexibility and high energy output. It's not only less fragile than ceramics,
or otherwise continuously move molecules around their cells. It's a crucial mechanism of life, vital for feeding cells the proteins they need to function.
"Our molecular pump is radical chemistry an ingenious way of transferring energy from molecule to molecule,
The pump uses small molecules made in the laboratory to replicate the actions of carrier proteins.
which it uses to drive molecules out of equilibrium from a low to a high-energy state.
because the ring-shaped molecules normally repel each other, like magnets with the same polarization.""The artificial pump is able to syphon off some of the energy that changes hands during a chemical reaction
A revolutionary spin on a design that's been around for ages While the ball bearing might be among Leonardo Da vinci's less celebrated inventions,
It cuts emissions by increasing the amount of oxygen molecules and decreasing the amount of nitrogen molecules in the combustion chamber.
As air from the atmosphere passes through the vehicle air filter, it then passes unobstructed through the converter ring located in the air intake duct.
More oxygen in the combustion chamber also results in a more complete burn of particulate matter (PM) of 2. 5 micrometers or less, also known as fine particles.
What's more, T-VEC is designed also to produce a molecule known as GM-CSF that moves the body's immune system to destroy tumors
Using magnetized particles flowing through a micro-miniature network of channels, the machine runs like clockwork and is claimed to be capable of performing complex logical operations.
The key to this breakthrough in printing metals seems to be using a higher energy laser than in previous attempts.
Earlier experiments used lower energy lasers, creating drops of metal that maintained a more spherical shape
The key to this breakthrough in printing metals seems to be using a higher energy laser than in previous attempts.
Earlier experiments used lower energy lasers, creating drops of metal that maintained a more spherical shape
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011