higher energy building blocks into new artificial membranes. ur results demonstrate that complex lipid membranes capable of indefinite self-synthesis can emerge
The electromagnetic field is likely affecting the interaction between the nanomaterial and the drug molecules, Borgens said. e think it is a combination of charge effects
and retains the remaining drug molecules . or each different drug the team would need to find the corresponding optimal electromagnetic field for its release,
The researchers have engineered particles, known as hagemids, capable of producing toxins that are targeted deadly to bacteria.
Next, secreted phagemid particles are isolated from the production strain and purified. Resulting engineered phagemid particles are used then to infect target bacteria.
Courtesy of the researchersacteriophages kill bacteria by lysing the cell or causing it to burst,
The researchers used synthetic biology techniques to develop a platform of particles called phagemids. These particles infect bacteria with small DNA molecules known as plasmids,
which are able to replicate independently inside a host cell. Once inside the cell, the plasmids are engineered to express different proteins
or peptides molecules made up of short chains of amino acids that are toxic to the bacteria,
they did not witness signs of significant resistance to the particles. his means you can do multiple rounds of delivery of the phagemids,
but now hope to create particles capable of killing off pathogens such as Clostridium difficile and the cholera-causing bacterium Vibrio cholerea.
The paper demonstrates that using synthetic biology to modify a gene in a phage to make it more toxic to a pathogen can lead to more effective antimicrobial particles than classical approaches,
because those particles are more feasible for use in people, as they are considered not genetically modified organisms,
allowing electrons to flow through it and that the conductivity of that DNA wire is extremely sensitive to mistakes in the DNA itself.
At just one atom thick, graphene is the thinnest substance capable of conducting electricity. It is very flexible
#NRL Researchers First to Detect Spin Precession in Silicon nanowires Scientists at the U s. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) have reported the first observation of spin precession of spin currents flowing in a silicon nanowire
and determined spin lifetimes and corresponding spin diffusion lengths in these nanoscale spintronic devices. The spin currents were injected electrically
and detected using ferromagnetic metal contacts with a tunnel barrier consisting of single layer graphene between the metal and silicon NW.
and detect spin appear as blue, the gold ohmic reference contacts appear as yellow, and the green line is the silicon nanowire transport channel.
The NRL research team observed spin precession (the Hanle effect) for both the spin-polarized charge near the contact interface and for pure spin currents flowing in the NW channel.
The latter unambiguously shows that spins have been injected and transported in the Si NW. The use of graphene as the tunnel barrier provides a low-resistance area product contact
Including electron spin as an additional state variable offers new prospects for information processing, enabling future nonvolatile, reprogrammable devices beyond the current semiconductor technology roadmap.
Silicon is an ideal host for such a spin-based technology because its intrinsic properties promote spin transport,
Realization of spin-based Si NW devices requires efficient electrical spin injection and detection, which depend critically on the interface resistance between a ferromagnetic metal contact and the NW.
Researchers have shown standard oxide tunnel barriers to provide good spin injection into planar Si structures,
and used a graphene tunnel barrier contact that produces excellent spin injection and also satisfies several key technical criteria:
The use of multilayer rather than single layer graphene in such structures may provide much higher values of the tunnel spin polarization because of band structure derived spin filtering effects predicted for selected ferromagnetic metal/multi
#Graphene flexes its electronic muscles Flexing graphene may be the most basic way to control its electrical properties, according to calculations by theoretical physicists at Rice university and in Russia.
Perfect graphene an atom-thick sheet of carbon is a conductor, as its atomselectrical charges balance each other out across the plane.
But curvature in graphene compresses the electron clouds of the bonds on the concave side and stretches them on the convex side,
the characteristic that controls how polarized atoms interact with external electric fields. The researchers who published their results this month in the American Chemical Society Journal of Physical chemistry Letters discovered they could calculate the flexoelectric effect of graphene rolled into a cone of any size and length.
The researchers used density functional theory to compute dipole moments for individual atoms in a graphene lattice
in which the balance of positive and negative charges differ from one atom to the next, due to slightly different stresses on the bonds as the diameter changes.
The researchers noted atoms along the edge also contribute electrically, but analyzing two cones docked edge-to-edge allowed them to cancel out,
#Helium alloonsoffer new path to control complex materials Researchers at the Department of energy Oak ridge National Laboratory have developed a new method to manipulate a wide range of materials
and their behavior using only a handful of helium ions. The team technique, published in Physical Review Letters,
This is accomplished by adding a few helium ions into a complex oxide material and provides a never before possible level of control over magnetic and electronic properties. y putting a little helium into the material,
wee able to control strain along a single axis, said ORNL Zac Ward, who led the team study. his type of control wasn possible before,
which electrons are bound inside complex oxides means that any strain stretching, pulling or pushing of the structure triggers changes in many different electronic properties.
as it can be implemented using established ion implantation infrastructure in the semiconductor industry, Ward said. The method uses a low energy ion gun to add small numbers of helium ions into the material after it has been produced.
The process is also reversible; the helium can be removed by heating the material to high temperatures in vacuum.
Previously developed strain tuning methods modify all directions in a material and cannot be altered or reversed afterwards. e can easily control the amount of strain
Ward said. y controlling the number of helium atoms inserted into an epitaxial film, we select a strain state in one direction
Reversible single axis control of a complex oxide lattice via helium implantation. Coauthors are ORNL Hangwen Guo, Shuai Dong, Philip Rack, John Budai, Christianne Beekman, Zheng Gai, Wolter Siemons, C. M. Gonzalez, R
so stable that it can accurately measure the 3d movement of individual molecules over many hoursundreds of times longer than the current limit measured inseconds.
JILA instrument for accurately tracking microscopic objects such as DNA molecules for many hours. The microscope is on the left.
including moving molecules around the interior of a cell or copying DNA into another form of genetic material, RNA.
The method uses two lasers to measure the positions of opposite ends of a molecule,
which devices work by manipulating the quantum mechanical spin1 of electrons, in addition to their elementary electric charge.
Just as conventional transistors have a source of electrons, a gate to control their movement, and a drain to carry off the charge signal,
a spintronic circuit needs a well-controlled source of spin-polarized electrons that are injected into a transport channel material,
a well-defined method of controlling the spin through the material, and a system to detect the spin signal.
Additionally it requires a transport channel material with long spin lifetimes because (polarized) spins fade away (i e.,
, become randomized) and lose their information during transport, unlike electric charges. Compared to manipulating populations of moving electrons through a conventional semiconductor,
controlling electron spins consumes much less energy and has the further advantage that its information content is on-volatile
because the information is moved and stored in the form of magnetic states, it doesn disappear
when the electricity is turned off. Spintronic devices made of inorganic materials are used today for read heads on hard disk drives
Spin-polarized electrons are predicted to have long lifetimes in organic semiconductors; Spin-based devices integrated with organic materials are expected to have low fabrication costs, light weight, and mechanical flexibility;
and Organic materials have nearly limitless possibilities of chemical design that can be used to tune desired electronic and physical properties.
because the interface plays a critical role in determining the efficiency of spin injection and detection.
and an organic semiconductor known as Alq3 can be altered by coating the cobalt with a single-molecule thick layer (monolayer) that affects the electron spin states of the cobalt.
Cobalt is one of most widely used materials for spin injection/detection and so is Alq3 for spin transport.
Project Leader Christina Hacker elaborates: obalt surfaces are really interesting for electronic applications. If we can place molecular layers on them,
As a bifunctional molecule (i e.,, molecules in which both sides can bond to a surface),
the MHA provided especially interesting results. he oxidation at the interface was affected highly by those molecules
which were explained bifunctional Sujitra Pookpanratana, the lead scientist on this study. The data suggest that the MHA monolayer actually etched away much of the oxidized layer from the cobalt,
allowing the cobalt atoms to become accessible at the surface, which is critical in electronic transport through the SAM and into the organic semiconductor.
X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) measurements were performed, in a collaborative effort with Stanford Synchrotron radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Lab,
to examine the spin characteristics. The SAMS altered the spin magnetic moment, morphology, and energy band alignment of the materials differently depending on the SAM being studied.
In a critical finding, the data imply that the SAMS reduced the molecular hybridization between Co and Alq3,
and, furthermore, enhanced the spin magnetic moment of Co at the interface which is expected to improve spin polarization at the point of spin injection into an organic semiconductor,
Alq3. Hyuk-Jae Jang, the leader of this study, explains the significance: he interface between two different materials is very important in determining the performance and efficiency of electronic devices.
Particularly from the XMCD measurements, we found that the spin polarization can be enhanced at the interface by simple interface engineering.
This is helpful in efficient injection of the spin-polarized charge carrier from ferromagnetic materials to organic materials.
we need spin injection, spin transport, and spin detection, Jang explains. ur latest work with SAMS only concerns the interface relevant to the spin injection part.
The next step should be to find a better medium for spin transport since only short-distance couple of hundred nanometersf spin transport has been demonstrated in organic materials such as Alq3 so far.
There have been studies suggesting that long-distance spin transport in organics is achievable. Our grand plan is to make a whole device and show really long-distance (in this tiny device,
over a micrometer) spin transport through an organic semiconductor. r
#Expert: Editing stem cell genes will evolutionizebiomedical research Applying a dramatically improved method for ditinggenes to human stem cells,
University of Wisconsin-Madison neuroscientist Su-Chun Zhang has shown a new way to silence genes in stem cells and their progeny at any stage of development.
if the silicon is heated by laser pulses just nanoseconds long. At such short time scales, silicon can be heated to a liquid,
porous nanomaterials using specially structured molecules called block copolymers. They first used a carbon dioxide laser in Thompson lab to ritethe nanoporous materials onto a silicon wafer.
The injection carries about 10 billion viral particles, each carrying a working copy of the good CHM gene,
#TSRI and Biotech Partners Find New Antibody Weapons against Marburg virus A new study led by scientists at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) identifies new immune molecules that protect against deadly Marburg virus, a relative
or treatments for each of the different viruses in this family necessitates intelligent design of immunogens (antibody-inducing molecules).
The molecular images used to design the molecules and evaluate the antibodies point the way forward, added Jody Berry, the former Director of Pipeline Research of Emergent biosolutions,
strong bonds form between the molecules of the gel, providing mechanical stability without the need for any chemical modifiers to be added to the material.
The researchers found that it was possible to combine the gel with silica nanoparticles microscopic particles previously found to stop bleeding to develop an even more powerful barrier to promote wound healing. his could allow us to immediately stop bleeding with one treatment
One is that the exposure to environmental hazards, such as radiation, smoking or pollution, greatly increases the risk.
The DNA molecule is chemically unstable giving rise to DNA lesions of different nature. That is why DNA damage detection, signaling and repair, collectively known as the DNA damage response, are needed.
The dense packing allows DNA molecule with a length of about two meters to fit into a microscopic cell nucleus
single-stranded molecule. The mrna molecule, which serves as the template for making a protein,
is synthesized by the principle of complementarity: each nucleotide pair corresponds to another one. During the transcription of information (its rewriting into RNA) the RNA polymerase enzyme ideson the DNA chain,
Then a single nucleosome transcribed by a single RNA molecule was studied. In this model system, which was developed in 2002 by the same group of scientists,
histones were assembled on the molecule with an accuracy within one nucleotide. Having specially introduced breaks at precise locations on the DNA,
Antiviral targets Antiviral drugs that target polymerase molecules are based in part on knowing their structure.
which will become essential to analyze the massive data generated by the volunteered computers. y simulating water molecules flowing through nanotubes we have shown how vibrations result in oscillating friction,
The diaphragms in the new devices are graphene sheets a mere one atom thick that have the right combination of stiffness
An atom-thick layer of carbon atoms, called graphene (black mesh), provides the vibrating diaphragm for both an ultrasonic microphone and loudspeaker.
UC Berkeleyone big advantage of graphene is that the atom-thick sheet is so lightweight that it responds immediately to an electronic pulse, unlike today piezoelectric microphones and speakers.
Intelectin performs its surveillance role through its ability to selectively recognize the carbohydrate molecules that reside on the surface of cells.
the chemical structures of the glycan molecules vary, and the molecules that decorate the surface of human cells are markedly different from those on microbial cells.
By exposing human intelectin to arrays of both human and microbial glycans, Kiessling and her colleagues found that intelectin could recognize different kinds of microbes as well as distinguish between microbial and mammalian glycans.
In humans, for example, less than 35 chemical building blocks are used to make the cell surface molecules. In bacteria, nature deploys more than 700 chemical building blocks to make glycans.
the level of magnetic flux is below the safety level of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guideline (27 T) for general public exposure to electromagnetic field (EMF.
and that is our world we can control cellulose-based materials one atom at a time. he Hinestroza group has turned cotton fibers into electronic components such as transistors and thermistors,
Two of Hinestroza students created a hooded bodysuit embedded with insecticides using metal organic framework molecules,
can be manipulated at the nano level to build nanoscale cages that are the exact same size as the gas they are trying to capture. e wanted to harness the power of these molecules to absorb gases
The most famous example of this is Cherenkov radiation wakes produced as electrical charges travel through liquids faster than the phase velocity of light, emitting a glowing blue wake.
and Cherenkov radiation, said Patrice Genevet, a lead author, formerly of SEAS, currently affiliated with the Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology I
instead depends upon the uncanny ability of gold atoms to trap silicon-carrying electrons to selectively prevent the etching.
Much to their surprise, the researchers found that even a sparse cover of gold atoms over the silicon matrix would prevent etching from occurring in their proximity.
and to resist being killed by an antimicrobial molecule. The researchers demonstrated that their set of genetic tools
or even in-situ synthesis of therapeutic molecules as and when they are needed. Source: MIT, written by Helen Knigh
said Dr. Wen H. Shen, the study lead investigator and an assistant professor of cell biology in radiation oncology at Weill Cornell. ased on our research,
called stripe-type-lambda-trititanium-pentoxide, is composed of only titanium atoms and oxygen atoms, and can absorb
#Researchers Build a Transistor from a Molecule and A few Atoms An international team of physicists has used a scanning tunneling microscope to create a minute transistor consisting of a single molecule and a small number of atoms.
and could be important for future device technologies as well as for fundamental studies of electron transport in molecular nanostructures.
Scanning tunneling microscope image of a phthalocyanine molecule centered within a hexagon assembled from twelve indium atoms on an indium arsenide surface.
The positively charged atoms provide the electrostatic gate of the single-molecule transistor. See more at:
http://www. nrl. navy. mil/media/news-releases/2015/researchers-build-a-transistor-from-a-molecule
-and-a few-atoms#sthash. sfyr4um9. dpuftransistors have a channel region between two external contacts and an electrical gate electrode to modulate the current flow through the channel.
In atomic-scale transistors, this current is extremely sensitive to single electrons hopping via discrete energy levels.
In earlier studies, researchers have examined single-electron transport in molecular transistors using top-down approaches, such as lithography and break junctions.
The team used a highly stable scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to create a transistor consisting of a single organic molecule
and positively charged metal atoms, positioning them with the STM tip on the surface of an indium arsenide (Inas) crystal.
Subsequently, the STM approach allowed the researchers to assemble electrical gates from the+1 charged atoms with atomic precision
and then to place the molecule at various desired positions close to the gates. Dr. Stefan Fölsch, a physicist at the PDI who led the team,
explained that he molecule is only weakly bound to the Inas template. So when we bring the STM tip very close to the molecule
and apply a bias voltage to the tip-sample junction, single electrons can tunnel between template
and tip by hopping via nearly unperturbed molecular orbitals, similar to the working principle of a quantum dot gated by an external electrode.
In our case, the charged atoms nearby provide the electrostatic gate potential that regulates the electron flow
and the charge state of the molecule. ut there is a substantial difference between a conventional semiconductor quantum dotomprising typically hundreds or thousands of atomsnd the present case of a surface-bound molecule.
he molecule adopts different rotational orientations, depending on its charge state. We predicted this based on first-principles calculations
and confirmed it by imaging the molecule with the STM. his coupling between charge and orientation has a dramatic effect on the electron flow across the molecule,
manifested by a large conductance gap at low bias voltages. Dr. Piet Brouwer, a physicist at FUB and expert in quantum transport theory, said,
we developed a generic model that accounts for the coupled electronic and orientational dynamics of the molecule.
This simple and physically transparent model entirely reproduces the experimentally observed single-molecule transistor characteristics.
The perfection and reproducibility offered by these STM-generated transistors will enable researchers to explore elementary processes involving current flow through single molecules at a fundamental level.
which they can leadill be important for integrating molecule-based devices with existing semiconductor technologies.
The patent-pending technology is created by 3d Tau. Features of 3d Tau Stereo-Step-Eclipse Technology:
Easy to use: No special glasses, helmets or head tracking are needed and there no need to perform dynamic adaptation for any particular viewer.
3d Tau enables any number of viewers, arrayed at any angle, to see the 3d image on the screen.
remote medicine and a wide variety of other business, civil and military uses. 3d Tau SSE technology is designed to be embedded directly into a new generation of screens for televisions, movie theaters, computer displays, game
Other applications that can benefit from the 3d Tau SSE technology include the display of topographical maps,
The 3d Tau SSE technology can also be used to allow different viewers of a single screen to view different content based on their viewing angle.
and environmentally benign method to combat bacteria by engineering nanoscale particles that add the antimicrobial potency of silver to a core of lignin,
NC State engineer Orlin Velev and colleagues show that silver-ion infused lignin nanoparticles, which are coated with a charged polymer layer that helps them adhere to the target microbes,
The remaining particles degrade easily after disposal because of their biocompatible lignin core, limiting the risk to the environment. eople have been interested in using silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial purposes,
Alexander Richter, the paper first author and an NC State Ph d. candidate says that the particles could be the basis for reduced risk pesticide products with reduced cost
We are now working to scale up the process to synthesize the particles under continuous flow conditions. ource:
#Physicists discover long-sought entaquarkparticle CERN Large hadron collider announced Tuesday that researchers discovered a remarkable class of particles known as pentaquarks that could reshape scientistsunderstanding about the properties of matter.
According to Syracuse physicist Sheldon Stone, graduate student Nathan Jurik was studying the decay of a different particle
Atoms, and the protons and neutrons that make up their nuclei, are familiar terms in science.
But quarks are even smaller particleshe building blocks of protons, neutrons and other subatomic particles known as baryons.
Baryons, including protons and neutrons, are composed of three quarks. A pentaquark is something different omposite statethat groups four quarks and one antiquark
the associated antimatter particle for a quark. Studying composite states can give scientists additional insight into the properties of ordinary baryons. enefitting from the large data set provided by the LHC,
and the excellent precision of our detector, we have examined all possibilities for these signals, and conclude that they can only be explained by pentaquark states,
said LHCB physicist Tomasz Skwarnicki of Syracuse University, whose research group was a leader in the analysis. ore precisely the states must be formed of two up quarks, one down quark, one charm quark and one anti-charm quark.
The discovery was made by the CERN Large hadron collider b-quark (LHCB) experiment group one of several ongoing particle physics experiments at the laboratory.
LHCB studies antimatter and its relationship to matter. The group has submitted a paper reporting its findings to the journal Physical Review Letters.
U s. participation in the experiment is funded entirely by NSF, which supports the research through nine awards to scientists from Syracuse University, the University of Maryland College Park,
the Massachusetts institute of technology and the University of Cincinnati working at the Large hadron collider. he pentaquark is not just any new particle,
said LHCB spokesperson Guy Wilkinson. t represents a way to aggregate quarks, namely the fundamental constituents of ordinary protons and neutrons, in a pattern that has never been observed before in over fifty years of experimental searches.
Studying its properties may allow us to understand better how ordinary matter, the protons and neutrons from which wee all made,
is constituted. Yearsworth of other experiments searching for pentaquarks have proved inconclusive, leading some scientists to question their existence.
LHCB research looked for the particles from many perspectives, with all results pointing to the same conclusion.
The group found the pentaquarks by examining the decay of a particular kind of baryon known as Lambda b. hile existence of pentaquarks was speculated on since the beginning of the quark model in 1964,
it has taken 51 years to find a solid experimental evidence for their existence, Skwarnicki said. serious of dubious experimental claims of their discoveries over a decade ago,
which were confirmed not by subsequent measurements, made many physicists doubt their existence. The observation by the LHCB collaboration reverses this trend
and will lead to a better understanding of quark formations created by nuclear forces, with possible implications in astrophysics.
The group next step will be to study how exactly, quarks are bound together in pentaquarksoosely or tightly.
The answer to that question will play a key role in determining what pentaquarks can teach about the composition of ordinary matter a
Lithium ion batteriescathodes typically contain heavy metal ions like manganese, cobalt or iron, but in lithium air batteries, the much lighter oxygen in a sense acts as the cathode, creating a more efficient design.
The team electron spin resonance (ESR) probe takes a large-scale technique used for decades as a way to explore the overall properties of bulk materials
because it can reveal how molecules stick together. It widely utilized in an eclectic collection of fields spanning anthropology, fuel science, physiology and meteorology.
we can imagine seeing atom-sized defects in chips, says Campbell, an electrical engineer whose work often concerns the semiconductor industry. ut wee also excited for the huge number of people who can now use this technique in chemistry and biology.
and recombining negatively charged electrons with their positively charged oles, which ideally produce electric current by migrating in opposite directions following their separation by photon-carrying sunlight.
Lead author Jinsong Huang and his team sought to reduce the number of these efficiency-draining barriers by increasing the size of the grains themselves.
This slip-and-slide quality also limited the presence of particles known as nuclei, which act as seeds from which crystal grains sprout
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