the researchers etched micrometer scale pillars into a silicon surface using photolithography and deep reactive-ion etching,
It was made possible with SLAC instrument for ultrafast electron diffraction (UED), which uses energetic electrons to take snapshots of atoms
SLAC Director Chi-Chang Kao said, ogether with complementary data from SLAC X-ray laser Linac Coherent light Source,
Researchers have used SLAC experiment for ultrafast electron diffraction (UED), one of the world fastest lectron cameras,
Because of this strong interaction with light, researchers also think they may be able to manipulate the material properties with light pulses. o engineer future devices,
This technique is called ultrafast electron diffraction. Illustrations (each showing a top and two side views) of a single layer of molybdenum disulfide (atoms shown as spheres.
these data show how the light pulses generate wrinkles that have large amplitudes more than 15 percent of the layer thickness
Transparent brain tissue must be viewable by both light and electron microscopy. And Scales managed this task with grace it provides an optimal combination of cleared tissue and fluorescent signals
The researchers fabricated the acoustic cell sorter in Penn State Nanofabrication Laboratory using standard lithography techniques. ust like using a lens to focus light,
#First Optical Rectenna Combined Rectifier and Antenna Converts Light to DC Current Using nanometer scale components,
the carbon nanotubes act as antennas to capture light from the sun or other sources. As the waves of light hit the nanotube antennas,
they create an oscillating charge that moves through rectifier devices attached to them. The rectifiers switch on
Developed in the 1960s and 1970s, rectennas have operated at wavelengths as short as ten microns,
but for more than 40 years researchers have been attempting to make devices at optical wavelengths. There were many challenges:
making the antennas small enough to couple optical wavelengths, and fabricating a matching rectifier diode small enough and able to operate fast enough to capture the electromagnetic wave oscillations.
Virendra Singh and Thomas Bougher constructed devices that utilize the wave nature of light rather than its particle nature.
In operation, oscillating waves of light pass through the transparent calcium-aluminum electrode and interact with the nanotubes.
#A natural light switch MIT scientists, working with colleagues in Spain, have discovered and mapped a light-sensing protein that uses Vitamin b12 to perform key functions,
benefit from knowing whether they are in light or darkness. The photoreceptors bind to the DNA in the dark,
such as the engineering of light-directed control of DNA transcription, or the development of controlled interactions between proteins. would be interested very in thinking about
which detect strain by measuring shifts in the wavelength of light reflected by the optical fiber.
allowing light to escape. By measuring the loss of light, the researchers are able to calculate strain or other deformations.
Park said this type of flexible optical sensor could be incorporated into soft skins. Such a skin would
pole-like devices that could absorb light from all directions, which would be an improvement over today wide,
flat panels that can only absorb light from one surface. The study, led by Richard Kaner,
UV LIGHT enabled catheter fixes holes in the heart without invasive surgery Researchers from Boston Children Hospital, the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard university,
Their newly designed catheter device utilizes UV LIGHT technology and can be used to place the patch in a beating heart.
The clinician then deploys the patch and turns on the catheter UV LIGHT. The light reflects off of the balloon shiny interior
and activates the patch adhesive coating. As the glue cures, pressure from the positioning balloons on either side of the patch help secure it in place.
and then activate it using UV LIGHT, all within a matter of five minutes and in an atraumatic way that doesn require a separate incision.
using heat, instead of light, to measure magnetic systems at short length and time scales. Researchers led by Greg Fuchs,
The technique relies on analysis of reflected light from short laser pulses to gain information about magnetization. Unfortunately
the physics of optical diffraction limit how small a laser spot can be used, which ultimately limits the resolution of the technique.
that will be eventually be able to treat countless patients. he findings are particularly significant in the light of improving life expectancies and the associated increase in cases of ARMD.
#Researchers learn how to steer the heart with light We depend on electrical waves to regulate the rhythm of our heartbeat.
and being able to get the light to desired locations. However as gene therapy moves into the clinic
#Researchers learn how to steer the heart with light We depend on electrical waves to regulate the rhythm of our heartbeat.
and being able to get the light to desired locations. However as gene therapy moves into the clinic
The beams of light emanating from the fluorescence molecules can be measured through the top of the mice skulls.
and destroy the cells with a far more precise technique that uses low-level red light illumination instead of a high power laser.
the technique requires doctors to mark unwanted cells with a chemical that makes them sensitive to low-level red light.
The red light then destroys the marked cells while leaving surrounding tissue unharmed. he great thing about this treatment is that it precise down to the level of individual cells,
Red light is delivered then to the area using a procedure similar to today cardiac ablation. The low-level light destroys only the cells that have absorbed the nanoparticles
leaving the other heart cells unharmed. Encouraged by the technique performance in animal studies, Kalifa and Kopelman believe the next step is to begin human trials using the technology.
the metamaterials have to be constructed precisely for the wavelength of the field you want to make invisible,
Not only does this cast an important light on how cancer metastasizes and recruits cellular material from healthy cells,
Then they convert this light into an electrical charge proportional to its intensity and wavelength.
coming light is blocked not by any metal layers or other materials. This means that this flexible phototransistor features much more efficient light absorption.
Light is absorbed directly into an ultrathin silicon layer. Scientists placed electrodes under this ultrathin silicon nanomembrane layer.
This resulted in the metal layer and electrodes acting as reflectors, which improved light absorption. This means that an external amplifier is needed not.
Scientists say that there is an integrated capability to sense weak light, which is beneficial for a variety of applications.
Professor Zhenqiang ackma, one of the developers of this project explained: his demonstration shows great potential in high-performance and flexible photodetection systems.
Because light takes time to reach us, we can see very distant objects as they were in the past.
As light from remote galaxies makes its way to us, it becomes stretched to longer, infrared wavelengths by the expansion of space.
That where WISE and Spitzer help out. For infrared space telescopes, picking out distant galaxies is like plucking ripe cherries from a cherry tree.
#Laser-printed holograms could enable'smart windows'Making holograms isn't easy-it requires expensive equipment, complex physics and time-consuming recording techniques.
Some progress was made with a recently-developed technique for hologram creation, which splits a laser pulse into two beams to create an interference pattern on a surface.
That method gives the appearance of a hologram quickly and cheaply, but it requires precise alignment of the beams,
Haider Butt and his colleagues overcame those problems using a nanosecond laser than can print ink holograms about a square centimetre in size in just five nanoseconds."
and then recombine them to produce holograms and nanopatterns, "Butt told Phys. org.""Here we use only a single beam,
and this interference pattern is used for writing/printing holograms. The technique requires far fewer optical components,
"It's hoped this new hologram-creation method could be miniaturized into a smartphone, or even used to create 3d artwork and"smart windows".
Bao and her colleagues demonstrated that the sensors could relay pressure signals to the mammalian nervous system by linking them to a blue LED light that in turn stimulated slices of mouse brain that had been engineered to respond to those wavelengths.
and stand by staring at one of five flickering light emitting diodes (LEDS). The results delivered by scientists at Korea University
designed to hold a camera, LED light, an integrated circuit for receiving control instructions and transmitting data, antenna, 1. 5v button battery and, at the rear, the drive unit, to
#Tractor beam lifts and moves small objects Researchers have built a working tractor beam that uses high-amplitude sound waves to generate an acoustic hologram that can pick up
and seemingly defy gravity. ere we individually control dozens of loudspeakers to tell us an optimal solution to generate an acoustic hologram that can manipulate multiple objects in real-time without contact.
#Tractor beam lifts and moves small objects Researchers have built a working tractor beam that uses high-amplitude sound waves to generate an acoustic hologram that can pick up
and seemingly defy gravity. ere we individually control dozens of loudspeakers to tell us an optimal solution to generate an acoustic hologram that can manipulate multiple objects in real-time without contact.
which focus by diffraction. According to UW-Madison, each of Jiang half-millimetre diameter lenses resembles a series of ripples on water emanating out from the splash of a stone.
it has to absorb the light completely. It hard to find a material that doesn reflect
Incoming light bouncing between individual silicon nanowires cannot escape the complex structure, making the material darker than dark.
Rather than stop at red lights, self-driving cars would schedule a slot through an intersection in real-time,
It not only promises to remove time waiting at lights, but will cut fuel usage and emissions as well. lot of emissions and fuel usage are caused by acceleration,
it is still not possible to engineer a way of turning the lights green as you pull up. t easy to change the traffic lights, ssays IBM Standford-Clark. ut...
as well as helping them adjust their speeds to hit lights when theye green. he system might advise a driver that
The technology works by using an array of flat speakers to produce acoustic holograms. Just as visual holograms are produced in 3d from interfering light waves,
so acoustic holograms are made by interfering sound waves. When the peaks of two waves meet, they produce a greater amplitude;
when a peak meets a trough they cancel out. Marzo team showed that by carefully adjusting the sound waves,
they could create moving acoustic holograms that worked like 3d cages, tweezers or rotating spirals that could lift,
The sonic tractor beam uses a 3d hologram with the shape of a cage or bottle in
And we can update the hologram in real time to move the cage towards us, and the particle moves with the trap,
He explained that one issue is that the transistor is controlled with UV LIGHT, and this is really not that practical for a highly integrated device.
as the"things you're discussing you need light of the same wavelength in the signal and the control,
as controlling light with light is somewhat difficult as photons do not interact with other photons like electrons do said,
in light of revelations by Edward Snowden that U s. agencies spied upon people in other nations,
NG-PON2 transmits the data using certain wavelengths of light that can handle 10 Gbps of capacity each, according to a company release.
and mobile phones, Gan has efficient light emission capability, something silicon cannot duplicate. But silicon remains the defacto material of choice semidconductors
An emerging class of robotic technology uses UV LIGHT to fuse the DNA of viruses and bacteria and prevent them from reproducing,
TRU-D's system analyzes the variables of the room and floods the space (both line-of-site and shadowed spaces) with the proper dose of UV LIGHT energy.
but the light is generally colder than the warm glow of traditional bulbs. Plus most of these lights are made with rare earth elements that are increasingly in demand for use in almost all other high-tech devices
thus adding to the cost of the technology. Jing Li's research team set out to solve the issues of material sources and pricing.
Rather than the light used in a traditional microscope this technique uses focused beams of electrons to illuminate a sample and form images with atomic resolution.
Better Precision with a Laserthe radial velocity method works by measuring how exoplanet gravity changes the light emitted from its star.
The star speeds up slightly as it approaches Earth with each light wave taking a fraction of a second less time to arrive than the wave before it.
They hit the same pixels as starlight of the same wavelength. This creates a comb-like set of lines that lets us map the spectrograph down to 1/10000 of a pixel.
I can tell you the precise wavelength Phillips explained. By calibrating the spectrograph this way we can take into account very small changes in temperature or humidity that affect the performance of the spectrograph.
but it only worked with infrared and blue light. Their new version of the astro-comb lets astronomers measure green light
--which is better for finding exoplanets. The stars we look at are brightest in the green visible range
They did it by making small fibers that convert one color of light to another.
Red light goes in and green light comes out Phillips said. Even though I see it every day and understand the physics it looks like magic.
The researchers plan to test the green astro-comb by pointing it at our sun analyzing its spectrum to see
Sagittarius A is visible at radio infrared and X-ray wavelengths. This massive black hole--which contains 4 million solar masses--does not emit radiation
The wavelengths that make Sagittarius A*visible are scattered by interstellar gas along the line of sight in the same way that light is scattered by fog On earth.
While no scientific team has been able to produce a complete image of the black hole's emission astronomers have drawn inferences about scattering properties from observations at longer wavelengths.
We're also interested in looking at shorter wavelengths where we think the emission region may be smaller
Brighter, new energy saving flat panel lights based on carbon nanotubes Even as the 2014 Nobel prize in Physics has enshrined light emitting diodes (LEDS) as the single most significant and disruptive energy-efficient lighting solution of today scientists
Scientists from Tohoku University in Japan have developed a new type of energy-efficient flat light source based on carbon nanotubes with very low power consumption of around 0. 1 Watt for every hour's operation
or cathode and scratched the surface with sandpaper to form a light panel capable of producing a large stable and homogenous emission current with low energy consumption.
Brightness efficiency tells people how much light is being produced by a lighting source when consuming a unit amount of electric power
Although the device has a diode-like structure its light-emitting system is not based on a diode system
Field emission electron sources catch scientists'attention due to its ability to provide intense electron beams that are about a thousand times denser than conventional thermionic cathode (like filaments in an incandescent light bulb.
Many researchers have attempted to construct light sources with carbon nanotubes as field emitter Shimoi said. But nobody has developed an equivalent and simpler lighting device.
It also sheds new light on how immune systems in organisms have evolved. The study Self-association of an Insect Beta-13-Glucan Recognition Protein Upon Binding Laminarin Stimulates Prophenoloxidase Activation as an Innate Immune response was published recently in the Journal of Biological Chemistry.
The Vale team used the Suntag to greatly amplify the light-emitting signal from the green fluorescent protein commonly used by researchers to label molecules within cells.
CRISPR with Suntag Already Is Shedding Light on Cancer and Normal Developmentcrispr--an acronym for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats--is a natural system that bacteria use to defend themselves against viruses. The basis for CRISPR applications in the lab is a protein from this system called Cas9
#Revving up fluorescence for superfast LEDS Duke university researchers have made fluorescent molecules emit photons of light 1000 times faster than normal--setting a speed record
This year's Nobel prize in physics was awarded for the discovery of how to make blue LEDS allowing everything from more efficient light bulbs to video screens.
and off has limited their use as a light source in light-based telecommunications. In an LED atoms can be forced to emit roughly 10 million photons in the blink of an eye.
To make future light-based communications using LEDS practical researchers must get photon-emitting materials up to speed.
and trapped light between them greatly increasing the light's intensity. When fluorescent molecules are placed near intensified light the molecules emit photons at a faster rate through an effect called Purcell enhancement.
#Getting sharp images from dull detectors Observing the quantum behavior of light is a big part of Alan Migdall's research at the Joint Quantum Institute.
it is normally necessary to use a beam of coherent light, light for which knowing the phase
however, Migdall and his JQI colleagues perform an experiment using incoherent light, where the light is a jumble of waves.
And they use what Migdall calls"stupid"detectors that, when counting the number of photons in a light pulse,
can really only count up to zero, as anything more than zero befuddles these detectors and is considered as number that is known only to be more than zero.
using incoherent light (with a wavelength of 800 nm) sent through a double-slit baffle,
which sub-wavelength interference (to be defined below) has been pushed using thermal light and small-photon-number light detection.
The physicists were surprised that they could so easily obtain such a sharp interference effect using standard light detectors.
The importance of achieving sub-wavelength imaging is underscored by the awarding of the 2014 Nobel prize for chemistry to scientists who had done just that.
Beating the Diffraction Limit When they pass through a hole or past a material edge, light waves will diffract--that is,
a portion of the light will fan out as if the edge were a source of waves itself.
This diffraction will limit the sharpness of any imaging performed by the light. Indeed, this diffraction limitation is one of the traditional features of classical optical science dating back to the mid 19th century.
What this principle says is that in using light with a certain wavelength (denoted by the Greek letter lambda) an object can in general be imaged with a spatial resolution roughly no finer than lambda.
One can improve resolution somewhat by increasing lens diameters, but unless you can switch to light of shorter lambda,
you are stuck with the imaging resolution you've got. And since all the range of available wavelengths for visible light covers only a range of about 2, gaining much resolution by switching wavelengths requires exotic sources and optics.
The advent of quantum optics and the use of"nonclassical light"dodged the diffraction limit.
It did this, in certain special circumstances, by considering light as consisting of particles and using the correlations between those particles The JQI experiment starts out with a laser beam,
but it purposely degrades the coherence of the light by sending it through a moving disk of ground glass.
Thereafter the light waves propagating toward the measuring apparatus downstream originate from a number of places across the profile of the rough disk
however, showed that"thermal"light (not unlike the light emitted haphazardly by an incandescent bulb) made this way,
Why should the JQI researchers use such thermal light if laser light is available? Because in many measurement environments (such as light coming from astronomical sources) coherent light is not available,
and one would nevertheless like to make sharp imaging or interference patterns. And why use"stupid"detectors?
The Experiment In the case of coherent light, a coordinated train of waves approach a baffle with two openings (figure, top.
which is moved back and forth to record the arrival of light at various points. The interference of coherent light yields a fixed pattern (right top in the figure.
By contrast, incoherent light waves, when they pass through the slits will also interfere (lower left),
Each of these two portions of light will strike movable detectors which scan across sideways.
That way the two detectors can simultaneously sample the light from virtual positions that can be as close as desired
However, here the time structure of the incoming light pulse becomes important in clarifying the measurement.
But then if we design the light so that its limited coherence time is larger than the recovery time of our stupid detectors,
or equivalently the intensity of the light at various places at the measuring screen, ensures that the set of correlations between the two detectors does result in an interference-like pattern in those correlations.
it could be accomplished by engineering the properties of the light source to accommodate the lack of ability of the detectors
Considering that the incoming light has a wavelength of 800 nm, the pattern is sharper by a factor of 20 or more from
if the diffraction limitation were at work. The fact that the light used is thermal in nature,
and not coherent, makes the achievement more striking. This correlation method is not the same as imaging an object.
But the ease and the degree to which the conventional diffraction resolution limit could be surmounted will certainly encourage a look for specific applications that might take advantage of that remarkable feature e
Plasmonics involves the control of light at the nanoscale using surface plasmons, which are coordinated waves,
One is that they can measure diffraction at 10 Kelvin(-441°F). Not too many people On earth can do that
The second beam channel produces time-resolved measurements of individual spectral lines--adjusted so that the instrument can distinguish between light emitted by te plasma
and that emitted by the sparks. All previous solutions were based on separate time-resolved and space-resolved measurements.
The market for spectroscopy equipment is dominated by German manufacturers says the scientist. Our new sensor which was developed in Germany
Using Light to Watch HIV Dance In the Science study, Dr. Blanchard worked with Dr. Walther Mothes, a HIV specialist at the Yale university School of medicine,
which is sensitive enough to detect weak reflected light with the ranging accuracy made possible by frequency combs as previously demonstrated at NIST.
The frequency comb a tool for precisely measuring different frequencies of light is used to continuously calibrate the laser in the imaging system.
--which is safe for the eyes at the instrument's infrared wavelength--NIST's 3d mapping system scans a target object point by point across a grid measuring the distance to each point.
Distances to points on a rough surface that reflects light in many directions can be determined to within 10 micrometers in half a millisecond with an accuracy that is traceable to a frequency standard.
The initial laser output is combined with the reflected light and the resulting beat signals are converted to voltage
By shedding light on how the virus hijacks the transport system in nerve cells to reach its target organ with maximal speed and efficiency,
In detecting droplet size they found that a 30-cent component yielded results comparable to those from the traditional tool a $30000-plus optical microscope.
Spectroscopy showed that these artificial membranes were stable over a wide range of temperatures. More work is needed to standardize the process by
Different sensors see different wavelengths of light. Infrared is important for heat-seeking capabilities. UV imaging can be used to detect threats not seen in the visible spectrum.
A single window that could be produced using the NRL-developed nanocrystalline spinel would be transparent across many technologically important wavelengths easing design
The technique called quartz-enhanced photoacoustic absorption spectroscopy (QEPAS invented at Rice by Tittel, Professor Robert Curl and their collaborators in 2002,
When light at a specific wavelength is absorbed by the gas of interest, localized heating of the molecules leads to a temperature
"If the incident light intensity is modulated, then the temperature and pressure will be said as well, "Ren.""This generates an acoustic wave with the same frequency as the light modulation,
the group used light to ionize, or charge, neutral ytterbium atoms emerging from a small heated oven,
piston-driven engine that generates electricity causing a light to flash, and a rotary engine that drives a miniature car.
Coupling that piston to a generator produced enough electricity to cause a small light to flash. e turned evaporation from a pool of water into light,
With its current power output, the floating evaporation engine could supply small floating lights or sensors at the ocean floor that monitor the environment,
using ultraviolet light. The end result is safe drinking water that also tastes good. Earlier this year, Wright team won a grant from the United states Agency for International Development (USAID),
and detecting the difference between how the molecules absorb the light. But the distinguishing effects are weak tiny fractions of a per cent so the technique struggles to approach the sensitivity of the human nose.
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