and this method provides a straightforward way to make semiconducting nanoscale circuits from graphene, a form of carbon only one atom thick.
"Graphene, a one-atom-thick, two-dimensional sheet of carbon atoms, is known for moving electrons at lightning speed across its surface without interference.
where single atoms connect to each other in a diamond-like grid structure, each face of a crystal (1, 1,
When electron-laden lithium ion diffuse across this gap and offload their electrons at the other side,
This removes some lithium ions from the system, thus reducing the total available charge in the battery.
and removing any of the lithium ions themselves. The delay in removing the aluminum from the chemical bath did not result in the shell around the aluminum core
have been predicted to kill lithium ion for many years running, at this point Ie made the prediction myself, more than once.
That why it so surprising that an American particle collider called the Relativistic Heavy ion Collider (RHIC) was able to create it with very little actual mass.
by making incredibly violent collisions between heavy atoms like lead or gold. What this particular RHIC experiment did was to create a quark-gluon plasma by colliding a the nucleus of a helium-3 atom with an atom of gold
which was thought not previously to be possible. The pockets of plasma born of these collisions are much smaller than those created by heavier atoms,
but they hung around long enough for scientists to measure their properties. The experiment proved that they are indeed in a state called a erfect fluid, in
and a neutron, making it one neutron lighter than the most common helium isotope On earth.
because it is one particle heavier than a two-particle deuterium atom, which the Large hadron collider and the RHIC have smashed previously into gold in search of similar results.
Now Boeing has announced the first all-electric ion propulsion satellite is fully operational. The satellite in question doesn have a snappy name it a communications satellite called ABS-3a 702sp.
Ion thrusters make a lot of sense in this scenario. Ion engines operate on the same basic principles of physics that chemical thrusters do expel mass from a nozzle to push a craft in the opposite direction.
which is currently studying the dwarf planet Ceres. Ion thrusters are considerably more efficient than conventional rocket motors.
In this case, Boeing claims the Xenon Ion Propulsion system (XIPS) designs used for ABS-3a is ten times more efficient than liquid fueled rockets.
Ion thrusters are also considerably lighter than chemical engines making launches cheaper. The drawback is the very low thrust of an ion engine.
Upon delivery to orbit, ABS-3a used its ion thrusters to reach a geosynchronous orbit at 3 degrees west longitude.
Sensation coming from a bionic source does not have to be speed-limited by the diffusion of ions in solution
These quantum dots basically achieve perfect single-photon emission by super-cooling the quantum dots so the emitting atoms do not fluctuate.
Fortunately, researchers at Stanford university are building an aluminum-ion battery prototype that speeds up the charging times.
And the aluminum-ion battery could eventually replace many of the lithium-ion and alkaline batteries used in many smartphones today. e have developed a rechargeable aluminum battery that may replace existing storage devices, such as alkaline batteries,
and lithium-ion batteries, which occasionally burst into flames, said Stanford university chemistry professor Hongjie Dai, the lead researcher of the project,
An aluminum-ion battery generally consists of two electrodes, one negatively charged anode made of aluminum and a positively charged cathode.
Researchers have been interested in developing a commercially viable aluminum-ion battery for decades, but efforts have been largely unsuccessful.
Lithium-ion batteries are also potentially a fire hazard. This is why United airlines and Delta air lines banned bulk lithium battery shipments on passenger planes.
which makes it much safer than lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-ion batteries also takes hours to charge,
but the aluminum-ion prototype at Stanford takes only one minute. The aluminum batteries developed at Stanford university are more durable than other batteries.
For example, aluminum batteries developed at other laboratories died after just 100 charge-discharge cycles. The aluminum battery developed at Stanford was able to withstand more than 7, 500 cycles without any capacity loss.
Lithium-ion batteries generally last about 1, 000 cycles. The aluminum battery is also flexible so it can be used in electronic devices that can fold and bend.
Aluminum-ion technology is an environmentally friendly alternative to disposable alkaline batteries too. The rechargeable aluminum battery created by Stanford researchers generates about two volts of electricity,
Before Stanford aluminum-ion battery is mass produced, the research team will have to improve the cathode material to increase the voltage and energy density.
The findings in the research will be published in a paper titled n ultrafast rechargeable aluminum-ion batteryfor the April 6th advance online edition of Nature. com. The other co-lead authors of the study
Here is a video about the development of aluminum-ion battery at Stanfor a
#That Self-driving car In Your Future Might Make You Sick Remember back when virtual reality was being touted as The next Big Thing the first time around?
The Michigan company Xalt Energy markets a lithium-ion battery that it says can cycle 4, 000 to 8, 000 times.
Some lithium-ion batteries used to back up data servers are designed to cycle up to 10,000 times.
pellets forming a conductive ion trail, sacrificial conductors, projectiles trailing electrical wires or magnetic induction If the first medium is,
and wee seeing the quantum effects in a trillion atoms instead of just one. Because this noisy quantum motion is always present
Then, using the focused ion beam (FIB) technique, the scientists cut out microcylinders on the surface of the film.
Control voltages that shift oxygen ions and vacancies switch the bits between ones and zeroes.
when atoms are brought too close together. This design allows the assay to detect a wide range of protein markers associated with various disease states."
#Flexible, fast-charging aluminum-ion battery offers safer alternative to lithium-ion Researchers at Stanford university have created a fast-charging and long-lasting rechargeable battery that is inexpensive to produce,
and which they claim could replace many of the lithium-ion and alkaline batteries powering our gadgets today.
The prototype aluminum-ion battery is also safer, not bursting into flames as some of its lithium-ion brethren are wont to do.
The prototype battery features an anode made of aluminum, a cathode of graphite and an ionic liquid electrolyte,
And unlike lithium-ion batteries which can short circuit and explode or catch fire when punctured, the aluminum-ion battery will actually continue working for a short
while before not bursting into flames.""The electrolyte is basically a salt that's liquid at room temperature,
The aluminum-ion battery hits the target here, too, with the Stanford team claiming"unprecedented charging times"of just one minute for recharging the prototype battery.
The aluminum-ion battery has covered you there, too. Unlike typical lithium-ion batteries that last around 1, 000 charge-discharge cycles,
or other aluminum-ion battery lab attempts that usually died after just 100 cycles, the Stanford researchers claim their battery stood up to 7, 500 cycles without a loss of capacity.
This would make it attractive for storing renewable energy on the electrical grid.""The grid needs a battery with a long cycle life that can rapidly store
It's hard to imagine building a huge lithium-ion battery for grid storage.""The experimental battery also has added the advantage of flexibility,
and the aluminum-ion technology offers an environmentally friendly alternative to disposable AA and AAA alkaline batteries used to power millions of portable devices.
which is around half that of a typical lithium-ion battery. However, the researchers are confident they can improve on this."
or negative electrodes, of lithium-ion batteries while also extending their lifetime and potentially allowing for faster battery charging
The lithium-ion batteries in our phones, tablets and laptops store their energy-carrying ions inside negative electrodes made of graphite.
and contract very noticeably as the greatly increased number of lithium ions travel to and from the electrode with each charge cycle.
storing and releasing ions without damaging the structure of the electrode and leading to much longer-lasting, high-capacity batteries.
However, it isn't usually considered a good choice for building lithium-ion batteries because the repeated expansion and shrinkage inside the electrode cause aluminium particles to shed their outer layer.
This gave the aluminum nanoparticles enough room to collect lithium ions and expand considerably as needed, without damaging the electric contacts of the cell.
and 300 fully entangled qubits can manipulate as many classical bits of information as there are atoms in the Universe.
or simulating the behavior of every single atom in your right toe. However if the bulk of operations has to be performed in a sequential order, flowchart-style,
Last year, UNSW scientists were able to create single"CMOS type"qubits that leveraged current transistor technology and silicon-28, a very common isotope of silicon,
would be to conduct virtual experiments simulating the behavior of atoms and particles in unusual conditions,
and 300 fully entangled qubits can manipulate as many classical bits of information as there are atoms in the Universe.
or simulating the behavior of every single atom in your right toe. However if the bulk of operations has to be performed in a sequential order, flowchart-style,
Last year, UNSW scientists were able to create single"CMOS type"qubits that leveraged current transistor technology and silicon-28, a very common isotope of silicon,
would be to conduct virtual experiments simulating the behavior of atoms and particles in unusual conditions,
#Boron-doped graphene to enable ultrasensitive gas sensors As an atom-thick, two-dimensional material with high conductivity,
By pairing boron atoms with graphene to create what is known as a heteroatom structure (where non-carbon atoms bond with carbon atoms to form part of the molecular ring),
"We were previously able to dope graphene with atoms of nitrogen, but boron proved to be much more difficult.
whilst contributing researchers in the US and Belgium established that boron atoms were melded into the graphene lattice
The scientists also believe that their theoretical research points towards using boron-doped graphene to improve such things as lithium-ion batteries by controlling generated gas levels for optimum efficiency y
but not without a certain amount of energy storage in the form of expensive lithium-ion batteries. he Innovus genset is going to allow us to achieve a very high renewable penetration without a very large battery,
It helps remove salt ions from the surface to allow the glue to get to the underlying surface, according to UCSB Greg Maier.
By replacing the salt ions on the rock surface, CTC increased the adhesion force by a factor of 30."
Neumann measured the speed of titanium ions released by a pulsed electric arc similar to an arc welder. he titanium was coming out at 20 kilometers per second 12.4 miles per second and
Ion thrusters such as the one that took Dawn to Ceres are only suitable for use in vacuums
#New Experiment Confirms Fundamental Symmetry In Nature With the help of the Large hadron collider (LHC) heavy ion detector ALICE (A large Ion Collider Experiment),
and identification capabilities to take measurements of particles produced from high-energy heavy ion collisions. The purpose of their experiment was to look for subtle differences in the ways protons
and ALICE is specialized a instrument that looks for heavy ion (lead) collisions. When lead ions collide,
they produce a massive amount of particles and antiparticles. Data shows these particles combine to form nuclei as well as antinuclei at almost the same rate,
Individual atoms in natural materials cannot be rearranged on such a grand scale, but the advantage of this new synthetic material is that it can be customized."
#Concept the translucent battery, that charging from the sun A group of Japanese engineers at the University of Kogakuin developed translucent lithium-ion battery that can be recharged in the sun. Solar rays are converted into electricity, the fact
Graphene is an incredibly strong one-atom-thick layer of carbon, and is known for its excellent conductive properties of heat and electricity.
which combine metal atoms and organic molecules, exhibit the ideal electronic structure required to catalyse these reactions."
when you fuse aluminum and iron atoms together, it tends to create tough, crystalline structures called B2,
#Transparent Batteries That Charge In The Sun A group of Japanese researchers have managed to improve the design of a transparent lithium-ion battery
Those are all common ingredients used in Li-ion rechargeable batteries but the thickness of these electrodes are just 80 to 90 nanometers,
when a small amount of foreign atoms are made to attach to its surface at high temperatures. In this case
The nanoparticle is made up of columns consisting of palladium atoms stacked on top of each other. This image has been modified from the original to provide a better visualization.
when a small amount of foreign atoms are made to attach to its surface at high temperatures. In this case
and power of lithium-ion batteries One big problem faced by electrodes in rechargeable batteries, as they go through repeated cycles of charging
which use aluminum as the key material for the lithium-ion battery negative electrode, or anode, are reported in the journal Nature Communications, in a paper by MIT professor Ju Li and six others.
Most present lithium-ion batteries the most widely used form of rechargeable batteries use anodes made of graphite, a form of carbon.
As a result, previous attempts to develop an aluminum electrode for lithium-ion batteries had failed.
a better conductor of electrons and lithium ions when it is very thin. Aluminum powders were placed in sulfuric acid saturated with titanium oxysulfate.
which shows that small ions can get through the shell. The particles are treated then to get the final aluminum-titania (ATO) yolk-shell particles.
while allowing lithium ions and electrons to get in and out. The result is an electrode that gives more than three times the capacity of graphite (1. 2 Ah/g) at a normal charging rate
an atom-thick material with extraordinary properties, is a promising candidate for the next generation of dramatically faster, more energy-efficient electronics.
Graphene, a sheet of carbon atoms that is only one atom in thickness, conducts electricity and dissipates heat much more efficiently than silicon,
A defectree layer is also impermeable to all atoms and molecules. This amalgamation makes it a terrifically attractive material to apply to scientific developments in a wide variety of fields, such as electronics, aerospace and sports.
which are cage-like structures consisting of metal ions, linked by organic bonds. Their porous properties have led to proposed application in carbon capture, hydrogen storage and toxic gas separations,
The next step was to dissolve DNA in a thick liquid that contained charged ions and whose molecular structure can be tuned fine to change its thickness,
By combining ionic liquids with nanopores on molybdenum disulfide thin films they hope to create a cheaper DNA sequencing platform with a better output.
The working principle used in this case is similar to the concept of lithium-ion batteries. There are several possibilities to create
however, this mechanism is limited often to the top monolayer of atoms of the crystal lattice only.
and consumption of energy. housands of charge-discharge cycles of lithium-ion batteries used in mobile phones, for instance,
This led us to the idea to exploit similar structures such as the lithium-ion batteries
When charging and discharging a lithium-ion accumulator, the ions migrate from one electrode to the other
and intercalate into the electrode. The team of scientists around Dasgupta has produced now a lithium-ion accumulator, in
which one electrode is made of maghemite, a ferromagnetic iron oxide(?-Fe2o3), and the other electrode consists of pure lithium metal.
Experiments revealed that lithium ion intercalation in maghemite reduces its magnetization at room temperature. By the specific control of the lithium ions,
i e. by charging and discharging the accumulator, magnetization of maghemite can be controlled. Similar to conventional lithium-ion accumulators, this effect can be repeated.
In the experiments reported, the researchers reached a variation of magnetization by up to 30%.%In the long term, complete on
and this method provides a straightforward way to make semiconducting nanoscale circuits from graphene, a form of carbon only one atom thick.
"Graphene, a one-atom-thick, two-dimensional sheet of carbon atoms, is known for moving electrons at lightning speed across its surface without interference.
where single atoms connect to each other in a diamond-like grid structure, each face of a crystal (1, 1,
"explained Dr. Stephan Winnerl, physicist at the Institute of Ion beam Physics and Materials Research at the HZDR.
"explained Dr. Stephan Winnerl, physicist at the Institute of Ion beam Physics and Materials Research at the HZDR.
which carries a supply of iron atoms that every cell needs as components of metabolic enzymes.
"Ions are also much heavier than electrons and do not tunnel easily, which permits aggressive scaling of memristors without sacrificing analog properties."
She uses a chemical vapour coating technique (sprayed ion-layer gas reaction/Spray-ILGAR) that was developed
With their aligned atoms, the graphene-nanotube digital switches could avoid the issues of electron scattering."
Control voltages that shift oxygen ions and vacancies switch the bits between ones and zeroes.
the researchers found the tantalum oxide gradually loses oxygen ions, changing from an oxygen-rich, nanoporous semiconductor at the top to oxygen-poor at the bottom.
These are"holes"in atomic arrays where oxygen ions should exist, but don't. The voltage-controlled movement of oxygen vacancies shifts the boundary from the tantalum/tantalum oxide interface to the tantalum oxide/graphene interface."
Third, the flow of current draws oxygen ions from the tantalum oxide nanopores and stabilizes them.
These negatively charged ions produce an electric field that effectively serves as a diode to hinder error-causing crosstalk.
Graphene, an atom-thick material with extraordinary properties, is a promising candidate for the next generation of dramatically faster, more energy-efficient electronics.
Graphene, a sheet of carbon atoms that is only one atom in thickness, conducts electricity and dissipates heat much more efficiently than silicon,
We have fabricated also Li-ion batteries based on structurally resilient carbon nanotube-based electrodes that have survived thousands of flexing cycles.
while still allowing the ions to flow seamlessly to complete the electrical circuit in the cell.
with their atoms arranged in a highly organised and regular manner. Metallic glass alloys, however, have disordered a highly structure,
with the atoms arranged in a non-regular way.""There are many types of metallic glass, with the most popular ones based on zirconium, palladium, magnesium, titanium or copper.
The next step was to dissolve DNA in a thick liquid that contained charged ions and whose molecular structure can be tuned fine to change its thickness, or"viscosity gradient".
By combining ionic liquids with nanopores on molybdenum disulfide thin films, they hope to create a cheaper DNA sequencing platform with a better output.
i e. depending on the arrangement of the atoms in the material. This changeability-between crystalline (regular) and amorphous (irregular) states-allowed the team to store many bits in a single integrated nanoscale optical phase-change cell l
when atoms are brought too close together-to detect a wide array of protein markers that are linked to various diseases.
some of the atoms in the anode--an electrically conductive metal like lithium--become ions that then travel to the cathode,
and the ions travel back and stick onto the anode. But when they do, the ions don't attach evenly.
Instead, they form microscopic bumps that eventually grow into long branches after multiple recharging cycles. When these dendrites reach
the researchers used a computer to simulate the effect of heat on the individual lithium atoms that comprise a dendrite,
The simulations showed that increased temperatures triggered the atoms to move around in two ways. The atom at the tip of the pyramid can drop to lower levels.
Or an atom at a lower level can move and leave behind a vacant spot, which is filled then by another atom.
The atoms shuffle around, generating enough motion to topple the dendrite. By quantifying how much energy is needed to change the structure of the dendrite,
Aryanfar said, researchers can better understand its structural characteristics. And while many factors affect a battery's longevity at high temperatures--such as its tendency to discharge on its own
or the occurrence of other chemical reactions on the side--this new work shows that to revitalize a battery,
The spin-valve consisted of two ferromagnetic cobalt layers, one superconductive niobium layer with thickness of approximately 150 atoms and a layer of gold.
by showing that potassium can work with graphite in a potassium-ion battery-a discovery that could pose a challenge and sustainable alternative to the widely-used lithium-ion battery.
Lithium-ion batteries are ubiquitous in devices all over the world, ranging from cell phones to laptop computers and electric cars.
A potassium-ion battery has been shown to be possible. And the last time this possibility was explored was
as the charge carrier whose ions migrate into the graphite and create an electrical current.
Right now, batteries based on this approach don't have performance that equals those of lithium-ion batteries,
"It's safe to say that the energy density of a potassium-ion battery may never exceed that of lithium-ion batteries,
They used ion beam irradiation to modify the interface between the dots and the film to allow"imprinting"of the magnetic moments of the dots into the film.
a process of aligning atoms inside a diamond so they create a signal detectable by an MRI SCANNER."
#Single atom alloy platinum-copper catalysts cut costs, boost green technology: New generation of catalysts demonstrated for selective hydrogenation of butadiene Abstract:
A new generation of platinum-copper catalysts that require very low concentrations of platinum in the form of individual atoms to cleanly
isolated platinum atoms in much less costly copper surfaces can create a highly effective and cost-efficient catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of 1, 3 butadiene,
"We were excited to find that the platinum metal dissolved in copper, just like sugar in hot coffee, all the way down to single atoms.
We call such materials single atom alloys, "said Sykes. The Tufts chemists used a specialized low temperature scanning tunneling microscope to visualize the single platinum atoms and their interaction with hydrogen."
"We found that even at temperatures as low as minus 300 degrees F these platinum atoms were capable of splitting hydrogen molecules into atoms,
indicating that the platinum atoms would be very good at activating hydrogen for a chemical reaction,
"Sykes said. With that knowledge, Sykes and his fellow chemists turned to long-time Tufts collaborator Maria Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, Ph d.,the Robert and Marcy Haber Endowed Professor in Energy Sustainability at the School of engineering,
such as platinum-copper single atom alloy nanoparticles supported on an alumina substrate, and then tested them under industrial pressure and temperatures."
because clusters of platinum atoms have compared inferior selectivity with individual atoms.""In this case, less is said more
and manipulate atoms and molecules, and I wanted to use its unique capabilities to gain insight into industrially important chemical reactions.
In the early 2000s, Maria's group had pioneered the single-atom approach for metals anchored on oxide supports as the exclusive active sites for the water-gas shift reaction to upgrade hydrogen streams for fuel cell use.
Together we embarked on a new direction involving single atom alloys as catalysts for selective hydrogenation reactions.
"Sykes and Flytzani-Stephanopoulos have used this approach to design a variety of single atom alloy catalysts that have,
and properties of single atom alloy surfaces and then applied this knowledge to develop a working catalyst.
Armed with this knowledge, we are now ready to compare the stability of these single atom alloy catalysts to single atom catalysts supported on various oxide or carbon surfaces.
and the Ruhr Universität Bochum (RUB) have developed a new way to store information that uses ions to save data
It consists of two metallic electrodes that are separated by a so-called solid ion conductor usually a transition metal oxide.
as well as ions within the layer between being displaced. The advantage is that cells that are constructed in this way are easy to produce
and can be reduced to almost the size of atoms. The scientists achieve a long storage time by setting the ion density in the cells precisely via the voltage applied."
"That was a big challenge, "said Mirko Hansen, doctoral candidate and lead author of the study from Kohlstedt's team,
"Electrons are roughly 1000 times lighter than ions and so they move much more easily under the influence of an external voltage.
whereby in our component, the ions are immovable for extremely low voltages, while the electrons remain mobile
the researchers built an ion conductor, which was only a few nanometres (a millionth of a millimetre) thin to utilise quantum-mechanical effects for the flow through the storage cells."
ions are moved within the storage cell at voltages above one volt, and electrons, on the other hand, at voltages far below one volt.
This way, ions can be used specifically for storing and electrons specifically for reading data. The researchers also reported that their research had another very interesting element.
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