because the parallel alignment of adjacent electron spins in the iron atoms generates a strong internal magnetic field.
At somewhat lower temperatures the iron atoms in the (Life) OH layer become ferromagnetic but superconductivity persists nevertheless.
#Smart lithium-ion battery warns of fire hazard Stanford university scientists have developed a smart lithium-ion battery that gives ample warning before it overheats
The new technology is designed for conventional lithium-ion batteries now used in billions of cellphones laptops and other electronic devices as well as a growing number of cars and airplanes.
Lowering the oddsa series of well-publicized incidents in recent years has raised concern over the safety of lithium-ion batteries.
In 2006 the Sony Corporation recalled millions of lithium-ion batteries after reports of more than a dozen consumer-laptop fires.
A typical lithium-ion battery consists of two tightly packed electrodes--a carbon anode and a lithium metal-oxide cathode--with an ultrathin polymer separator in between.
and ignite the flammable electrolyte solution that shuttles lithium ions back and forth. The separator is made of the same material used in plastic bottles said graduate student Denys Zhuo co-lead author of the study.
so that lithium ions can flow between the electrodes as the battery charges and discharges. Manufacturing defects such as particles of metal and dust can pierce the separator
Overcharging causes lithium ions to get stuck on the anode and pile up forming chains of lithium metal called dendrites Cui explained.
so it has negligible effect on the flow of lithium ions between the cathode and the anode.
Most lithium-ion batteries are used in small electronic devices. But as the electric vehicle market expands
Some electric cars today are equipped with thousands of lithium-ion battery cells. If one battery explodes the whole pack can potentially explode.
This next generation of lithium-ion batteries will enable electric vehicles to charge 20 times faster than the current technology.
NTU Singapore's scientists replaced the traditional graphite used for the anode (negative pole) in lithium-ion batteries with a new gel material made from titanium dioxide an abundant cheap and safe material found in soil.
NTU professor Rachid Yazami who was the co-inventor of the lithium-graphite anode 34 years ago that is used in most lithium-ion batteries today said Prof Chen's invention is the next
While the cost of lithium-ion batteries has been reduced significantly and its performance improved since Sony commercialised it in 1991 the market is fast expanding towards new applications in electric mobility
since our batteries last ten times longer than the current generation of lithium-ion batteries The long-life of the new battery also means drivers save on the cost of a battery replacement
Easy to manufactureaccording to Frost & Sullivan a leading growth-consulting firm the global market of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries is projected to be worth US$23. 4 billion in 2016.
Lithium-ion batteries usually use additives to bind the electrodes to the anode which affects the speed in
which electrons and ions can transfer in and out of the batteries. However Prof Chen's new cross-linked titanium dioxide nanotube-based electrodes eliminate the need for these additives
Last year Prof Yazami was awarded the Draper Prize by the National Academy of Engineering for his ground-breaking work in developing the lithium-ion battery with three other scientists.
or two atoms thick--actually move at any given time. As these outer layers of atoms move across the surface and redeposit elsewhere they give the impression of much greater movement
--but inside each particle the atoms stay perfectly lined up like bricks in a wall.
The interior is crystalline so the only mobile atoms are the first one or two monolayers Li says.
Everywhere except the first two layers is crystalline. By contrast if the droplets were to melt to a liquid state the orderliness of the crystal structure would be eliminated entirely--like a wall tumbling into a heap of bricks.
In an LED atoms can be forced to emit roughly 10 million photons in the blink of an eye.
That gap turned out to be just 20 atoms wide. But that wasn't a problem for the researchers.
Electron microscopy experiments revealed the presence of tungsten dimers paired tungsten atoms arranged in chains responsible for the key distortion from the classic octahedral structure type.
#Discovery of new subatomic particle, type of meson, to transform understanding of fundamental force of nature The discovery of a new particle will transform our understanding of the fundamental force of nature that binds the nuclei of atoms researchers argue.
Led by scientists from the University of Warwick the discovery of the new particle will help provide greater understanding of the strong interaction the fundamental force of nature found within the protons of an atom's nucleus. Named Ds3*(2860) the particle
and also for holding electrons in orbit around an atom's nucleus. The strong interaction is the force that binds quarks the subatomic particles that form protons within atoms together.
These sparks knock atoms out of the material resulting in a plasma that emits multicolored light.
the team produced'mass-resolved images'that reconstructed the distribution of gaseous secondary ions in the plume.
The mass-resolved images revealed that Mg ions were dispersed evenly at high concentrations inside the plume.
the population of Al ions rises in the middle of the near-field region close to the laser firing point.
atom-thick strips of carbon created by splitting nanotubes, a process also invented by the Tour lab
Velásquez-García and his colleagues use a technique called deep reactive-ion etching. On either face of a silicon wafer, they etch dense arrays of tiny rectangular columns tens of micrometers across
the researchers are able to directly observe individual atoms at the interface of two surfaces
By changing the spacing of atoms on one surface, they observed a point at which friction disappears.
and an ion crystal. The optical lattice was generated using two laser beams traveling in opposite directions,
When atoms travel across such an electric field, they are drawn to places of minimum potential in this case, the troughs.
an ion crystal essentially, a grid of charged atoms in order to study friction effects, atom by atom.
To generate the ion crystal, the group used light to ionize, or charge, neutral ytterbium atoms emerging from a small heated oven,
and then cooled them down with more laser light to just above absolute zero. The charged atoms can then be trapped using voltages applied to nearby metallic surfaces.
Once positively charged, each atom repels each other via the so-called oulomb force. The repulsion effectively keeps the atoms apart,
so that they form a crystal or latticelike surface. The team then used the same forces that are used to trap the atoms to push
and pull the ion crystal across the lattice, as well as to stretch and squeeze the ion crystal,
much like an accordion, altering the spacing between its atoms. An earthquake and a caterpillarin general, the researchers found that
when atoms in the ion crystal were spaced regularly, at intervals that matched the spacing of the optical lattice, the two surfaces experienced maximum friction,
much like two complementary Lego bricks. The team observed that when atoms are spaced so that each occupies a trough in the optical lattice,
when the ion crystal as a whole is dragged across the optical lattice, the atoms first tend to stick in the lattice troughs,
bound there by their preference for the lower electric potential, as well as by the Coulomb forces that keep the atoms apart.
If enough force is applied, the ion crystal suddenly slips, as the atoms collectively jump to the next trough. t like an earthquake,
Vuletic says. here force building up, and then there suddenly a catastrophic release of energy. he group continued to stretch
and squeeze the ion crystal to manipulate the arrangement of atoms, and discovered that if the atom spacing is mismatched from that of the optical lattice,
friction between the two surfaces vanishes. In this case the crystal tends not to stick then suddenly slip,
but to move fluidly across the optical lattice, much like a caterpillar inching across the ground.
For instance, in arrangements where some atoms are in troughs while others are at peaks, and still others are somewhere in between,
as the ion crystal is pulled across the optical lattice, one atom may slide down a peak a bit,
releasing a bit of stress, and making it easier for a second atom to climb out of a trough
which in turn pulls a third atom along, and so on. hat we can do is adjust at will the distance between the atoms to either be matched to the optical lattice for maximum friction,
or mismatched for no friction, Vuletic says. Gangloff adds that the group technique may be useful
not only for realizing nanomachines, but also for controlling proteins, molecules, and other biological components. n the biological domain, there are various molecules
and atoms in contact with one another, sliding along like biomolecular motors, as a result of friction or lack of friction, Gangloff says. o this intuition for how to arrange atoms so as to minimize
or maximize friction could be applied. obias Schaetz, a professor of physics at the University of Freiburg in Germany, sees the results as a lear breakthroughin gaining insight into therwise inaccessible fundamental physics.
The technique he says, may be applied to a number of areas, from the nanoscale to the macroscale. he applications and related impact of their novel method propels a huge variety of research fields investigating effects relevant from raft tectonics down to biological systems
and motor proteins, says Schaetz, who was involved not in the research. ust imagine a nanomachine where we could control friction to enhance contact for traction,
or mitigate drag on demand. his work was funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
uning friction atom-by-atom in an ion-crystal simulator, Science 5 june 2015: Vol. 348 no. 6239 pp. 1115-1118;
#Half Price Lithium-ion Batteries With Improved Performance and Recyclability MIT spinoff company 24m has reinvented the manufacturing process for lithium-ion batteries to reduce cost,
An advanced manufacturing approach for lithium-ion batteries, developed by researchers at MIT and at a spinoff company called 24m,
The existing process for manufacturing lithium-ion batteries, he says, has changed hardly in the two decades
for high-energy density devices such as lithium-ion batteries, the extra complexity and components of a flow system would add unnecessary extra cost.
e realized that a better way to make use of this flowable electrode technology was to reinvent the lithium ion manufacturing process. nstead of the standard method of applying liquid coatings to a roll of backing material,
While conventional lithium-ion batteries are composed of brittle electrodes that can crack under stress the new formulation produces battery cells that can be bent,
With traditional lithium-ion production plants must be built at large scale from the beginning in order to keep down unit costs,
and go-no go decisions. iswanathan adds that 24m new battery design ould do the same sort of disruption to lithium ion batteries manufacturing as
Mass-Selected Photoelectron Circular Dichroism (MS-PECD) uses circularly polarised light produced by a laser to ionise the molecules using a couple of photons to knock an electron out of the chiral molecule to leave a positively charged ion behind.
which a small electrical potential is applied to the negatively charged electron and positively charged ion which draws them out in opposite directions.
The scientists look for simultaneous detection of the ion and electron those reaching the detectors simultaneously are very likely to have come from the same molecule.
The mass of the ion can be measured and matched with its partner electron. By combining these methods,
The research, Enantiomer Specific Analysis of Multi-Component Mixtures by Correlated Electron Imaging-Ion Mass Spectrometry
and Ion Torrent PGM (Life Technologies) are sized laser-printer and offer modest setup and running costs.
The Ion Torrent PGM had the most throughput per hour. The 454 GS Junior generated the longest reads
#Porous Silicon Battery electrodes from Reeds Natural structures in reed leaves could find use in advanced lithium-ion batteries,
Silicon-based materials can theoretically store more than 10 times charge than the carbon-based materials most commonly used in the anodes of commercial lithium-ion batteries,
There even a built-in 37-watt lithium-ion battery and a USB plug so you can power your smartphone up to six times while on the go.
Aquion batteries use sodium ions from saltwater as their electrolyte. Electrical current moves through this brackish liquid from positive electrodes based on manganese oxide to negative ones based on carbon.
and that as soon as a part of our bodies is made of titanium atoms or something it s less human that you can't embed humanity into synthetics.
and some differ by just an atom or two so they're hard to tell apart.
and which also have the potential to store much more energy than conventional lithium-ion batteries (see onger-Lasting Battery Is Being tested for Wearable devices.
In solid-state batteries the liquid electrolytes normally used in conventional lithium-ion batteries are replaced with solid ones
known as an ion accelerator, can make fine sheets of other costly materials, so it could also lead to better and cheaper electronics and solar cells.
implanting the ions to a depth of 26 micrometers. The wafer can then be removed and heated up so that the hydrogen ions form hydrogen gas,
The proposed plant would have more lithium-ion battery capacity than all current factories combined (see oes Musk Gigafactory Make sense?
Lithium-ion batteries are just about everywherehey power almost all smartphones, tablets, and laptops. Yet Elon musk, CEO of Tesla motors, says he intends to build a factory in the United states three years from
now that will more than double the world total lithium-ion battery production. The plan is still in its early stages,
when copper ions generate free radicals from water and oxygen, and sometimes from certain sulfur-containing amino acids.
#Scientists use graphene to create the world's smallest light bulb Scientists have created the world's smallest light bulb from a one atom-thick layer of graphene,
is composed of layers of carbon laid down in a lattice structure just one atom thick.
Scientists have created the world's smallest light bulb from a one atom-thick layer of graphene
is composed of layers of carbon laid down in a lattice structure just one atom thick.
At the heart of the new technology is a piece of nano-engineered silica glass with ions that fluoresce in infrared light when a low power laser light hits them.
At the heart of the new technology is a piece of nano-engineered silica glass with ions that fluoresce in infrared light when a low power laser light hits them.
graphene is a 2d material that consists of a hexagonal sheet only a single atom thick.
a crystalline form of C60 fullerene, irradiated by an ion beam consisting of fast protons. They quantified the electron yield in a broad kinetic energy range,
#Researchers Create Unexpected Shapes of Mesoscale Atoms In the prestigious physics journal"Physical Review Letters"a team of researchers from the Institute of Physical chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences (IPC PAS) in Warsaw,
As a result, the number of different structures of mesoscale atoms it was possible to obtain was limited very."
The existence of the second parameter significantly enhances the ability to form new mesoscale atoms.
Depending on the configuration--the number of droplets within the drop and the ratio between the volumes of all the droplets--a unique structure of a mesoscale atom formed.
The researchers could observe a number of distinct geometries of the atoms. A real surprise was that they could also observe structures containing all core droplets arranged in a row
The mesoscale atoms of droplets within drops obtained by the team from IPC PAS had just sub-millimeter dimensions,
"The controlled production of mesoscale atoms from droplets is of particular importance for materials science. This is because materials come into being in a manner somewhat similar to structures made of building blocks:
they are made up'of many smaller'bricks'--tightly packed clusters of particles or atoms. A promising area of use seems to be the transport of drugs to specific areas of the body.
Each drop in the mesoscale atom could contain various therapeutic substances which would be released under different conditions.
These arrays of nanoparticles with predictable geometric configurations are somewhat analogous to molecules made of atoms.
While atoms form molecules based on the nature of their chemical bonds, there has been no easy way to impose such a specific spatial binding scheme on nanoparticles.
"This framework also contains organic molecules and functional atoms, such as nitrogen, which allow us to tune the electronic properties of the carbon."
and a suitable pore architecture that allows for the rapid movement of ions from the electrolyte solution to the carbon surface."
"We can easily design electrodes with very small pores that allow lithium ions to diffuse through the carbon
#Nanopost Array Nanotechnology in REDICHIP Enables Rapid Identification of Small Molecules in Biofluids Known as REDICHIP#("Resonance-Enhanced Desorption Ionization),
They directly examined separate atoms at the interface of two surfaces and altered their arrangement by tuning the quantity of friction between the surfaces.
Friction was created at the nanoscale by designing two surfaces, an optical lattice and an ion crystal,
The atoms are attracted to areas with minimum potential (trough area) when they pass such an electric field.
The ion crystal is charged a atomic grid created by Vuletic to analyze the effects of friction, atom by atom.
or charge neutral ytterbium atoms rising from a tiny heated oven. The atoms were cooled then down with more laser light to a temperature immediately above absolute zero.
Using voltages applied to metallic surfaces in very close proximity, it is possible to trap charged atoms.
When positively charged the atoms begin to repel each other due to the Coulomb force. The repulsion successfully maintains the atoms at a distance from each other,
such that they form lattice-or crystal-like surfaces. The MIT physicists applied the same forces used for trapping the atoms to pull
and push the ion crystal over the lattice, and to squeeze and stretch the ion crystal, in a motion similar to an accordion,
to modify the atomic spacing. They observed that the two surfaces underwent maximum friction, similar to two complementary Lego bricks,
when atoms in the ion crystal were spaced normally at intervals equaling the optical lattice spacing.
It was found that when the atomic spacing is such that each atom occupies a trough in the optical lattice,
if complete ion crystal is shifted across the optical lattice, initially the atoms tend to adhere to the troughs of the lattice.
This occurs due to their tendency to be attracted to a lower electric potential, and because of the Coulomb forces that cause the atoms to repel.
However, when a certain level of force is used, the ion crystal abruptly slips, as the atoms jointly move to the next trough. t like an earthquake,
Vuletic says. here force building up, and then there suddenly a catastrophic release of energy.
The team continued stretching and squeezing the ion crystal in order to influence the arrangement of atoms.
They found that if the atom spacing did not match that of the optical lattice,
friction between the two surfaces disappeared. In this situation, the crystal is inclined not to stick, and abruptly slips,
and continues to move smoothly across the optical lattice, similar to a caterpillar movement across a surface.
For example, in arrangements wherein certain atoms are in troughs, certain stoms in peaks, and other atoms in between troughs and peaks,
when the ion crystal is transferred across the optical lattice, one atom may move down a peak providing a little stress for another atom to move up a trough,
which may help pull another atom and so on. hat we can do is adjust at will the distance between the atoms to either be matched to the optical lattice for maximum friction,
or mismatched for no friction, Vuletic says. Gangloff adds that the team method can be used in other areas such as for controlling proteins, molecules,
and other biological parts. n the biological domain, there are various molecules and atoms in contact with one another, sliding along like biomolecular motors,
as a result of friction or lack of friction, Gangloff says. o this intuition for how to arrange atoms so as to minimize
or maximize friction could be applied. Tobias Schaetz, a professor of physics at the University of Freiburg in Germany, sees the results as a lear breakthroughin gaining insight into therwise inaccessible fundamental physics.
The method can be used in numerous areas from the nanoscale to the macroscale, he added. he applications
which are an atom thick and about 10,000 times smaller than a human hair in diameter, in the membrane pores.
and some nanomaterials are only a few atoms in size. The method described in the Scientific Reports article tructural color printing based on plasmonic metasurfaces of perfect light absorptioninvolves the use of thin sandwiches of nanometer scale metal-dielectric materials known as metamaterials that interact with light
and is punctured with tiny holes created by a microfabrication process known as focused ion beam milling. The bottom layer of silver is four times thicker than the top layer but still minuscule at 100 nanometers.
-and at its ultimate size limit-one atom thick.""The team is currently analysing and characterising the performance of the devices, including the time taken to turn on
#Chemists Witness Atoms of One Chemical element Morph Into Another The research appears in Nature Materials, June 15, 2015, online in advance of print.
a professor of chemistry at Tufts and senior author on the paper, worked with iodine-125 radioactive isotope that is routinely used in cancer therapies.
which can produce images of each atom in a material surface, they observed individual atoms of iodine-125 decay.
As each atom decayed it lost a proton and became tellurium-125, a nonradioactive isotope of the element tellurium.
The transformation of one element to another occurred when the researchers infused a single droplet of water with iodine-125
and deposited it on a thin layer of gold. When the water evaporated, the iodine atoms bonded with the gold.
The researchers inserted the tiny samplemaller than a dimento the microscope. Iodine-125 atoms have a half-life of 59 days,
meaning that at any time, any atom of the radioisotope will decay, giving off vast amounts of energy and becoming the isotope of tellurium,
with half of the atoms decaying every 59 days. It was impossible to predict when any one of the trillions of atoms in the sample would transmute into tellurium,
so the researchers worked up to 18 hours a day for several weeks so they wouldn miss the transformations.
Eventually they managed to take scanning tunneling microscope images that showed small atom-sized spots all over the surface.
An international collaboration with Angelos Michaelides, Ph d.,a professor of theoretical chemistry at UCL, and Philipp Pedevilla, a doctoral candidate at UCL, helped interpret these images
and assign the features as newly formed tellurium atoms. To verify that they had seen indeed the transformation,
they studied one of the samples over several months with an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer to determine its exact chemical makeup. y taking the measurement every week or two,
which doctors treat some cancers by putting radioisotopes, including iodine-125, into tiny titanium capsules and implanting them in tumors.
the researchers were able to visualise how ions move around in a supercapacitor. They found that
electrolyte ions are stored in the anode. As the battery discharges, electrolyte ions leave the anode
and move across the battery to chemically react with the cathode. The electrons necessary for this reaction travel through the external circuit,
instead, positive and negative electrolyte ions simply tickto the surfaces of the electrodes when the supercapacitor is being charged.
the ions can easily opoff the surface and move back into the electrolyte. The reason why supercapacitors charge
and discharge so much faster is that the tickingand oppingprocesses happen much faster than the chemical reactions at work in a battery. o increase the area for ions to stick to,
like a carbon sponge, said Griffin. ut it hard to know what the ions are doing inside the holes within the electrode we don know exactly what happens
and the positive ions are attracted to the surface as the supercapacitor charges. But in the positive electrode, an ion xchangehappens,
as negative ions are attracted to the surface, while at the same time, positive ions are repelled away from the surface.
Additionally, the EQCM was used to detect tiny changes in the weight of the electrode as ions enter and leave.
This enabled the researchers to show that solvent molecules also accompany the ions into the electrode as it charges. e can now accurately count the number of ions involved in the charge storage process
and see in detail exactly how the energy is stored, said Griffin. n the future we can look at how changing the size of the holes in the electrode
and the ion properties changes the charging mechanism. This way we can tailor the properties of both components to maximise the amount of energy that is stored.
The next step, said Professor Clare P. Grey, the senior author on the paper, s to use this new approach to understand why different ions behave differently on charging, an ultimately design systems with much higher capacitances.
Funding for the project was provided by the UK Engineering and Physical sciences Research Council and the European Research Council
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