This allowed them to record high-speed movies of the nanowire growth as it happens atom-by-atom.
said Hofmann. t a flexible platform that can be used for different technologies. ossible applications for this technique range from atomically perfect buried interconnects to single-electron transistors, high-density memories, light emission, semiconductor lasers,
which act as olecular sponges Solid-like behaviour Using inelastic neutron scattering, which is one of the few experimental techniques that can be used to obtain direct information on the state of the hydrogen inside a solid material,
#Scientist discovers magnetic material unnecessary to create spin current It doesn happen often that a young scientist makes a significant and unexpected discovery,
What he foundhat you don need a magnetic material to create spin current from insulatorsas important implications for the field of spintronics and the development of high-speed,
low-power electronics that use electron spin rather than charge to carry information. Wu work upends prevailing ideas of how to generate a current of spins. his is a discovery in the true sense
said Anand Bhattacharya, a physicist in Argonne Materials science Division and the Center for Nanoscale Materials (a DOE Office of Science user facility),
Spin is a quantum property of electrons that scientists often compare to a tiny bar magnet that points either por own.
One such method is to separate the flow of electron spin from the flow of electron current
To create a current of spins in insulators, scientists have kept typically electrons stationary in a lattice made of an insulating ferromagnetic material, such as yttrium iron garnet (YIG).
When they apply a heat gradient across the material, the spins begin to ove? that is, information about the orientation of a spin is communicated from one point to another along the lattice,
much in the way a wave moves through water without actually transporting the water molecules anywhere.
Spin excitations known as magnons are thought to carry the current. Wu set out to build on previous work with spin currents,
expanding it to different materials using a new technique he developed. He worked on making devices a thousand times smaller than the typical systems used,
giving him more control over the heat and allowing him to create larger thermal gradients in a smaller area. hat was the key to why we were able to do this experiment,
he says. Wu looked at a layer of ferromagnetic YIG on a substrate of paramagnetic gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG.
in a paramagnet the spins aren aligned as they are in a ferromagnet. They generate no magnetic field, produce no magnons,
and there appears to be no way for the spins to communicate with one another. But to everyone surprise, the spin current was stronger in the GGG than it was in the YIG. he spins in the system were not talking to each other.
But we still found measurable spin current, says Wu. his effect shouldn happen at all. The next step is to figure out why it does. e don know the way this works
said Bhattacharya. here an opportunity here for somebody to come up with a theory for this.
the objects that are moving the spin are not what we typically understand. In the meantime, said Wu, ee just taken ferromagnetism off its pedestal.
the resulting increase in length and decrease in cross-sectional area restricts the flow of electrons through the material.
because electrons can travel over such a hierarchically buckled sheath as easily as they can traverse a straight sheath.
and then produce a molecule known as ATP. At the end of a series of intermediate steps, which up to now have only been understood to a certain extent, the endothelial cells produce nitrogen monoxide.
#How to make chromosomes from DNA Researchers at the University of Tokyo have discovered a long-overlooked process important for converting a long, string-like DNA molecule into a chromosome.
DNA molecules are long, string-like polymers storing the genetic information of life and, in a cell, are packed tightly into structures called chromosomes.
but it remains unknown how condensin is involved in folding of DNA molecules. Researchers at the University of Tokyo, including Assistant professor Takashi Sutani,
At the same time, effective washing for removing undesired molecules and debris guarantees the purity of the collected molecules.
These two factors constitute a successful strategy for epigenomic analysis with extremely high sensitivitylu said.
which takes advantage of a cutting edge X-ray Free electron laser (XFEL) instrument at the Department of energy (DOE) SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford.
At its most basic level, your smart phone battery is powering billions of transistors using electrons to flip on and off billions of times per second.
But if microchips could use photons instead of electrons to process and transmit data, computers could operate even faster.
the free electrons on its surface begin to oscillate together in a wave. These oscillations create their own light,
which reacts again with the free electrons. Energy trapped on the surface of the nanocube in this fashion is called a plasmon.
and a thin sheet of gold placed a mere 20 atoms away. This field interacts with quantum dotspheres of semiconducting material just six nanometers widehat are sandwiched in between the nanocube and the gold.
The quantum dots, in turn, produce a directional, efficient emission of photons that can be turned on and off at more than 90 gigahertz. here is great interest in replacing lasers with LEDS for short-distance optical communication,
lack of efficiency and inability to direct the photons, said Gleb Akselrod, a postdoctoral research in Mikkelsen laboratory. ow we have made an important step towards solving these problems. n illustration of the new superfast fluorescent system.
is pushing pretty hard for. he group is now working to use the plasmonic structure to create a single photon source necessity for extremely secure quantum communicationsy sandwiching a single quantum dot in the gap between the silver nanocube and gold foil.
The attice constantrepresents the distance between the atoms. To produce all possible wavelengths in the visible spectral range you need several semiconductors of very different lattice constants
For the present demonstration, the researchers had to use a laser light to pump electrons to emit light.
which occurs due to breakage and aberrant fusion of genetic material in the tumour cells, resulting in the formation of a new oncogenic protein encoded by parts of the genes TCF3 and HLF, respectively (TCF3-HLF-positive leukemia cells).
which phosphorus atoms join together to form a two-dimensional puckered sheet. Last year, researchers built a field-effect transistor out of black phosphorus
probably because ammonia donates electrons that neutralize holes in the black phosphorus sheets. That immediately makes black phosphorous a decent ammonia detector.
In addition, late last year, it debuted a 6tb hard disk drive that apparently squeezed six 1tb platters without the need of helium gas like HGST-or any other exotic technologies.
#Meet the particle that could be crucial to future technology Physicists from around the world are celebrating the discovery of a particle with no mass that could allow us to create faster, more efficient electronics.
It's called the Weyl fermion. Originally proposed by mathematician Hermann Weyl in 1929, these fermions are thought to be the building blocks of other subatomic particles.
Right now, electricity is carried by streams of electrons -but Weyl fermions could provide a much more stable and efficient way of doing the same thing.
One interesting quirk of their physics is that they can behave as a composite of matter and antimatter inside a crystal
-which is how they were found, and the only place they can exist. But another is that they can be used to create massless electrons that move very quickly
and aren't lost as heat energy when they collide with something like regular electrons do.""It's like they have their own GPS
and steer themselves without scattering,"said M. Zahid Hasan, who led the research team.""These are very fast electrons that behave like unidirectional light beams
and can be used for new types of quantum computing.""He added:""The physics of the Weyl fermion are so strange,
there could be many things that arise from this particle that we're just not capable of imagining now."
"The full details of the discovery were published in the journal Science e
#Synthetic coral could suck pollution out of the sea A team of Chinese researchers has developed a material that mimics the way corals suck industrial pollutants out of the water.
It's hoped the discovery could help combat health issues in fishing communities around the world.
Using the X-ray microscope at the Advanced Light source and the X-ray Photoemission Electron microscopy (XPEEM) beamline at HZB BESSY II,
who is responsible for the XPEEM beamline at HZB. The physicists then successfully reconstructed the magnetic features on a computer in three dimensions. hese samples displayed structures not smaller than 75nm.
However, so far only electron holography could be considered for mapping magnetic domains of three-dimensional objects at the nanometre scale
#Metal foam provides lightweight radiation shielding Nuclear, space exploration and medical applications abound for low-density, nontoxic structural shielding materials Lightweight composite metal foams can absorb energy from impacts
and block X-rays, gamma rays and neutron radiation, according to a study from North carolina State university. The discovery means the materials could be useful in spacecraft, the nuclear industry and in medicine.
whether they could provide structural support while also shielding from radiation. Her research involved comparing foamsshielding properties against pure lead and the A356 grade of aluminium, metals that are used currently for shielding purposes.
The term High-Z refers to all the metals in the alloy having a large number of protons in their atomic nuclei;
because tungsten and vanadium both have good radiation shielding properties. The tungsten-containing foam was modified
The researchers found that the high-Z foam was as good as the bulk materials at blocking high-energy gamma rays,
but even better at blocking low energy gamma, such as the radiation from barium an americium. It outperformed bulk materials at blocking neutron radiation,
and was bettered only by lead at blocking X-rays. owever, we are working to modify the composition of the metal foam to be even more effective than lead at blocking X-rays
and our early results are said promising, Rabiei. nd our foams have the advantage of being nontoxic,
in protecting equipment onboard exploratory spacecraft from the high radiation fluxes sometimes found in space without adding significantly to their weight,
and in protecting patients from radiation doses in CT SCANNERS. The team discusses its work in a paper in the journal Radiation Physics and Chemistry a
#Tiny'wrist'to assist needle surgery A tiny flexible wrist component for needle-sized surgical equipment could enable surgeons to perform operations in tiny spaces
A report from Deutsche Bank this year said solar energy storage would be cheap enough to be deployed on a large scale within five years as a result of a yearly cost reduction of 20%to 30%in the price of lithium-ion
scientists develop molecule-sized transistors Scientists have created a transistor made up of a single molecule.
Surrounded by just 12 atoms, it is likely to be the smallest possible size for a transistor and the hard limit for Moore law.
The transistor is made of a single molecule of phthalocyanine surrounded by ring of 12 positively charged indium atoms placed on an indium arsenide crystal,
Each indium atom is 167 picometres in diameter, which makes them 0. 167nm wide or 42 times smaller than the very smallest circuits currently possible,
For comparison a strand of human hair, at 100, 000nm thick, is about 600,000 times wider than the atoms surrounding the new transistor.
and was made possible using a scanning tunnelling electron microscope to place atoms in exact positions and control the electron flow through the gate.
Typically scientists working to this atomic scale have struggled to reliably control the flow of electrons
which are difficult to contain and can jump outside of the transistor, rendering it useless.
The orientation of the molecule of phthalocyanine an organic molecule typically used in dyes at the heart of the transistor is affected by charge.
The work proves that precise control of atoms to create a transistor smaller than any other quantum system available is possible
While single-molecule transistors are nowhere near being ready to put into a chip this new research will help bring about quantum computing,
harnessing particle physics to work faste o
#HOLY SEA SNAILS! Their TEETH are strong enough to build a plane Forget the Killer Rabbit from Monty python,
Scientists used atomic force microscopy to pull the teeth apart at the atom level. They found the teeth contain a hard mineral known as goethite,
said that researchers had created the smallest laser possible powered by single electrons that burrow through quantum dots.
"is a minuscule microwave laser that demonstrates how light and moving electrons interact with each other, said Princeton university.
who worked with Petta in his lab. Prof Petta added that a double quantum dot was capable of only transferring one electron at a time.
These double quantum dots are zero-dimensional as far as the electrons are concerned they are trapped in all three spatial dimensions.
instead used an atom-thick layer of graphene to sheath the copper, and found that could boost the data transfer speeds of the wires:
The team found that electrons would travel through the graphene as well as through the copper wire,
These ribosomes could be tailored to only make a certain type of molecule, one that a ribosome has made never before
This"sets the stage for the production of entirely new classes of exotic molecules.""""Overall, the authors have surmounted a major barrier in constructing fully synthetic and customizable ribosomes,
The study is"a key advance,"that"sets the stage for the production of entirely new classes of exotic molecules."
For this study, the researchers had to pump electrons into the semiconductors with an additional laser light.
The former have the ability to measure alcohol molecules in the driver's breath. Whereas, the latter use infrared tissue spectroscopy, wherein the sensor measures the intensity of light absorbed by alcohol, to zero in on the blood alcohol level.
-based Battery Company 24m and researchers at MIT have developed a new manufacturing approach for lithium-ion batteries.
Not much change has been noticed in the manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries in the two decades.
the electrodes are suspensions of small particles carried by a liquid and pumped through different compartments of the battery.
"We realized that a better way to make use of this flowable electrode technology was to reinvent the lithium ion manufacturing process".
Having the electrode in the form of tiny suspended particles reduces the path length for charged particles as they move through the material, a property known as tortuosity.
and measure the concentration of carbon dioxide and ethanol molecules being exhaled from the body. These molecules give off a certain wavelength
when put under infrared light beams, which will be placed in the car. The sensors will act as a tracking system to measure the ratio of carbon dioxide molecules to ethanol molecules produced by the driver.
If the ratio hits a certain threshold of ethanol to carbon, the car won't start.
The device communicates wirelessly with whatever mobile device is used with it via Bluetooth Low energy 4. 0 technology.
Due to expansion the original molecules were destroyed. However, the dye left behind a detailed replica of the sample,
#Princeton Researchers Develop Rice Sized Laser Princeton university researchers have built a rice sized laser powered by single electrons tunneling through artificial atoms known as quantum dots.
icrowave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation The researchers wanted to explore the use of double quantum dots,
They found that the electrons flowed in a single-file through each dot, which emitted photons in the microwave region of the light spectrum.
The photons bounced off mirrors on either side of the cavity, creating a beam of microwave light. e designed dots to emit photons
when single electrons jump from a higher to a lower energy level across the double dot.
It is like a line of people crossing a wide stream by leaping onto a rock so small that it can only hold one person.
They are forced to cross the stream one at a time. These double quantum dots are zero-dimensional as far as the electrons are concerned they are trapped in all three spatial dimensions
explained Jason Petta, an associate professor of physics at Princeton university and leader of the study. The findings were published in the Science journal e
Quantum dots act like single atoms, as components for quantum computers. The maser is a tiny, rice grain sized laser that is powered by a single electron from the artificial atoms called quantum dots.
Jason Petta an associate professor of physics at Princeton and the lead author of the study,
said, t is basically as small as you can go with these single-electron devices. The discovery will boost the ongoing efforts of scientists across the world to use semiconductor materials to build quantum computing systems. consider this to be a really important result for our long-term goal,
Qubits are the basic unit of information in quantum computing. e designed dots to emit photons
when single electrons jump from a higher to a lower energy level across the double dot.
These double quantum dots are zero-dimensional as far as the electrons are concerned they are trapped in all three spatial dimensions,
A single electron trapped in a semiconductor nanostructure can form the most basic of building blocks for a quantum computer.
scientists need to develop a scalable architecture that allows full control over individual electrons in computational arrays.
and it an 18650-size automotive grade lithium ion cell. el go in and deploy vending machines,
#CERN Scientists Welcome Two New Particles To The Atomic Family CERN Large hadron collider in Europe, the giant atom-smashing machine, has discovered two new subatomic particles.
This will help physicists in their understanding of the behavior between elementary particles. The existence of these particles was known theoretically,
but now the scientists have existential data. The two new members of the subatomic family, known as Xi b and Xi b*-,are baryons.
Baryons are a group that includes protons and neutrons. They are made up of three even tinier building blocks, called quarks.
Together in different combinations, quarks construct a different baryon each time. The two new particles that were discovered recently
have the same quarks but with different configurations. The new particles are also positively charged (similar to protons) and six times larger than a proton.
Patrick Koppenburg from Netherlandsnikhef Institute and who is working with the CERN said, ow we know exactly what the mass is
and that is good news. There are maybe three to five such particles discovered each year. Here we have two in one go,
which is quite extraordinary. The measurements that pinpointed the baryons were collected based on data at the Large hadron collider during 2011 and 2012.
The machine (LHC) is currently shut down but will start next spring, at higher energy and with intense beams than before.
The giant LHC smashes proton beams together and the scientists are left with the job of trying to find the presence of the data of the particles,
which have already been defined theoretically. It is by no means easy, as the data is massive the answers generally scattered amongst it.
But with the case of these two particles it was slightly easier. According to the study co-author Matthew Charles, a particle physicist at The french National Center for Scientific research LPNHE laboratory at the University of Paris VI
the data of the new particles was found surprisingly quickly. t reassuring, adds Dr Charles,
ot only did we find them quickly but we got to make very precise measurements of their properties, in particular their masses. r
#Muscle like Microbots Developed By University of Michigan In an innovative research, the scientists from the University of Michigan have devised special microbots that could possibly work as muscles in the body of human beings.
These synthetic muscles, which are even smaller than a grain of sand, have a gold plating over them
and can be joined together to form a chain that consequently behaves as muscles. These microbots are tiny oblong particles having slight attraction towards each other.
The journal Nature Materials published this research. Flexing These microbots behave in the same way as human muscles
the microbots get joined together, resulting in an indefinitely long chain with constant addition of new particles.
The previous phone was the Motorola Photon Q, an Android phone that sold for $269.
Surge Accelerator has become Surge Ventures, a name change that reflects the maturing mission of the cleantech accelerator in Houston.
The shift comes amid a downturn in the oil and gas industry as a whole: Oil prices are down to about half of their peak of $100-plus a barrel a year ago.
Both the economic times as well as Surge new focus were apparent recently at the accelerator annual demo day for its fourth class of startups.
#Intel theory on opening software During December last year, Intel showcased a special project we worked on for renowned English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, author,
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