The study began with precise measurements of isotopes of iron and neodymium using one of the world's fastest lasers,
Isotopes, forms of an atom that differ only by weight, are used often to"fingerprint"the source of various samples.)
Previous probes of the source of banded iron had focused on iron isotopes.""There has been debate about
what the iron isotopes were telling us about the source, "Li says.""Adding neodymium changed that picture
that early biological molecules may have been based iron.""NASA has made the search for life in space a major focus and sponsors the UW-Madison Astrobiology Institute,
'"An ultrafast electron-based imaging technique developed by Ruan and his team at MSU allowed the group to observe the changes in the materials.
and ions together in the materials at a speed that is ultrafast and allow new electronic phases to spontaneously form to engineer new properties,
Derived from the plant-based small molecule phytol abundant in the marine environment, the new substance would potentially replace chemical herders currently in use,
Derived from the plant-based small molecule phytol abundant in the marine environment the new substance would potentially replace chemical herders currently in use.
""Our goal was to develop an eco-friendly herding molecule as an alternative to the current silicone-based polymers,
"said John. Herding agents are surface-active molecules (surfactants) that when added to a liquid, such as seawater, reduce the surface tension.
Polyu researchers have developed a simplified method for direct analysis of edible oils using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). In the new MALDI-MS
#Discovery could lead to personalized colon cancer treatment approach A UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center discovery of just how a certain tumor suppressor molecule works to prevent tumor growth could lead to a personalized treatment
helps prevent colon cancer by restricting a signaling molecule called Akt. With this finding, the researchers believe theye found a possible drug target for colon cancer patients who lack the tumor suppressor AIM2. everal studies
the UNC School of medicine Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Department of Genetics. e found that AIM2 inhibits tumorigenesis in multiple animal models of colorectal cancer by restricting the pro-survival signaling molecule, Akt,
The researchers found in a study in colon cancer cells that AIM2 limits the activation of the signaling molecule Akt.
#New method of quantum entanglement packs vastly more data in a photon A team of researchers led by UCLA electrical engineers has demonstrated a new way to harness light particles,
or photons, that are connected to each other and act in unison no matter how far apart they are--a phenomenon known as quantum entanglement.
In previous studies, photons have typically been entangled by one dimension of their quantum properties--usually the direction of their polarization.
and entangle each photon pair into multiple dimensions using quantum properties such as the photons'energy and spin.
called hyperentanglement, allows each photon pair to carry much more data than was possible with previous methods.
what happens to one particle in an entangled pair also happens instantly to the other particle, even over great distances.
In the new study, researchers sent hyperentangled photons in a shape known as a biphoton frequency comb, essentially breaking up entangled photons into smaller parts.
In secure data transfer, photons sent over fiber optic networks can be encrypted through entanglement. With each dimension of entanglement
the amount of information carried on a photon pair is doubled, so a photon pair entangled by five dimensions can carry 32 times as much data as a pair entangled by only one.
The result greatly extends from wavelength multiplexing, the method for carrying many videos over a single optical fiber."
"We show that an optical frequency comb can be generated at single photon level, "Xie said."
"With the help of state-of-the-art high-speed single photon detectors at NIST and support from Dr. Franco Wong, Dr. Xie was able to verify the high-dimensional and multi-degrees-of-freedom entanglement of photons.
such as responsive materials, organic-inorganic composites and bioactive hydrogels for digestion or separation of bio (macro) molecules s
Producing spin-entangled electrons A team from the RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, along with collaborators from several Japanese institutions, have produced successfully pairs of spin-entangled electrons and demonstrated, for the first time,
that these electrons remain entangled even when they are separated from one another on a chip. This research could contribute to the creation of futuristic quantum networks operating using quantum teleportation,
which could allow information contained in quantum bits-qubits-to be shared between many elements on chip,
The ability to create non-local entangled electron pairs--known as Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pairs--on demand has long been a dream.
says,"We set out to demonstrate that spin-entangled electrons could be produced reliably. So far, researchers have been successful in creating entangled photons,
since photons are extremely stable and do not interact. Electrons, by contrast, are affected profoundly by their environment.
We chose to try to show that electrons can be entangled through their spin, a property that is relatively stable."
"To perform the feat, Deacon and his collaborators began the painstaking work of creating a tiny device, just a few hundred nanometers in size.
The idea was to take a Cooper pair--a pair of electrons that allows electricity to flow freely in superconductors
--and get them, while tunneling--a quantum phenomenon--across a junction between two superconductor leads,
this would mean that the electrons, which can be used as quantum bits--the qubits, or bits used in quantum computing--remain entangled even
the team was able to show clearly that the spin of the electrons remained entangled as they passed through the separate quantum dots."
"Since we have demonstrated that the electrons remain entangled even when separated,"says Deacon, "this means that we could now use a similar,
albeit more complex, device to prepare entangled electron pairs to teleport qubit states across a chip."
electron spin is a very promising property for these applications, as it is relatively free from the environment
It could be combined with photons, by using the spin-entangled electrons to create photons that themselves would be entangled.
This could allow us to create large networks to share quantum information in a widely distributed way."
"We have demonstrated simultaneously reversible storage of both solar energy and electrons in the cell, "Dong Liu said."
"Release of the stored electrons under dark conditions continues solar energy storage, thus allowing for unintermittent storage around the clock."
#Faster detection of hidden objects by terahertz sensor Called'Q-Eye',the invention senses radiation across the spectrum between microwaves and infrared, known as the Terahertz (THZ) region of the spectrum
when electromagnetic radiation emitted by an object is absorbed by the Q-Eye sensor, even down to the level of very small packets of quantum energy (a single photon).
The electrons in the silicon layer are isolated so from the silicon lattice they become highly sensitive to incoming radiation.
This revolutionary e-cooling process is the secret to Q-Eye sensor's exceptional performance
researchers developed a molecular device made of DNA that can be switched'on'by a specific molecule of their choice--such as a certain type of disease indicator
or DNA molecule representing a genome of a virus--an action that leads to a massive,
The diaphragms in the new devices are graphene sheets a mere one atom thick that have the right combination of stiffness,
One big advantage of graphene is that the atom-thick sheet is so lightweight that it responds well to the different frequencies of an electronic pulse, unlike today's piezoelectric microphones and speakers.
the level of magnetic flux is below the safety level of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guideline (27 T) for general public exposure to electromagnetic field (EMF).
They discovered through neutron scattering experiments at BER II not only how the crystal structure changes, but also uncovered new magnetic phases.
highly symmetrical planes of oxygen atoms (somewhat like a densely packed box of marbles) where different metallic elements are lodged in the spaces between them.
The embedded metal ions in the Ni1-xcuxcr2o4 spinel system cause a distortion of the crystal structure.
or copper atoms sit at what are referred to as tetragonal sites of the crystal structure. Due to their different configurations of electrons, these tetrahedra become elongated along the crystallographic c-axis for nickel,
while for copper they are compressed (Jahn-Teller effect). The distortion of the crystal structure can thus be controlled,
Phase diagramm between 2 and 900 Kelvin Using neutron scattering experiments at the BER II research reactor,
since the kinetic energy of the atoms still suppresses the Jahn-Teller effect and magnetic ordering cannot become established.
"Atoms are not just spheres. They do crazy things, especially when they are in a geometrical system like a crystal,
After this screening process, one molecule emerged: netrin-1. Netrin-1 is a protein naturally secreted by the body.
and is endeavouring to gain a better understanding of the mode of action of this molecule in stem cell physiology y
instead depends upon the uncanny ability of gold atoms to trap silicon-carrying electrons to selectively prevent the etching.
the researchers found that even a sparse cover of gold atoms over the silicon matrix would prevent etching from occurring in their proximity.
a lot of life-essential molecules would also be inhibited. Since ectodomain cleavage is highly important for homeostasis of the organism,
#Lynchpin molecule for the spread of cancer found Cancer is a disease of cell growth,
For the first time, researchers at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia report a single molecule that appears to be the central regulator driving metastasis in prostate cancer.
We discovered that a molecule called DNA-PKCS could give us a means of knocking out major pathways that control metastasis before it begins,
"says Karen Knudsen, Ph d.,Director of the Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, the Hilary Koprowski Professor and Chair of Cancer Biology, Professor of Urology, Radiation Oncology,
Now, Dr. Knudsen and colleagues have shown that one molecule appears to be central to many of the processes required for a cancer to spread.
That molecule is a DNA repair kinase called DNA-PKCS. The kinase rejoins broken or mutated DNA strands in a cancer cell,
Although not all molecules are turned easily into drugs, at least one pharma company has developed already a drug that inhibits DNA-PKCS,
if the silicon is heated by laser pulses just nanoseconds long. At such short time scales, silicon can be heated to a liquid,
porous nanomaterials using specially structured molecules called block copolymers. They first used a carbon dioxide laser in Thompson's lab to"write"the nanoporous materials onto a silicon wafer.
harnessing its output for imaging applications that make microscopic particles appear huge.""The device makes an object super-visible by enlarging its optical appearance with this super-strong scattering effect,
"Today, nanosecond lasers--lasers that pulse light at one-billionth of a second--are used to record information on DVDS and Blu-ray disks,
Thus, with a nanosecond laser,"the fastest you can record information is one information unit
one 0 or 1, every nanosecond,"says Jianbo Hu, a postdoctoral scholar and the first author of the paper."
"To study this, the researchers used their technique, ultrafast electron crystallography. The technique, a new development--different from Zewail's Nobel prize-winning work in femtochemistry, the visual study of chemical processes occurring at femtosecond scales--allowed researchers to observe directly the transitioning atomic configuration of a prototypical phase-change
material, germanium telluride (Gete), when it is hit by a femtosecond laser pulse. In UEC, a sample of crystalline Gete is bombarded with a femtosecond laser pulse,
followed by a pulse of electrons. The laser pulse causes the atomic structure to change from the crystalline to other structures
Then, when the electron pulse hits the sample, its electrons scatter in a pattern that provides a picture of the sample's atomic configuration as a function of the time.
toxic particles, infections, and chronic inflammatory responses pose a permanent threat to our lungs. To date, the regenerative mechanisms leading to healing of lung injury remain incompletely understood.
when exposed to a field that brings the magnetic moments of its atoms into alignment. Think of each atom
or ion as a tiny self-contained magnet that can align itself with the neighboring magnetic ions,
like the needle of a compass. The magnetic moment of a material can be tied local to a specific atom)
or itinerant (not bonded to a single atom). Itinerant wanderers can extend their influence over more than one atom,
facilitating communications between their"up"or"down"spin states. They also allow for handy things like electrical conductivity in metals.
Atomic moments in local-moment ferromagnets--that is, common magnetic materials--align all of their spins in the same direction.
In an antiferromagnet, the atomic moments align in opposite directions. Morosan said it's important to know these extremes in magnetic behavior."
"Theoretically we understand local-moment magnetism quite well, and we have some understanding of the itinerant moment,
"We can start with a small molecule and build that into a nanoscale carrier that can seek out a tumor
The shell fragments form a ragged mesh that holds the drug molecules near the tumor.
As it turns out, a group of atoms essential to the drug molecule's effectiveness,
Gianneschi says they will broaden their approach to create delivery systems for other diagnostic and therapeutic molecules."
This novel approach to using enzyme-directed assembly of particle theranostics (EDAPT) is patent pending g
It is made of small smooth spherical beads, about one-tenth of a millimeter in diameter--the size of a typical dust particle.
these particles attach themselves to potassium ions in the lower part of the colon, where the concentration of free potassium is the highest.
"At the heart of the new technology is a piece of nano-engineered silica glass with ions that fluoresce in infrared light when a low power laser light hits them.
#Metal foams capable of shielding X-rays, gamma rays, neutron radiation Research shows lightweight composite metal foams are effective at blocking X-rays, gamma rays and neutron radiation,
and provide shielding against various forms of radiation? To that end, she and her colleagues conducted multiple tests to see how effective it was at blocking X-rays, gamma rays and neutron radiation.
She then compared the material's performance to the performance of bulk materials that are used currently in shielding applications.
The most effective composite metal foam against all three forms of radiation is called"high-Z steel-steel
The researchers tested shielding performance against several kinds of gamma ray radiation. Different source materials produce gamma rays with different energies.
For example, cesium and cobalt emit higher energy gamma rays, while barium and americium emit lower energy gamma rays. The researchers found that the high-Z foam was comparable to bulk materials at blocking high-energy gamma rays,
but was much better than bulk materials--even bulk steel--at blocking low energy gamma rays. Similarly
the high-Z foam outperformed other materials at blocking neutron radiation. The high-Z foam performed better than most materials at blocking X-rays,
but was not quite as effective as lead.""However, we are working to modify the composition of the metal foam to be even more effective than lead at blocking X-rays
--and our early results are promising, "Rabiei says.""And our foams have the advantage of being nontoxic,
which means that they are easier to manufacture and recycle. In addition, the extraordinary mechanical and thermal properties of composite metal foams,
#Sticky tape and phosphorus the key to ultrathin solar cells The team used sticky tape to create single-atom thick layers,
They tried incorporating nanodiamond particles into their simulations to see if the hard material could help stabilize the nanoscrolls
Replicating the experimental setup required simulating up to 1. 2 million atoms for dry environments and up to 10 million atoms for humid environments.
The work is based on an X-ray laser experiment at the Department of energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.
a scientist in the Joint Center for Structural genomics at SLAC's Stanford Synchrotron radiation Lightsource who helped to solve the 3-D structure,
This biomimetic membrane is composed of lipids--fat molecules --and protein-appended molecules that form water channels that transfer water at the rate of natural membranes,
and self-assembles into 2-dimensional structures with parallel channels.""Nature does things very efficiently
"We were surprised to see transport rates approaching the'holy grail'number of a billion water molecules per channel per second,
and silver particles with nanoscale dimensions oxidise particularly rapidly; meanwhile, indium is one of the rarest elements on earth crust
the fat molecules in it come closer to form aggregates. Lemon juice increases milk's acidity
the aggregated molecules still maintain consistent distances from each other, behaving as if they are part of a liquid.
where molecules pack together like a solid in certain localized regions of the bulk material. Gels and shaving cream are crafted industrially examples.
They crowd control molecules within a given space under different conditions. Adding a new constituent, stirring the pot
or changing the temperature influences how much molecules can move around and the closest they can come to each other,
The OIST researchers ran 2d simulations involving tens of thousands of particles. To govern the simulated particles
they fed existing equations of intermolecular crowd control into their system and plugged in values that would lead to the formation of aggregates.
or LEDS, the UC Berkeley researchers were able to heat electrons at the interface of thin films of gold and a DNA solution.
or the interaction between light and free electrons on a metal's surface. When exposed to light
the free electrons get excited and begin to oscillate, generating heat. Once the light is off, the oscillations and the heating stop.
and found that a molecule named IL13RA2 (IL13R alpha2) was abundant in metastatic or late-stage BLBC.
but other molecules in breast cancers that may guide diagnosis, prognosis, and ultimately drug development and therapy y
or down, depending on the material intended use. he main thing is the relative sizing of particles
however, the molecules come together to form multiple distinct inflammasomeseen as tiny dots (image on the bottom).
In most parts of the body, antigens molecules on pathogens or foreign tissue that alert our immune system to potential threats are presented to white blood cells in our the lymph nodes causing an immune response.
it generates thrust by accelerating ions (electrically charged atoms or molecules) out the back of a spacecraft.
Fove became the first Japanese startup to be invited to Microsoft Ventureslondon accelerator, where Wilson and Kojima relocated from September until December last year.
The pair are based currently out of the DMM. make hardware accelerator in Tokyo geek graceland, Akihabara.
Many speculated that Fove invitation to the tech giant accelerator was priming it for acquisition,
The alliance sought to develop industry-first innovations, such as Silicon Germanium (Sige) channel transistors, and Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) lithography integration at multiple levels.
it also collects dust particles and takes them along for the ride. To test this self-cleaning property,
Roughly half of the dust particles were removed with just three drops of water. It took only a dozen drops to leave the surface spotless.
which allowed to more accurately determine an appropriate dose of radiation. As 3d printing becomes cheaper,
delivering 10 to 100 times faster 3d imaging speeds than laser scanning confocal, two-photon,
Although confocal and two-photon microscopy can image a single plane within a living sample,
While SCAPE cannot yet compete with the penetration depth of conventional two-photon microscopy, Hillman and her collaborators have used already the system to observe firing in 3d neuronal dendritic trees in superficial layers of the mouse brain.
In 2012, researchers at the University of Leeds published the first observations at a single-molecule level of how the core of a single-stranded RNA VIRUS packs itself into its outer shell remarkable process
The group used single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy to watch the codes being used by the satellite tobacco necrosis virus, a single stranded RNA plant virus.
it also demonstrates that we could design molecules to interfere with the code, making it uninterpretable
The researchers believe that their combination of single-molecule detection capabilities and their computational models offers a novel route for drug discovery.
Sunlight to electricity Solar cells work by converting photons of sunlight into an electric current that moves between two electrodes.
Silicon solar cells generate electricity by absorbing photons of visible and infrared light, while perovskite cells harvest only the visible part of the solar spectrum where the photons have more energy.
Microscopic cross-section of a tandem solar cell made with two photovoltaic materials, perovskite stacked on top of CIGS (copper indium gallium diselenide).
Colin Bailie, Stanford bsorbing the high-energy part of the spectrum allows perovskite solar cells to generate more power per photon of visible light than silicon cells,
so that some photons could penetrate the perovskite layer and be absorbed by the silicon at the bottom,
The helium-inflatable shell channels wind through a lightweight wind turbine. The shell self-stabilizes and produces aerodynamic lift, in addition to buoyancy.
The Rice lab of chemist James Tour discovered last year that firing a laser at an inexpensive polymer burned off other elements and left a film of porous graphene, the much-studied atom-thick
But the graphene retains its ability to move electrons quickly and gives it the quick charge
##Single-photon emission enhancement#seen as step toward quantum technologies Researchers have demonstrated a new way to enhance the emission of single photons by using yperbolic metamaterials,
Optical metamaterials harness clouds of electrons called surface plasmons to manipulate and control light. Purdue University researchers had created previously uperlatticesfrom layers of the metal titanium nitride and the dielectric,
In new findings the researchers have demonstrated how attaching nanodiamonds containing itrogen-vacancy centersto the new metamaterial further enhances the production of single photons, workhorses of quantum information processing,
cryptography and communications technologies. hese results indicate that the brightness of the nanodiamond-based single-photon emitter could be enhanced substantially by placing such an emitter on the surface of the hyperbolic metamaterial,
associate professor of electrical and computer engineering at Purdue. he single-photon emitters could be used to build highly efficient room temperature CMOS-compatible single-photon sources.
and Photonic Nano-Meta Technologies Inc. A nitrogen-vacancy center is an atomic-scale defect formed in the diamond lattice by substituting a nitrogen atom for a carbon atom
Placing a nanodiamond containing an NV center on the surface of hyperbolic metamaterials not only enhances the emission of photons,
Because the studied system represents a stable source of single photons that functions at room temperature
which causes it to spontaneously emit a photon. e are interested in causing it to emit faster
so that we can increase the rate of these photons coming out, Kildishev said. Findings show the system is capable of producing single photons faster, in larger quantities,
and more directionally. Metamaterials have engineered surfaces that contain features, patterns or elements, such as tiny antennas or alternating layers of nitrides that enable unprecedented control of light.
Constructed of artificial atoms and molecules the optical metamaterials owe their unusual potential to precision engineering on the scale of nanometers.
Quantum computers would take advantage of phenomena described by quantum theory called uperpositionand ntanglement. Instead of only the states of one and zero that exist in conventional computers,
Computers based on quantum physics would have quantum bits, or ubits, increasing the computer capacity to process, store,
The nitrogen vacancy also makes it possible to potentially record information based on the nuclear or electron pinstate of the center,
The spin can be either por ownforming the quantum superposition of the up and down states representing a new technology for processing information.
a technique called Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization is emerging as a key process for creating well-defined polymers for a vast range of materials, from adhesives to electronics.
Their study was recently detailed in a paper titled etal-Free Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization, published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.
#Chemists one step closer to new generation of electric car battery Lithium sulphur (Li-S) batteries can theoretically power an electric car three times further than current lithium-ion batteries for the same weight at much
sulphur can provide a competitive cathode material to lithium cobalt oxide in current lithium-ion cells.
because the sulphur dissolves into the electrolyte solution as it reduced by incoming electrons to form polysulphides.
#A Battery That Last Twice as Long A Solidenergy startup has developed a lithium-ion battery that stores far more energy.
which can store more lithium ions. The design consists of an ultra-thin metal anode made of thin lithium on copper
which enables ultra-high energy density and high-efficiency electrolyte which enables high current density at room temperature.
Solid Polymer Ionic Liquid (SPIL) electrolyte enables the ultra-thin lithium metal anode and improves the cell-level energy density by 50%compared to graphite anodes
It can be manufactured using existing Li-ion manufacturing facility leveraging mature infrastructure. The company says its prototype can be recharged 300 times while retaining 80%of its original storage capacityloser to
#One-atom-thin silicon transistors hold promise for super-fast computing Researchers at The University of Texas at Austin Cockrell School of engineering have created the first transistors made of silicene, the world thinnest silicon material.
Made of a one-atom-thick layer of silicon atoms, silicene has outstanding electrical properties
another atom-thick material with promise for chip development, researchers speculated that silicon atoms could be structured in a broadly similar way.
To start, the researchers let a hot vapor of silicon atoms condense onto a crystalline block of silver in a vacuum chamber.
which may lead to low energy, high-speed digital computer chips p
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