"Photonic"and"spintronic"computing is the principle of transferring information by light or electron spin.
This new property means that silicon-based light detectors identify spin, so more information can be transferred.
Spin is a property of subatomic particles, which influences the ordering of electrons and nuclei in atoms and molecules.
The discovered property is observed usually in materials containing heavy elements, which are difficult to integrate into existing computing systems that are composed mainly of silicon.
This chirality means that silicon-based detectors are able to detect the spin of electrons and light,
Nand works by moving electrons back and forth to an isolated part of the transistors known as their"floating gates"to represent the ones and zeros of binary code.
which molecules pump other molecules. This tiny machine is no small feat. The pump one day might be used to power other molecular machines,
The new machine mimics the pumping mechanism of life-sustaining proteins that move small molecules around living cells to metabolize and store energy from food.
For its food, the artificial pump draws power from chemical reactions, driving molecules step-by-step from a low energy state to a high-energy state--far away from equilibrium.
"Our molecular pump is radical chemistry--an ingenious way of transferring energy from molecule to molecule,
and redistribute molecules around their cells, using vital carrier proteins, "he said.""We are trying to recreate the actions of these proteins using relatively simple small molecules we make in the laboratory."
"Details of the artificial molecular pump were published May 18 by the journal Nature Nanotechnology. Chuyang Cheng, a fourth-year graduate student in Stoddart's laboratory and first author of the paper, has spent his Ph d. studies researching molecules that mimic nature's biochemical machinery.
He first designed an artificial pump two years ago, but it required more than a year of testing prototypes before he found the ideal chemical structure."
"In some respects, we are asking the molecules to behave in a way that they would not do said normally,
The ring-shaped molecules we work with repel one another under normal circumstances. The artificial pump is able to syphon off some of the energy that changes hands during a chemical reaction
that allows molecules to flow"uphill"energetically.""This is non-equilibrium chemistry, moving molecules far away from their minimum energy state,
which is essential to life, "said Paul R. Mcgonigal, an author of the study.""Conducting non-equilibrium chemistry in this way, with simple artificial molecules, is one of the major challenges for science in the 21st century."
"Ultimately, they intend to use the energy stored in their pump to power artificial muscles and other molecular machines.
"In a way, one must learn to see things from the molecules'point of view, considering forces such as random thermal motion that one would never consider
#Small molecules change biological clock rhythm Period-lengthening/-shortening molecules can change the biological clock rhythm. A team of chemists and biologists at the Institute of Transformative Biomolecules (ITBM), Nagoya University have succeeded in finding new molecules that change the circadian rhythm in mammals by applying synthetic chemistry methods,
which makes use of highly selective metal catalysts. Most living organisms have a biological clock with an approximately 24-hour circadian rhythm,
Through the interdisciplinary collaboration between synthetic chemists, chronobiologists and theoretical chemists, researchers at ITBM have discovered the first circadian period-shortening molecule targeting the clock protein, CRY.
and tune the activity of circadian rhythm-changing molecules. Critical sites on the molecules for bioactivity have been uncovered
and both period-lengthening/-shortening molecules have been utilized to investigate the regulation of the clock protein in the body's timekeeping mechanism.
The outcome of this study is expected to be useful for developing further efficient molecules that can control the circadian rhythm in mammals,
which may overcome various circadian-related diseases and control reproductive activity in animals to provide solutions for food production.
"Very few molecules have been known that directly acts upon clock proteins and controls the circadian clock in mammals,
"In 2012, we reported the discovery of a molecule, KL001 that directly targets the clock protein,
"KL001 is a small molecule that was found from the screening of about 60,000 compounds.
This molecule exhibits period-lengthening activities by binding to the FAD-biding pocket of CRY in competition with FBXL3."
"We decided to look into this issue of how small molecules affect the circadian rhythm and how we can generate new bioactive molecules by making a team of scientists specializing in synthetic chemistry, catalytic chemistry, chronobiology, animal physiology and theoretical chemistry,
about two years ago from now,"says Kenichiro Itami, a synthetic chemist and the director of ITBM,
and worked closely with the biologists at ITBM to synthesize molecules for studying structure-activity relationships (SARS)."Through SAR studies on the molecular derivatives of KL001,
we found the critical sites on the molecule for rhythm-changing activities, and succeeded in discovering active molecules that lengthens
or shortens the period of the circadian rhythm, "says Takashi Yoshimura, an animal biologist and professor at ITBM,
we were able to rapidly synthesize a pool of bioactive molecules.""""As we wanted to know the mechanism on how our synthesized molecules act on the clock protein,
we next took a look at how the KL001 derivatives bind to the CRY proteins by performing docking simulations,
and has led also to the discovery of molecules that act on the CRY clock protein and shorten the period of the circadian clock rhythm.
"We hope we can make further use of synthetic chemistry to make bioactive molecules that can control the circadian rhythm of animals and gain further insight into the circadian clock mechanism,
"The gene we've isolated actually consists of a natural fusion between two ancestral genes,
The professor told in-Pharmatechnologist. com the method can be used to help small and large molecule medicines hone in on their targets. ith all therapies that are used currently particularly cancer the major problem is very little of the drug makes it to the target site.
mount and laser diode in a 3d printed case, can image and size DNA molecules 50,000 times thinner than a human hair.
Information is sent then to a remote server in the researchersucla laboratory that measures the length of the DNA molecules.
The research, ield-Portable Smartphone Microscopy Platform for Wide-field Imaging and Sizing of Single DNA Molecules, was presented at the Optical Society Conference on Laser and Electro optics (CLEO) 2015 h
where theye trapped with the antibiotic and a signal molecule called resazurin. Living bacteria metabolize resazurin into a form called resorufin,
and convert the resazurin molecule, it effectively stuck in this nanolitre droplett can diffuse away into the solution,
Revisualizing a Classic Technique Known as single-particle cryo-electron microscopy or CRYO EM, the technique had largely been written off as useless for determining the structure of very small proteins.
and the findings are already being used to test new pain drugs that bind to these receptors. y being able to really determine a molecule atomic structure,
The problem was that electron microscopes work by shooting electrons at the speed of light through a biological sample suspended in a vacuum;
when hit by the powerful stream of electrons. So scientists turned to using very low electron doses analogous to taking a photo in very low light
which minimizes the damage but leaves the image grainy. To reduce this blur, the team developed a new camera that records a movie of the wiggling sample under the microscope.
Another challenge was that earlier digital cameras used in CRYO EM detected light not electrons. So when the electron passed through the sample the signal had to be translated into light signals,
and resolution was lost in the process. his combination of the bad detector, blurring from the motion and radiation damage,
where the sample was being destroyed by the electrons, made it all a very difficult process,
said Agard. To circumvent the problem of translating electrons into light, Cheng and Agard brought together a team
and developed a camera that detects electrons directly. The researchers collaborated with the electron microscopy company Gatan
and scientists at Lawrence Berkeley to build a new detector called the K2 Summit, named after one of the most challenging mountain ascents in the world.
which would allow them to see not just membrane proteins but also the way that molecules, such as new therapeutics, might bind to them.
Cheng plans to use CRYO EM to examine the same molecule that Watson, Crick, and Franklin probed over 60 years ago DNA and, more specifically, chromatin, the term for DNA in complex with its associated proteins."
Discovered in the 1970s, SERS is a sensing technique prized for its ability to identify chemical and biological molecules in a wide range of fields.
the photonics advancement aims to improve our ability to detect trace amounts of molecules in diseases,
and measure chemical and biological molecules using a broadband nanostructure that traps wide range of light,
When a powerful laser interacts chemical and biological molecules, the process can excite vibrational modes of these molecules and produce inelastic scattering, also called Raman scattering, of light.
As the beam hits these molecules, it can produce photons that have a different frequency from the laser light.
While rich in details, the signal from scattering is weak and difficult to read without a very powerful laser.
if scientists want to use a different laser to test the same molecules. In turn, this requires more chemical molecules and substrates,
increasing costs and time to perform the test. The universal substrate solves the problem because it can trap a wide range of wavelengths
Kai Liu. he ability to detect even smaller amounts of chemical and biological molecules could be helpful with biosensors that are used to detect cancer,
and Applied science and California Nanosystems Institute has identified an unexpectedly general set of rules that determine which molecules can cause the immune system to become vulnerable to the autoimmune disorders lupus and psoriasis.
The receptor triggers the cells to send signaling molecules called interferons to initiate a powerful defensive response.
researchers determined that a broad range of molecules, both organic and inorganic, can organize self-DNA into a liquid crystalline structure that binds strongly to the TLR9 receptors like the teeth on either side of a zipper.
Synchrotron X-ray scattering utilizes a particle accelerator to generate X-ray beams that allow researchers to determine how atoms
and molecules are organized into different structures. ur research has identified a set of rules that tell us what types of molecules
ur colleagues had established empirically that certain molecules were activating self-DNA and triggering responses in disorders such as lupus and psoriasis.
We were able to elucidate something that was understood poorly a key to triggering the immune response is that the molecules must arrange the DNA
A new radiation of bacteria Many of the newly identified bacteria were sighted before and tentatively classified as andidate phylabecause little was known about them aside from a few gene sequences.
and just how consistently different the organisms within this radiation are from the rest of bacteria,
The researchers estimate that there may be more than 250 separate phyla within this radiation. Three domains of life All life is divided into three domains,
The researchers connected the two to create a new molecule, with one end that was water-loving
A mixture of these molecules self-assembled into a vesicle, much like the coalescing of oil droplets in water,
The resulting lack of oxygen or ypoxiamade the hydrophobic NI molecules turn hydrophilic, causing the vesicles to rapidly fall apart
and cancer drug molecules in the same nanoparticle a potential one-two punch that would inhibit epithelialesenchymal transition and kill cancer cells.
the laser system uses light to ensethe range of molecules that are present in the sample,
Anstie said in a university press release. hose molecules are by-products of metabolic processes in the body
and thus the number of molecules they can look at. e also need to improve the sensitivity of the device by sampling inside a Fabry Perot cavity.
and to resist being killed by an antimicrobial molecule. The researchers demonstrated that their set of genetic tools
or even in-situ synthesis of therapeutic molecules as and when they are needed. e
#Ultrasound Accelerates Skin Healing Especially for Diabetics and the Elderly Researchers from the University of Sheffield Department of Biomedical science discovered the ultrasound transmits a vibration through the skin
known as shape-memory alloy, has the highest energy density of all known actuation mechanisms, which allows it to perform powerful movements in restricted spaces s
so when a substance containing the enzyme substrate the molecule the enzyme acts upon is added,
which the desired rate of molecule delivery could be tuned dynamically over time to achieve the optimal therapeutic outcome.
because it is often difficult to distinguish these sources of luminescence from the broad background emissions of naturally occurring molecules in tissue.
Lenvima is administered an orally molecular targeted agent that selectively inhibits the activities of several different molecules including VEGFR,
and exhibits rapid binding to the target molecule and potent inhibition of kinase activity, according to kinetic analysis. Lenvima was launched in the United states in February 2015,
Oncosil is device that provides localized radiation treatment for cancer, and is the company's lead product candidate.
We are excited very to be in the forefront of potentially a new radiation treatment for the dreaded disease of pancreatic and liver cancer."
or a closely related molecule and chemically modifying it. Over the past decade, chemists have developed better and better methods for modifying natural amino acids to make unnatural amino acids
The team used the approach to cut two tough bonds in the desired sequence and aryl molecules.
Alternatively, the scientists could use the quinoline to attach a common molecule known as an olefin.
#New subatomic particle, the pentaquark, discovered Data from the Large hadron collider (LHC) outside Geneva appears to have proved the existence of particles made of five quarks, solving a 50-year-old puzzle about the building blocks of matter,
Quarks are the tiny ingredients of subatomic particles such as protons and neutrons, which are made of three quarks.
The less common and more unstable mesons, particles found in cosmic rays, have four. A five-quark version,
or"pentaquark",has been sought, but never found, ever since Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig theorised the existence of such subatomic particles in 1964.
Guy Wilkinson spokesman for the LHCB experiment based at CERN, the physics research centre that houses the LHC,
said a telltale"bump"seen in a graph of billions of particle collisions could only be explained by a five-quark particle."
"From the point of view of our experiment, we think it has fulfilled all criteria of discovery. We have no other way of explaining what we have seen.
But the scientific method is such that we have submitted a paper to a journal, the journal will consider it,
a circular 27 km (17 mile) underground particle accelerator, has provided reams of data since it started smashing protons together at close to the speed of light in 2010.
Analysis of the collisions has already proved the existence of the Higgs boson a particle that gives mass to matter,
and scientists are now looking for a"dark universe"that they believe exists beyond the visible one.
The pentaquark discovery has opened even more new avenues.""What we want to do now is to look for other five-quark particles
and try and understand more about their nature, and this may tell us something about how even the matter inside our bodies is bound together,
and Apple's ibeacon, based on Bluetooth Low energy (BLE) is designed to work only with Apple devices. ibeacon:
The silicon apercould replace graphite in conventional lithium-ion EV batteries, and that where things start to get really exciting.
what under the hood apparently just a 1. 0 liter gas generator paired with a 12.2 kilowatt lithium-ion battery integrated with a rear-mounted electric motor
Some lithium-ion batteries with graphite anodes provide less than 600 Wh/L a thin sheet of lithium foil was used to replace the more conventional electrode material,
Lithium-ion batteries have become more high-profile recently because of the very notable success of the Tesla Model S
so they combine the calcium with carbonate ions to form calcite, or limestone, which closes up the cracks.
just as it is required in advanced lithium-ion batteries. Even after 4, 000 cycles and at a rate of 10c, the anode achieved a specific capacity of 420 mahg-1. Here are some excerpts from a paper on the work:
the described 3d porous Si-C nanocomposite has a great potential as a practical anode material for Li-ion batteries.
Lewis has conducted previously groundbreaking research in the 3d printing of functional materials including tissue constructs with embedded vasculature lithium-ion microbatteries and ultra-lightweight carbon-fiber epoxy materials s
Three drops carried away half the dust particles; the surface was cleaned completely with just 12 drops,
In this process, electrons are released as a waste product. By providing an electrode for the microorganisms to donate their electrons to
the electrons can be harvested as electricity. Research has shown that plant-growth isn compromised by harvesting electricity,
so plants keep on growing while electricity is produced concurrently. Just imagine, a house with a roof full of plant/tree life powering your home.
which the researchers joined up to create a new molecule where one end was water-loving
These molecules self-assembled into a vesicle within which researchers inserted a core of solid insulin and enzymes,
the enzymes converted the excess glucose molecules that crowded into the vesicles into a product called gluconic acid,
which makes the water-loving NI molecules become water-fearing. Ultimately, this causes the vesicles to fall apart,
Although previous studies have used nanosecond and femtosecond lasers to create images, the DNG researchers say preceding studies haven achieved resolution this high,
00:15 GMT, 19 may 2015 Today wind turbines have colossal blades that spin at speeds of more than 200mph (320 km h).
Air force researchers want to check design modifications to ion thrusters already flying on some advanced military communication satellites.
photons from the sun will strike the sail and push it forwards, similar to how a sail On earth catches the wind.
If a black hole spins slowly enough, it won't repel its meal as much. In the end, a slow-spinning black hole can eat up more matter than a fast spinner.'
The gloves use the same natural molecular forces that allow gecko lizards to walk on ceilings-hairs on their feet that create an electrostatic force known as Van der waals. This force causes neighbouring molecules to be attracted to each other.
The video and image search capabilities of Memex could one day benefit space missions that take photos, videos and other kinds of imaging data with instruments such as spectrometers.
They used ion beams to slice into each fossil and observe the internal structure of the fossils.
#World's smallest light bulb is 1 atom thick and could help in super-thin TV development By Colin Fernandez for the Daily mail Published:
20:26 GMT, 15 june 2015 Scientists have created the world's thinnest light bulb using the wonder material graphene, in a layer just one atom thick.
and at its ultimate size limit one atom thick.''Graphene, discovered in the UK, is composed of carbon atoms linked in a hexagonal lattice.
The study revealed molecules are ejected from the dying cell on long eadsthat shoot out like a necklace
we have discovered certain molecules are pushed free from the dying cell, while others are left behind in the'wreckage'of the cell fragments.'
The researchers believe the molecules ejected from the cells on the beads, which are up to eight times longer than the host cell
They have placed them into an entirely new branch of the tree of life they have called the'candidate phyla radiation'due to their similarities to each other.
They estimate there could be more than 250 phyla in this radiation and the new groups make up more than 15 percent of all known groups or phyla of bacteria.
and just how consistently different the organisms within this radiation are from the rest of bacteria.'
The interaction between liquid crystal molecules and plasmon waves on the nanostructured metallic surface played the key role in generating the polarization-independent
and are created when the energy from the laser ionises the air and releases extra energy in the form of photons
but these involved lasers that pulse with bursts that last for nanoseconds, for example. Although this is a relatively short period of time,
since plasma induced by a femtosecond laser is safer than that generated by a nanosecond laser.'
Large hadron collider discovers new particle that has eluded scientists since the 1960s A new particle called the pentaquark has been discovered by scientists at the Large hadron collider (LHC).
The previously unseen class of particle was predicted first to exist in the 1960s but has eluded physicists until now.
It was detected by Cern's Large hadron collider beauty (LHCB) experiment at the LHC in Switzerland. LHCB spokesperson Guy Wilkinson said:'
'The pentaquark is not just any new particle.''It represents a way to aggregate quarks, namely the fundamental constituents of ordinary protons and neutrons,
in a pattern that has never been observed before in over fifty years of experimental searches.
The new class of particle was detected by Cern's Large hadron collider beauty (LHCB) experiment at the LHC in Switzerland.
The LHCB experiment (pictured) specialises in investigating the slight differences between matter and antimatter+5 The new class of particle was detected by Cern's Large hadron collider beauty (LHCB) experiment at the LHC in Switzerland.
The LHCB experiment (pictured) specialises in investigating the slight differences between matter and antimatter'Studying its properties may allow us to understand better how ordinary matter,
the protons and neutrons from which we're all made, is constituted.''Back in 1964 American physicist, Murray Gell-Mann proposed the existence of subatomic particles called quarks.
The work earned him the Nobel prize in 1969. He claimed that the properties of particles called baryons
and mesons could be explained if they were made up of other even tinier particles-quarks. The physicists studied the way in
which an unstable subatomic particle called Lambda b turned into three other particles. They found that the production of the three new particles sometimes involved intermediate states,
which have been named Pc (4450) +and Pc (4380)+(marked on this graph)+ 5 The physicists studied the way in
which an unstable subatomic particle called Lambda b turned into three other particles. They found that the production of the three new particles sometimes involved intermediate states,
which have been named Pc (4450) +and Pc (4380)+(marked on this graph) He also theorised that there could be called a particle a pentaquark,
made up of four quarks and an antiquark, which is the antimatter equivalent of a quark, the BBC reported.
It has taken until now to prove his idea true. The findings have been submitted to the journal Physical Review Letters.
To come to their conclusions, the international team of physicists studied the way in which an unstable subatomic particle called Lambda b decayed into three other particles.
They found that the production of the three particles sometimes involved intermediate states which have been named Pc (4450)+ and Pc (4380+.
+LHCB physicist Tomasz Skwarnicki of Syracuse University in New york, said:''We have examined all possibilities for these signals
and conclude that they can only be explained by pentaquark states.''''More precisely the states must be formed of two up quarks, one down quark, one charm quark and one anti-charm quark.'
'Scientists got excited that the particle had been found earlier in the millennium, but sightings proved to be inconclusive
because they measured mass distribution against background noise to look for a pentaquark's signature. The experts described the previous searches as looking for silhouettes in the dark,
whereas LHCB conducted the search with the lights on. The experts described the previous searches as looking for silhouettes in the dark,
whereas LHCB conducted the search with the lights on. This illustration shows an alternative layout for the pentaquark,
showing a meson particle-one quark and one antiquark-and a baryon, made up of three quarks weakly bonded together+5 The experts described the previous searches as looking for silhouettes in the dark,
whereas LHCB conducted the search with the lights on. This illustration shows an alternative layout for the pentaquark,
showing a meson particle-one quark and one antiquark-and a baryon, made up of three quarks weakly bonded together Using the LHC allowed experts to look at data from four different perspectives, giving them a multidimensional view of the transformation of subatomic particles.
All these perspectives pointed to the same conclusion the presence of pentaquarks. Wilkinson told The Guardian:'
and form neutron stars, the final stage of collapse before some go on to make black holes.''In that environment, it quite possible that pentaquarks are formed,
LARGE HADRON COLLIDER: THE GREAT SWITCH ON The LHC was restarted on April 5 this year, having been turned off for two years during a major renovation project that cost £100 million.
The world's largest atom-smashing machine is most famous for proving the existence of the Higgs boson.
Physicists at Cern, the Geneva-based organisation which runs the LHC, are aiming to see dark matter for the first time ever thanks to the device's upgrade.
but its power has now been increased to a record-breaking 13 tera-electron volts (Tev)- up from 7 Tev at the time it managed to detect the Higgs boson in 2013.
British scientist Peter Higgs was awarded the Nobel prize after the discovery of the particle, which he and others predicted would exist but
Cern spokesman Arnaud Marsollier said:''The LHC will be running day and night. When we will get results we don't know.
'It took 50 years to find the Higgs boson and 20 years to build this machine,
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