and interact with other molecules properly often depends on their three-dimensional configuration which can be changed through the addition or subtraction of sugar chains.
when the model protein was sugared de by ENGASE one sugar molecule remained attached to the protein.
which trigger a reduction in the production of CYCLIC AMP or camp, a key messenger molecule for signaling inside cells.
"This research will open a new field of exploration of DC-related molecules as mediators that influence Th2 induction
"We have identified already some of these molecules. Others are under investigation and we hope to identify them in the near-future."
professor of medicine and a member of the Veteran's Affairs San diego Healthcare System, said"such molecules
International team of scientists constructs first germanium-tin semiconductor laser for silicon chips The transfer of data between multiple cores as well as between logic elements and memory cells is regarded as a bottleneck in the fast-developing computer technology.
In contrast semiconductors of main group IV--to which both silicon and germanium belong--can be integrated into the manufacturing process without any major difficulties.
That is why research groups all over the globe are intensively pursuing the objective of manipulating the material properties of germanium
The scientists at Julich's Peter Grunberg Institute have succeeded now for the first time in creating a real direct main group IV semiconductor laser by combining germanium and tin
That way we were able to demonstrate that the germanium-tin compound can amplify optical signals as well as generate laser light reports Dr. Hans Sigg from the Laboratory for Micro and Nanotechnology.
Although confocal and two-photon microscopy can image a single plane within a living sample acquiring enough of these layers to form a 3d image at fast enough rates to capture events like neurons actually firing has become a frustrating
While SCAPE cannot yet compete with the penetration depth of conventional two-photon microscopy Hillman
Protein complexes molecules that transport payloads in and out of cells and other cellular activities are organized all at the nanoscale.
when the molecule gains a methyl group Fra-2 remains inactive in basal cells and when it is phosphorylated by ERK1/2 addition of a phosphate group it becomes active.
The size of the smallest details that can be resolved depends on the wavelength of the radiation used.
High energy laser applications of the future: these are the target of current diode laser research at the Ferdinand-Braun-Institut, Leibniz-Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik (FBH.
Worldwide, teams of scientists and technologists are working on a new generation of ultra-high energy lasers.
These are tools for basic science, for novel medical applications and, not least, for laser-induced fusion.
If the cost per photon is to fall, a higher optical power density must be generated,
"This time we've been using low energy x-rays to measure tenderness and water bonding in meat,
and built a prototype low energy x-ray device for the foodstuffs industry with the aim of measuring the tenderness of meat and detecting the presence of unwanted plastic objects in meat products.
the researchers discovered particles of unknown bunyaviruses. Agents of human disease have developed from insect viruses"These were two groups of as yet-unknown viruses
in association with Montpellier Regional University Hospital and Stanford university, have transformed bacteria into"secret agents"that can give warning of a disease based solely on the presence of characteristic molecules in the urine or blood.
"In vitro"diagnosis is based on the presence in physiological fluids (blood and urine, for example) of molecules characteristic for a particular disease.
It is thus now possible to implant simple genetic"programmes"into living cells in response to different combinations of molecules.
and then spin-coating it onto perovskite, they evaporated the powder in a vacuum chamber and the spiro-OMETAD molecules deposited onto the solar cell.
To create this layer, a solar cell is positioned upside down on the ceiling of a vacuum chamber. As the spiro-OMETAD is heated up,
it evaporates and the gas molecules that stick to the perovskite, creating an even layer--much like
Essentially, the spiro-OMETAD molecules are snowing, but up rather than down.""Vacuum evaporation enables us to much more precisely control the deposition rate and thus the thickness of this layer,
The largest obstacle is the necessity of a huge and expensive cooling system with liquid helium, because of the low Tc of conventional superconductors,
The researchers at first fabricated high-quality, atomically thin Fese films Fig. 1, with thickness of between one monolayer (which corresponds to three-atoms thickness) and twenty monolayers (sixty-atoms thickness),
the researchers have discovered a novel method to deposit alkali atoms onto the films and thereby control the electron density in the film.
By employing this method the researchers have succeeded in converting non-superconducting multilayer Fese films into high-Tc superconductors with Tc as high as 50 K. The present result gives a great impact to both the basic
closely approaching the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K). The present report would lead to intensive researches to further increase Tc by changing the number of atomic layers, the amount of doped electrons and the species of substrate.
because the Tc of 50-60 K achieved in the present study is high enough to keep the superconducting state by using a closed-cycle-gas-type cooling system without liquid helium.
leading to the realization of future-generation electronic devices with high energy-saving and ultrahigh-speed operation.
If we can control this process with small molecules, we can affect the timing of the clock,
The network comprised seven known regulatory molecules as well as two proteins that had not yet been identified in existing papers on planarian regeneration."
FKBP10 represents a potential new target molecule for the individualized therapy of IPF, "said Claudia Staab-Weijnitz."
and is punctured with tiny holes created by a microfabrication process known as focused ion beam milling. The bottom layer of silver is four times thicker than the top layer but still minuscule at 100 nanometers.
we make use of the fact that a heat current passing through a magnetic material creates a separation of electron spins.
a Donald B. Willett Professor of Engineering and head of the Department of Materials science and engineering at Illinois."The physics of separating spins with heat currents is related to the operation of thermocouples and the thermoelectric generators that power deep space
""We use the spin current created by ultrafast heat conduction to generate spin transfer torque.
Spin transfer torque is the transfer of the spin angular momentum from conduction electrons to the magnetization of a ferromagnet
and enables the manipulation of nanomagnets with spin currents rather than magnetic fields, "explained Gyung-Min Choi,
who recently completed his Phd in materials science and engineering at Illinois."Spin transfer torque has often been realized by passing electrical currents through magnetic layers.
"Array"We quantify thermal spin transfer torque in metallic spin valve structures using an intense
The sign and magnitude of the heat-driven spin current can be controlled by the composition of a ferromagnetic layer and thickness of a heat sink layer."
The new technology, developed by a team of scientists from Argonne's Center for Nanoscale Materials (CNM) and the Advanced Photon Source (APS), involves a small microelectromechanical system (MEMS) mirror only
"Extremely compact devices such as this promise a revolution in our ability to manipulate photons coming from synchrotron light sources,
"said Stephen Streiffer, Associate Laboratory Director for Photon Sciences and Director of the Advanced Photon Source."
more elaborate X-ray optical schemes for studying the structure and dynamics of matter at atomic length and time scales,"added Edgar Weckert, the director of photon science at DESY, a German synchrotron research facility."
These include newly planned light source facilities such as the Advanced Photon Source Upgrade.""Such small sources and tiny MEMS devices form an ideal combination to make 3-D X-ray ultrafast movies with nanometer resolution,"added Jin Wang, a senior scientist at the APS and one
including the proposed upgraded Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. New synchrotron light sources using multi-bend achromat technology
The initial tests on the first iteration of the new wedged MLL lens design demonstrated a factor of three improvement in overall efficiency at low energies over zone plates and a factor of five improvement in peak
The technology promises to work even better at high energies where an order of magnitude improvement is expected over zone plates,
"What is key is the huge leap in efficiency of 25 to 30 percent compared to zone plates at low energies
Testing was done at the APS beamlines 1-BM-B and 34-ID-C at Argonne with the help of researchers from the London Centre for Nanotechnology and the UK Research Complex at Harwell
Efficiencies were measured at beamline 1-BM, and the focus size was measured at beamline 34-ID-C. The research was funded by the U s. Department of energy, Office of Basic energy Sciences and the National Science Foundation n
#New, robust and inexpensive technique for protein analysis in tissues A new technique to study proteins,
while enough fluorescent molecules have been incorporated to allow us to observe them as very bright dots in a microscope,
so that electron and hole injection could be balanced, the constructed GQD LEDS exhibited luminance of 1, 000 cd/m2,
these effectively prevent the synthesis of new virus particles. It is known already that the messenger substance interleukin-22 has a variety of functions in immune response reactions,
In addition, interleukin-22 makes an important contribution to tissue repair processes in the intestines following damage to the intestinal epithelium following exposure to radiation."
if microorganisms can lock up uranium that leached into the soil years ago and now makes well water in the area unsafe to drink.
the uranium becomes immobile, "said Lee Kerkhof, a professor of marine and coastal sciences in the School of Environmental and Biological sciences."
Breathing uranium is rather rare in the microbial world. Most examples of bacteria which can respire uranium cannot breathe oxygen
but often breathe compounds based on metals--typically forms of solid iron. Scientists had witnessed previously decreasing concentrations of uranium in groundwater
when iron-breathing bacteria were active, but they have yet to show that those iron-breathing bacteria were directly respiring the uranium.
While the chemical reaction that the bacteria perform on uranium is a common process known as"reduction,
"or the act of accepting electrons, Kerkhof said it's still a mystery how the reduced uranium produced by this microorganism ultimately behaves in the subsurface environment."
"It appears that they form uranium nanoparticles, "he said, but the mineralogy is still not well known
and will be the subject of ongoing research. The Rutgers team was able to isolate the uranium-breathing bacterium in the lab by recognizing that uranium in samples from the Rifle site could be toxic to microorganisms as well as humans.
The researchers looked for signs of bacterial activity when they gradually added small amounts of dissolved uranium at the right concentration back to the samples where uranium had become immobilized.
Once they found the optimal uranium concentrations, they were able to isolate the novel strain.
Exactly how the strain evolved Kerkhof said, "we are not sure.""But, he explained, bacteria have the ability to pass genes to each other.
So just like bacteria pick up resistance to things like antibiotics and heavy metal toxicity, this bacterium"picked up a genetic element that's now allowing it to detoxify uranium,
to actually grow on uranium.""His research team has completed sequencing its genome to support future research into the genetic elements that allow the bacterium to grow on uranium.
What Kerkhof is optimistic about is the potential for these bacteria to mitigate the specific groundwater pollution problem in Rifle.
Scientists at first expected the groundwater to flush into the Colorado river and carry the dissolved uranium with it,
where it would get diluted to safer levels. But that hasn't happened. Other potential methods of remediation, such as digging up the contaminated soil or treating it with harsh chemicals,
especially in situations like this where the radionuclides are diluted highly but still present at levels deemed hazardous,
it could be considered for other sites where uranium was processed for nuclear arsenals or power plant fuel. While the problem isn't widespread,
"There is depleted uranium in a lot of armor-piercing munitions, "he said, "so places like the Middle east that are experiencing war could be exposed to high levels of uranium in the groundwater
#Scientists find genetic variants key to understanding origins of ovarian cancer New research by an international team including Keck Medicine of USC scientists is bringing the origins of ovarian cancer into sharper focus.
to see how seasonal differences in exposure to ultraviolet B radiation, dietary Vitamin d, genetics, and pigmentation affected Vitamin d levels,
whose ancestors came from a place with more ultraviolet B radiation, have the darkest skin pigmentation,
the darker the skin's pigment, the more ultraviolet B radiation necessary to trigger the precursor chemicals in the body to produce Vitamin d."
radiation module. Applications are wide-ranging and include medical diagnostics and fluorescence spectroscopy as well as UV curing and disinfection.
Applications in absorption spectroscopy and for generating terahertz radiation are also conceivable. Arrayfiber-coupled demonstrators newly developed at FBH for industrial use aim at integrating laser radiation with high spectral brightness into various systems
and transport properties of the"intermediate state"in lithium-ion batteries--key to understanding the mechanisms of charge
The group found a striped pattern of layers of densely and loosely packed electrons. Lithium ions distribute themselves so as not to disturb this striped pattern.
In addition, the intermediate state showed high lithium/electron conductivity compared to the charged or discharged state.
That is, both lithium ions and electrons could move faster in the intermediate state, contributing significantly to accelerating lithium-ion battery charge
and discharge reactions. The findings were contrary to expectations.""The intermediate state showed a long lifetime,
once we were able to optimize the synthesis conditions. We were also successful in stabilizing the intermediate state with almost 100%purity,
long-lived radiation-resistant stem cell population in the colon has been identified by researchers. Most importantly, they also found that these stem cells can give rise to colonic tumors
and his colleagues at Columbia University (New york), have identified a previously unknown, long-lived radiation-resistant stem cell population in the colon.
'Until now, the only stem cell population linked to colon cancer was radiation sensitive, leading physicians to believe that radiation therapy was effective.'
presumably safeguarding the delicate tissue from the damage that sediment particles could cause.""""Larval fish have very high growth rates.
By labelling certain segments of an enzyme with heavy isotopes, the researchers have found that'heavy'and'light'versions of enzymes have different catalytic properties,
The researchers altered the weight of DHFR by adding heavy isotopes--specifically carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen--onto certain segments of the enzyme.
Metal-organic frameworks, briefly called MOFS, consist of two basic elements, metal node points and organic molecules,
Nature uses porphyrines as universal molecules e g. in hemoglobin and chlorophyll, where these organic dyes convert light into chemical energy.
"The clou is that we just need a single organic molecule in the solar cell, "Wöll says.
The researchers expect that the photovoltaic capacity of the material may be increased considerably in the future by filling the pores in the crystalline lattice structure with molecules that can release
#A diode a few atoms thick shows surprising quantum effect A quantum mechanical transport phenomenon demonstrated for the first time in synthetic,
was observed when a voltage was applied to structures made of one-atom-thick layers of several layered materials known as Van der waals materials.
which the wave nature of electrons allows them to tunnel through any material with varying resistance.
Datta credits a theoretical understanding of the electron transport in the 2d layered materials to his post-doc
The work was performed in conjunction with the Center for Two-dimensional and Layered Materials (2dlm) at Penn State and supported by the Semiconductor Research Corporation and DARPA through the Center for Low energy Systems Technology.
these'gene fusions, or translocations'can lead to cancer development.''We found that short inverted repeats are enriched indeed at translocation breakpoints in human cancer genomes,
and atoms and the extended spin-coherence times are essential steps toward realizing real-world quantum memories and, hence, quantum computing systems,
Nanoscale mirrored cavities that trap light around atoms in diamond crystals increase the quantum mechanical interactions between light and electrons in atoms.
which memories are encoded inside the electronic spin states of an atomic system, with a memory time exceeding 200 microseconds.
#New material with superfast electrons: 300 kilometers per second Scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids have discovered that the electrical resistance of a compound of niobium
This force causes an increasing percentage of electrons to start flowing in the"wrong"direction as the magnetic field is ramped up,
Superfast electrons cause extremely large magnetoresistance"The faster the electrons in the material move, the greater the Lorentz force and thus the effect of a magnetic field,"explains Binghai Yan, a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids in Dresden.
and phosphorus. This material contains superfast charge carriers, known as relativistic electrons that move at around one thousandth the speed of light,
In the process, they discovered why the electrons are so fast and mobile. The material owes its exotic properties to unusual electronic states in niobium phosphide.
Some electrons in this material, known as a Weyl metal act as if they have no mass. As a result, they are able to move very rapidly.
when enzymes called TET enzymes add oxygen to methylated DNA--a DNA molecule with smaller molecules of methyl attached to the cytosine base.
and living mice with an amino acid called L-methionine, enriched for naturally occurring stable isotopes of carbon and hydrogen,
and measuring the uptake of these isotopes to 5fc in DNA. The lack of uptake in the non-dividing adult brain tissue pointed to the fact that 5fc can be a stable modification:
if it was a transient molecule, this uptake of isotopes would be high. The researchers believe that 5fc might alter the way DNA is recognised by proteins.'
'Unmodified DNA interacts with a specific set of proteins, and the presence of 5fc could change these interactions
'A different shape means that a DNA molecule could then attract different proteins and transcription factors,
Researchers were able to identify for the first time the number of VOCS in breath samples by using a selected ion flow tube mass spectrometer,
The compounds in their exhaled breath are analysed by a selected ion flow tube mass spectrometer. The researchers used breath samples of patients with esophageal and gastric cancer at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust from 2011 to 2013.
an exciting world-record performance,'said study co-author Yi Cui, an associate professor of materials science and engineering at Stanford and of photon science at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.
In an engineering first, Cui and his colleagues used lithium-ion battery technology to create one low-cost catalyst that is capable of driving the entire water-splitting reaction.'
'Our group has pioneered the idea of using lithium-ion batteries to search for catalysts, 'Cui said.'
A low-voltage current applied to the electrodes drives a catalytic reaction that separates molecules of H2o, releasing bubbles of hydrogen on one electrode and oxygen on the other.
The idea is to use lithium ions to chemically break the metal oxide catalyst into smaller and smaller pieces.'
'Breaking down metal oxide into tiny particles increases its surface area and exposes lots of ultra-small,
'This process creates tiny particles that are connected strongly, so the catalyst has very good electrical conductivity and stability.'
the huge international tokamak under construction in France that will demonstrate the feasibility of fusion as a source of energy for generating electricity.
however, rotating particles that leak from the edge of the plasma accelerate the plasma in the opposite direction,
but modified rotation within the superhot core of the plasma where fusion reactions occur. The results indicate that scientists can use the X-point as a"control knob"to adjust the inner workings of fusion plasmas,
much like changing the settings on itunes or a stereo lets one explore the behavior of music.
This discovery gives fusion researchers a tool to access different intrinsic rotation profiles and learn more about intrinsic rotation itself and its effect on confinement.
where molecules are designed to spontaneously assemble into desired structures. Self-assembly requires a burst of heat to make the molecules snap into the proper configurations.
Here, an intensely hot laser swept across the sample to transform disordered polymer blocks into precise arrangements in just seconds."
These molecules then glom onto the self-assembled polymer, converting it into a metallic mesh.
#New manufacturing approach slices lithium-ion battery cost in half An advanced manufacturing approach for lithium-ion batteries, developed by researchers at MIT and at a spinoff company called 24m,
The existing process for manufacturing lithium-ion batteries, he says, has changed hardly in the two decades
In this so-called"flow battery,"the electrodes are suspensions of tiny particles carried by a liquid and pumped through various compartments of the battery.
it is composed of a similar semisolid, colloidal suspension of particles. Chiang and Carter refer to this as a"semisolid battery."
while a flow battery system is appropriate for battery chemistries with a low energy density (those that can only store a limited amount of energy for a given weight), for high-energy density devices such as lithium-ion batteries,
"We realized that a better way to make use of this flowable electrode technology was to reinvent the lithium ion manufacturing process."
Having the electrode in the form of tiny suspended particles instead of consolidated slabs greatly reduces the path length for charged particles as they move through the material--a property known as"tortuosity."
While conventional lithium-ion batteries are composed of brittle electrodes that can crack under stress, the new formulation produces battery cells that can be bent,
With traditional lithium-ion production plants must be built at large scale from the beginning in order to keep down unit costs,
A particular protein from within the sperm stays intact at the site of fusion. This protein--discovered by Herr's lab 15 years ago--remains in place
ESP1, is stabilizing the area where the sperm-egg fusion is occurring. That ESP1 is conserved in the region of the sperm head that is thought to initiate fusion with the egg during this transformative time after the acrosome reaction suggests ESP1 is playing a key structural role."
"We suspect ESP1 is one of the key molecules that helps to stabilize the equatorial segment region of the sperm head,
"Herr said.""Getting at the molecular components of the fertilization event has a lot of practical applications--as well as intellectual value
"You want to know which molecules are located precisely where, and when, as the sperm head becomes remodeled prior to fertilization.
Just getting all the molecules defined and dissected and located in their correct subcellular positions is a major challenge,
the research team must now try to figure out just what is happening with the sugar molecules they have found to associate with the ESP1 protein.
One idea is that the sugar molecules are being stripped away before the equatorial segment region condenses."
so it's pretty early in the process of seeing where a small molecule drug might interdict these interactions,
Using an engineered strain of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to control particle size the team biosynthesized QDS using bacteria
when particle size falls to the range of a few ten nanometers where a single particle provides only a vanishingly small signal.
As a consequence, many investigations are limited to large ensembles of particles. Now, a team of scientists of the Laser spectroscopy Division of Prof.
There is thus a large interest to develop single-particle-sensitive techniques.""Our approach is to trap the probe light used for imaging inside of an optical resonator,
in order to bring the particle step by step into its focus. At the same time, the distance between both mirrors is adjusted such that the condition for the appearance of resonance modes is fulfilled.
we can determine the optical properties of the particles from the transmission signal quantitatively and compare it to the calculation."
when both absorptive and dispersive properties of a single particle were determined at the same time. This is interesting especially
if the particles are not spherical but e g. elongated. Then, the corresponding quantities depend on the orientation of the polarization of light with respect to the symmetry axes of the particle."
"In our experiment we use gold nanorods (34x25x25 nm) and we observe how the resonance frequency shifts depending on the orientation of the polarization.
and is a very sensitive indicator for the shape and orientation of the particle.""""As an application of our method, we could think of e g. investigating the temporal dynamics of macro molecules,
such as the folding dynamics of proteins"says David Hunger.""Overall we see a large potential for our method:
This High-Intensity Narrow Spectrum (HINS) light is absorbed by molecules within bacteria, producing a chemical reaction that kills the bacteria from the inside
but also an accumulation of partly deleted mtdna molecules. These alterations cause impaired energy production in the cells and therefore, lead to the disease.
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