NMR measures a trait known as chemical shift for some of the individual atoms in the sample,
which can reveal how those atoms are connected. ou look at changes in chemical shift and that tells you, for example,
the researchers label their target protein with carbon-13 a stable isotope of carbon while the rest of the proteins are unlabeled. his technique has the potential to really open up a wide range of studies,
#New way to store information uses ions to save data and electrons to read data Scientists from Kiel University
and the Ruhr Universität Bochum (RUB) have developed a new way to store information that uses ions to save data
It consists of two metallic electrodes that are separated by a so-called solid ion conductor usually a transition metal oxide.
as well as ions within the layer between being displaced. The advantage is that cells that are constructed in this way are easy to produce
and can be reduced to almost the size of atoms. The scientists achieve a long storage time by setting the ion density in the cells precisely via the voltage applied."
"That was a big challenge, "said Mirko Hansen, doctoral candidate and lead author of the study from Kohlstedt's team,
"Electrons are roughly 1000 times lighter than ions and so they move much more easily under the influence of an external voltage.
whereby in our component, the ions are immovable for extremely low voltages, while the electrons remain mobile
the researchers built an ion conductor, which was only a few nanometres (a millionth of a millimetre) thin to utilise quantum-mechanical effects for the flow through the storage cells."
ions are moved within the storage cell at voltages above one volt, and electrons, on the other hand, at voltages far below one volt.
This way, ions can be used specifically for storing and electrons specifically for reading data. The researchers also reported that their research had another very interesting element.
Graphene is an incredibly strong one-atom-thick layer of carbon, and is known for its excellent conductive properties of heat and electricity.
Chemical reactions and material phase transitions, for example, happen on the scale of atoms --which are about one tenth of one billionth of a meter across--and attoseconds
When the pulses hit the atoms in a material, the electrons scatter like a wave.
scientists can determine information like the distance between atoms. Conventional electron pulse technology uses a static magnetic field to compress the electrons transversely.
the proposed scheme is potentially useful for focusing other particles such as accelerated protons and neutral atoms.
and this method provides a straightforward way to make semiconducting nanoscale circuits from graphene, a form of carbon only one atom thick.
"Graphene, a one-atom-thick, two-dimensional sheet of carbon atoms, is known for moving electrons at lightning speed across its surface without interference.
where single atoms connect to each other in a diamond-like grid structure, each face of a crystal (1, 1,
#Scientists design a full-scale architecture for a quantum computer in silicon Australian scientists have designed a 3d silicon chip architecture based on single atom quantum bits,
and have developed the world's most efficient quantum bits in silicon using either the electron or nuclear spins of single phosphorus atoms.
#Ultrasensitive sensors made from boron-doped graphene Ultrasensitive gas sensors based on the infusion of boron atoms into graphene--a tightly bound matrix of carbon atoms--may soon be possible, according to an international team of researchers
With the addition of boron atoms, the boron graphene sensors were able to detect noxious gas molecules at extremely low concentrations, parts per billion in the case of nitrogen oxides and parts per million for ammonia
"We were previously able to dope graphene with atoms of nitrogen, but boron proved to be much more difficult.
confirmed the presence of the boron atoms in the graphene lattice and their effect when interacting with ammonia or nitrogen oxide molecules.
theoretical work indicates that boron-doped graphene could lead to improved lithium-ion batteries and field-effect transistors, the authors report t
ACS) Today, lithium-ion batteries are the storage technology of choice for many applications, from electric cars to smartphones.
For example, Tesla, the maker of luxury electric cars, is ambitiously expanding its lithium-ion technology to fill that niche
Maksym V. Kovalenko and colleagues wanted to develop an affordable alternative to lithium-ion. The researchers started with magnesium as the batterys safe
Testing showed that the resulting devices energy density was close to that of lithium-ion batteries. It could get an additional two-to threefold boost with further development of magnesium electrolytes.
made entirely of positively or negatively charged ions. Because the material is liquid at room temperature, it is safer and simpler to take it into space than a plasma or gas.
Applying an electric field can send these ions streaming away from the satellite at high speeds
Would the ions left behind corrode the spacecraft? Would the spacecraft itself remain neutrally charged,
or would the positive ions left behind pull the negative ions back in, cancelling out the thrust?
rather than having it fly around the lab. One thruster emitted positive ions and the other negative ones, keeping the Cubesat neutrally charged.
will we be able to deplete all the ions from this ionic liquid? Lozano says. ut we were able to get every single ion out.
The tank was completely dry. This is the most exciting test we have run so far.
Phase-change materials that change their optical properties depending on the arrangement of their constituent atoms allow for the storage of several bits in a single cell.
which are novel materials that change their optical properties depending on the arrangement of the atoms.
#Aluminum-Ion Batteries Are Flexible, Fast-Charging, And Won't Catch on Fire Almost all of the electronic devices that we carry around with us all day now rely on one key,
the lithium-ion battery. A mainstay of rechargeable power for the last couple decades, this battery technology has gotten only minor refinements.
compromise a lithium-ion battery and you'll likely see some sparks or flame, but the materials in this new battery are all non-reactive.
000 you'd likely get out of a Li-ion battery--aluminum-ion's woes aren't all behind it.
The voltage provided by an aluminum-ion battery is only about half of that what you'd get from a lithium-ion cell.
And, as Ars Technica points out the overall power density--the amount of juice you can store in a battery vis-a-vis its size--more closely resembles the large lead-acid battery you'd find in your car.
So aluminum-ion batteries still aren't quite ready for primetime, but you can bet that electronics manufacturers, makers of electric cars,
Meanwhile, researchers are working to enhance the performance of lithium-ion batteries using materials like carbon nanotubes,
Should scientists be able to increase the power and energy density of aluminum-ion batteries its speed of charging, lack of volatility,
the most notable kinds of electric engines include ion thrusters, which propel rockets by accelerating ions.
Such an engine is currently being used on the Dawn mission to the dwarf planet Ceres. However,
ions effectively dance within the glass and hit the electrochromic material to achieve tint-controlled windows.
and this method provides a straightforward way to make semiconducting nanoscale circuits from graphene, a form of carbon only one atom thick.
"Graphene, a one-atom-thick, 2-D sheet of carbon atoms, is known for moving electrons at lightning speed across its surface without interference.
where single atoms connect to each other in a diamond-like grid structure, each face of a crystal (1, 1,
and be transferred to a different atom or molecule. Ultimately, it is these electrons which are transferred to the protons in the water moleculend thereby create elementary hydrogen.
which is a common isotope of helium, is rapidly increasing and its availability may soon be limited to conserve strategic supplies.
#Cobalt atoms on graphene a powerful combo Graphene doped with nitrogen and augmented with cobalt atoms has proven to be an effective, durable catalyst for the production of hydrogen from water, according to scientists at Rice Univ. The Rice lab of chemist James Tour and colleagues at the Chinese Academy of Sciences,
the Univ. of Texas at San antonio and the Univ. of Houston have reported the development of a robust,
Catalysts can split water into its constituent hydrogen and oxygen atoms, a process required for fuel cells.
but the use of atoms, Tour said. he particles doing this chemistry are as small as you can possibly Get even particles on the nanoscale work only at the surface,
he said. here are so many atoms inside the nanoparticle that never do anything. But in our process the atoms driving catalysis have no metal atoms next to them.
Wee getting away with very little cobalt to make a catalyst that nearly matches the best platinum catalysts.
Tour said single-atom catalysts have been realized in liquids, but rarely on a surface. his way we can build electrodes out of it,
The researchers discovered that heat-treating graphene oxide and small amounts of cobalt salts in a gaseous environment forced individual cobalt atoms to bind to the material.
Electron microscope images showed cobalt atoms widely dispersed throughout the samples. They tested nitrogen-doped graphene on its own and found it lacked the ability to kick the catalytic process into gear.
Atom-thick graphene is the ideal substrate, Tour said, because of its high surface area, stability in harsh operating conditions and high conductivity.
a postdoctoral researcher in Zia's lab. Cueff started with an emitter made of erbium ions,
This change in reflectivity, in turn, switches how nearby erbium ions emit light. As the VO2 changes phase, the erbium emissions go from being generated mostly by magnetic dipole transitions (the rotational torque push
and iron atoms dispersed throughout the structure, with links of benzenedipyrazolate (bdp). Both cobalt (bdp) and iron (bdp) are highly porous when expanded,
and arsenic atoms that can capture electrons on a 2-D plane. Only a few groups in the world are able to grow the material,
The newly discovered, exotic nuclei are one isotope each of heavy elements berkelium, neptunium and uranium and two isotopes of the element americium.
Every chemical element comes in the form of different isotopes. These isotopes are distinguished from one another by the number of neutrons in the nucleus,
and thus by their mass. The newly discovered isotopes have fewer neutrons and are lighter than the previously known isotopes of the respective elements.
To date, the known Periodic table comprises more than 3, 000 isotopes of 114 confirmed chemical elements. According to scientific estimates
more than 4, 000 additional, undiscovered isotopes also should exist. Due to their low number of neutrons,
their structure is very exotic and therefore interesting for the development of theoretical models describing atomic nuclei. hese results really push what we know about nuclear structure to the extreme, neutron-deficient end of the chart of the nuclides,
Shaughnessy said. hen you realize that naturally occurring uranium has 146 neutrons and this new isotope only has 124 neutrons,
it shows how much more we still have yet to learn about nuclear structure and the forces that hold the nucleus together.
Different isotopes formed as the end products of this exchange. The isotopes of berkelium neptunium, uranium and americium discovered were created as the end products of such collisions.
They are unstable and decay after a few milliseconds or seconds, depending on the isotope. All of the resulting decay products can be separated
and analyzed using special filters composed of electrical and magnetic fields. The scientists used all of the decay products detected to identify the new isotope that has been created.
The current experiments will make it possible to explore previously unknown areas on the isotope chart.
The elements 107 to 112 were discovered using the same experimental facility at GSI c
#How wireless-ray visioncould power virtual reality, smart homes, and Hollywood A team of researchers at MIT Computer science and Artificial intelligence Lab (CSAIL) has believed long that wireless signals like Wifi can be used to see things that are invisible to the naked eye.
which is ten times that of a lithium-ion battery. Such a high energy density would be comparable to that of gasoline
'fluffy'carbon electrode made from graphene (comprising one-atom-thick sheets of carbon atoms), and additives that alter the chemical reactions at work in the battery,
In the lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries we use in our laptops and smartphones, the negative electrode is made of graphite (a form of carbon),
The action of the battery depends on the movement of lithium ions between the electrodes. Li-ion batteries are light
but their capacity deteriorates with age, and their relatively low energy densities mean that they need to be recharged frequently.
Over the past decade, researchers have been developing various alternatives to Li-ion batteries, and lithium-air batteries are considered the ultimate in next-generation energy storage, because of their extremely high energy density.
whereas 0. 2 V is closer to that of a Li-ion battery, and equates to an energy efficiency of 93%.
while flowing nitrogen gas is known to extract oxygen atoms from the bismuth vanadate, creating"defects."
"ORNL researchers tracked the molecular transition in labeling experiments with deuterium, a hydrogen isotope, to confirm the hydrocarbon pool mechanism.
these channels act like a doorman to regulate the entry of calcium ions in the nerve cells.
"It has also been known for a long time that following transient severe brain injury and prior to an initial spontaneous epileptic seizure, the concentration of free zinc ions increases in the hippocampus.
If the number of zinc ions increases following transient severe brain damage, these ions dock in greater numbers onto a switch, the so-called metal-regulatory transcription factor 1 (MTF1.
#This transparent lithium-ion battery charges itself with sunlight Researchers in Japan have invented a rechargeable lithium-ion battery that can charge itself using sunlight-no solar cell required.
of which are used commonly in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. For the prototype that was put on display in Tokyo last month,
another possibility for the technology is self-charging smartphone screens made from transparent lithium-ion batteries.
which means their atoms are arranged in a highly organised way. Metallic glass alloys, on the other hand, have disordered a highly structure,
with their atoms arranged irregularly. The new model, which is described in Nature Communications, looks at the atomic structure of different metals and identifies
#Researchers create lithium-air battery that could be 10x more powerful than lithium-ion A new lithium-air battery created by researchers at the University of Cambridge points the way to the ultimate battery packs of the future,
The idea of a lithium-air or lithium-oxygen battery isn't new scientists have known for a while that these types of batteries can hold up to 10 times the charge of today's lithium-ion packs (imagine not having to charge your phone for a whole week.
With the use of lithium ions as dopant, researchers found it offered significant electronic conductivity
Yanliang Liang, a research associate at UH and first author on the paper, said researchers aren't trying to compete directly with conventional lithium-ion batteries."
cheaper and more powerful and durable than lithium-ion batteries common in mobile phones and laptops and increasingly used in hybrid and electric cars.
The batteries can have three times the energy density of lithium-ion batteries, but have been sluggish. To counter that problem,
In its cellular membrane, the bacterium had a previously unknown type of ion transporter. The protein,
Integrating these ion transporters into the neuronal membrane makes it possible to alter their state of charge using light impulses
and each of these proteins was only permeable to certain ions. KR2 transports positively charged sodium ions out of the cell,
which is a feature that so far had been missing in the toolkit of optogenetics. However, until now neither the exact atomic structure nor the ion transport mechanism had been known--which is an important prerequisite for utilizing KR2
and adapting it for specific applications. This challenge awakened the interest of a team of structural biologists headed by Prof.
A feature of KR2, that the scientists were interested particularly in was the unusual structure of the inward facing ion-uptake cavity,
"We hypothesized that this structure could act as a kind of filter causing the selectivity of KR2 for sodium ions,
"In neurons, transporting potassium ions from the cell is the natural mechanism of deactivation. Normally, an activated neuron will release them through passive potassium channels in the membrane.
was first in the world to demonstrate single-atom spin qubits in silicon, reported in Nature in 2012 and 2013.
like the spin of a single phosphorus atom in isotopically enriched silicon, can be controlled using electric fields,
Associate professor Morello said the method works by distorting the shape of the electron cloud attached to the atom,
Here, the'knob'is applied the voltage to a small electrode placed above the atom.""The findings suggest that it would be possible to locally control individual qubits with electric fields in a large-scale quantum computer using only inexpensive voltage generators, rather than the expensive high-frequency microwave sources.
containing only the silicon-28 isotope.""This isotope is perfectly nonmagnetic and, unlike those in naturally occurring silicon,
does not disturb the quantum bit, "Associate professor Morello said. The purified silicon was provided through collaboration with Professor Kohei Itoh from Keio University in Japan n
A leading proposal suggested that KP1212 derived its mutagenicity by shape shifting--converting into a different molecular structure by repositioning its hydrogen atoms on nitrogen and oxygen atoms.
The work taught his team how to create even more potent shape shifters--by decorating the KP1212 scaffold with groups of atoms and molecules that further raises their ability to capture protons."
, it has attached negative ions to its surface. It thus attracts small positively charged molecules whether these are ions or drugs.
When an electrical current is applied to it, the flow of electrons generated projects the molecules of interest toward the target area.
which an otherwise strong bond between individual atoms dissolves in one location --and forms again precisely when energy is pumped into the structure.
"We developed a nanotechnology at the HZDR that relies on extremely thin tips made of very few gold atoms.
#Better battery imaging paves way for renewable energy future"Iron fluoride has the potential to triple the amount of energy a conventional lithium-ion battery can store,
Insulators typically become metallic by a reduction in the spacing between atoms in the material.
electrons localize between the atoms and do not freely flow as they do in the metallic form."
Zeng and his colleagues unveiled the arrangements for a molecule featuring 68 gold atoms and 32 pairs of bonded sulfur-hydrogen atoms.
Sixteen of the gold atoms form the molecule's core; the remainder bond with the sulfur
-and-protect"to configure potential arrangements of the remaining gold atoms and sulfur-hydrogen pairs surrounding the core.
medium and long staple--such as the fact that a short staple consists of two sulfur atoms bonded with one gold.
By combining this information with their knowledge of how many atoms reside outside the core the team reduced the number of potential arrangements from millions to mere hundreds."
The first was a nuclear medicine radioisotope technique called beta-methyl-p-iodophenyl-pentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) scintigraphy1
Radioisotopes are injected and the radiation emitted is used to create 2d images. Beta-methyl-p-iodophenyl-pentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) is a radioisotope
whose uptake is an indicator of fatty acid metabolism in the heart. 2. An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart.
#Chemists cook up three atom-thick electronic sheets This process of film deposition is common for traditional semiconductors like silicon
when it is just atoms thick. Three atom-thick layers of molybdenum disulfide were cooked up in the lab of Jiwoong Park, associate professor of chemistry and chemical biology and member of the Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science.
The films were designed and grown by postdoctoral associate Kibum Kang and graduate student Saien Xie. Their work is published online in Nature, April 30."
but with different materials, it starts with a powdery precursor, forms a gas and sprinkles single atoms onto a substrate, one layer at a time.
This effectively proved that these three-atom-thick semiconducting films can be made into multilevel electronic devices of unsurpassed thinness.
The paper is titled"High-mobility three-atom-thick semiconducting films with wafer scale homogeneity.""The work was supported by the Air force Office of Scientific research,
The first was a nuclear medicine radioisotope technique called beta-methyl-p-iodophenyl-pentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) scintigraphy1
"Traditional drugs--from cold medicine to chemotherapy--are composed of small molecules of a few dozen atoms, typically.
"Native defects, a type of structural flaw in which the regular pattern of atoms is altered naturally during crystal growth, play an important role in charge carrier trapping and recombination in semiconductors.
so that a carbon atom from the diamond lattice was replaced with a nitrogen atom in their crystal lattices with a missing atom directly adjacent.
which use aluminum as the key material for the lithium-ion battery's negative electrode,
Most present lithium-ion batteries--the most widely used form of rechargeable batteries--use anodes made of graphite, a form of carbon.
As a result, previous attempts to develop an aluminum electrode for lithium-ion batteries had failed.
a better conductor of electrons and lithium ions when it is very thin. Aluminum powders were placed in sulfuric acid saturated with titanium oxysulfate.
"which shows that small ions can get through the shell. The particles are treated then to get the final aluminum-titania (ATO) yolk-shell particles.
while allowing lithium ions and electrons to get in and out. The result is an electrode that gives more than three times the capacity of graphite (1. 2 Ah/g) at a normal charging rate
We're able to see how atoms in molecules move with UED, which is an important step toward making molecular movies of ultrafast chemical reactions."
These atoms form a thin, molecular sandwich with the one metal and two chalcogenides, and depending on their fabrication method can exist in several slightly different shaped atomic arrangements.
As the chips approach single or several atom thickness, (commonly referred to as 2-dimensional),
which was several atoms thick. They directed a 1 m wide laser (a human hair is 17 to 181 m) at the 2h-Mote2
#Scientists determine how antibiotic gains cancer-killing sulfur atoms In a discovery with implications for future drug design,
"Until our study, we didn't really know how sulfur atoms are incorporated into a natural product--now we have discovered a new family of enzymes
it is particularly exciting that this new discovery now provides the possibilities of adding sulfur atoms to compounds similar to leinamycin or other polyketide natural products."
Each new combination of atom-thick layers presents new properties and researchers suspect that one, or more, of these new materials will exhibit energy storage
the researchers selectively extract layers of aluminum atoms from a block of MAX phase by etching them out with an acid."
where the titanium atoms are in center and the molybdenum on the outside. The next Frontier Now, with the help of theoretical calculations done by researchers at the FIRST ENERGY Frontier Research center at the Oak ridge National Laboratory,
The researcher explains that"ozone is composed triatomic (molecule of three atoms) oxygen which is very reactive
while still allowing the ions to flow seamlessly to complete the electrical circuit in the cell.
the researchers etched micrometer scale pillars into a silicon surface using photolithography and deep reactive-ion etching,
an ionization platform was developed for the ultrasensitive detection of molecules. With detection limits down to the zeptomolar range (a thousand trillionth of a mole,
however, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry techniques suffer from matrix-associated background problems that prevent the detection of small molecules at individual cell levels.
This process causes the ionization of cellular molecules without the hassle of a matrix. Using NAPA mass spectrometry
and xenobiotics in a broad class of samples, making it the foundation for matrix-free laser desorption ionization.
This biotechnology method could also have similar applications to other low-concentration ions in solution.
with the added complication that seawater also contains various metal ions at high concentrations, making separating the uranium extremely complex.
thermally stable protein called Super Uranyl-binding Protein (SUP) binds uranyl tightly (Kd of 7. 4 femtomolar) and with high selectivity(>10,000-fold selectivity over other metal ions.
This involves exciting a single atom with just a tiny amount of light. The theory states that the light scattered by this atom should,
similarly, be squeezed. Unfortunately, although the mathematical basis for this method--known as squeezing of resonance fluorescence--was drawn up in 1981,
or photons, using an artificially constructed atom, known as a semiconductor quantum dot. Thanks to the enhanced optical properties of this system and the technique used to make the measurements,
because we now have artificial atoms with optical properties that are superior to natural atoms.
In the Cambridge experiment, the researchers achieved this by shining a faint laser beam on to their artificial atom, the quantum dot.
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