and reduce general toxicities, said Gendelman, lead study author and professor and chair of the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience at Nebraska,
In addition to detecting toxic or flammable gases, theoretical work indicates that boron-doped graphene could lead to improved lithium-ion batteries
which to make antibodies for pharmaceutical use. Researchers around the world can access Professor Waterhouse's open source website
According to Dr. Madesh, nder physiological conditions, SPG7 may function through transient pore openings to release toxic metabolites that have accumulated in mitochondria.
and inflammatory diseases, said TSRI Assistant professor of Immunology Young Jun Kang, who collaborated on the study with the lab of TSRI Institute Professor Richard A. Lerner,
when they are thought to be the most toxic. t is extremely important that one develop techniques that allow us to detect the formation of these so-called amyloid fibrils
which the scientists injected the molecules that spontaneously form the toxic aggregates. s aggregates grow on the membrane,
Detecting Alzheimer antibodies at the preclinical stage would give patients an opportunity to work with their physician to make lifestyle changes
and slashed energy prices, there is a risk that toxic compounds in the fracking fluid can get into shallow aquifers via fractures in the bedrock.
#Genetically Modified Yeast Yields Narcotics, Raises Regulation Questions When bioengineer Christina Smolke started her own research lab,
yeast that can literally brew narcotic drugs. Achieving that, she knew, could open the door to the quick development of better medications of all sorts."
"We can leverage this technology to reduce some of the narcotics'side effects, or make medications that are less addictive,
Those microbes produce tiny quantities of narcotic, and only do it under highly-controlled conditions not in your average garage.
#Engineers Make Narcotics With Yeast. Is Home-brewed Heroin Next? When bioengineer Christina Smolke started her own research lab,
yeast that can literally brew narcotic drugs. Achieving that, she knew, could open the door to the quick development of better medications of all sorts."
"We can leverage this technology to reduce some of the narcotics'side effects, or make medications that are less addictive,
Those microbes produce tiny quantities of narcotic, and only do it under highly-controlled conditions not in your average garage.
called an antigen. The result: The blood is more like type O, the universal donor. This isn the first time that researchers have produced blood with fewer antigens in the lab,
but this attempt has worked better than any other. The researchers used a technique called directed evolution;
Though this enzyme works pretty well to remove most antigens, it not perfect. That means that the treated blood isn a perfect type O,
You can watch this review from Toxic Inferno. An actual key and knife were used actually to punish the case,
Because it tests for antibodies, which is a bodily response, there is timeframe for false negatives.
and reduce general toxicities, "said Gendelman, lead study author and professor and chair of the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience at Nebraska,
ranging from simple throat and skin infections to life-threatening invasive conditions such as necrotizing fasciitis (lesh-eating disease and toxic shock syndrome.
said the study's senior author, Matthew Bogyo, Phd, professor of pathology and of microbiology and immunology at Stanford university School of medicine.
and possibly many more, harbor C. difficile in their gut, said study co-author Justin Sonnenburg, Phd, professor of microbiology and immunology,
"This can be given in the ambulance straight away so you really save a lot of time and restore the blood flow to the critical organs much faster than currently possible,"one of the team,
"The drug-loaded nanocapsule is coated with an antibody that specifically targets activated platelets, the cells that form blood clots,
Cannabis is hard to beat.""The idea instead is to offer up an alternative for places such as Europe,
and up to 12 hours from testing to confirmed diagnosis The test provides rapid, inexpensive, accurate detection of Ebola viral antigens based on colour change within 30 minutes in individuals
which is made up of antibodies (the tags that our immune system uses to mark viruses and bacteria as invaders) and chemicals that cause the test to change colours if these antibodies bind to Ebola proteins in the sample.
The big innovation: To make the test stable, Hallisey used silk fibres to stabilise the chemicals on card stock, allowing them to sit around at room temperature for up to three weeks
The three chemicals used to detect the Ebola protein-bound antibodies are added to separate corners of the paper (2, 3, 4 in the diagram below.
And the anti-Ebola antibodies are in the center. To run the test, the serum sample is added to the open corner (1). Then, one by one,
#Scientists have found a way to make leukaemia cells kill each other Researchers in the US have found an antibody that turns cancerous leukaemia cells into natural killer cells-a type of white blood cell that's able to seek out
His team had discovered recently that by exposing marrow cells to antibodies from other parts of the body,
Based on this knowledge, Learner and his colleagues started looking for an antibody that could transform cancerous leukaemia cells back into healthy bone marrow cells.
But instead they stumbled across a rare human antibody that has even more potential: it can actually turn leukaemia cells into cancer killers.
The antibody in question binds to a receptor called TPO-or thrombopoietin-which is found on most acute myeloid leukaemia cells.
When the researchers first exposed the leukaema cells to the antibody, they watched as it turned many of them into harmless immune cells known as dendritic cells.
when they continued to apply the antibody to the cells, a number of them developed further into cells very similar to natural killer (NK) cells,
"That antibody could have turned those acute myeloid leukaemia cells into a lot of other cell types, but somehow we were lucky enough to get NK cells,
Fortunately, the antibody only affected leukaemia cells, and not healthy bone marrow, which suggests that it could work as a targeted cancer therapy.
and Lerner's team is now trying to figure out exactly how the antibody works. But they're pretty keen to get the therapy into clinical trials soon."
"We're in discussions with pharmaceutical companies to take this straight into humans after the appropriate preclinical toxicity studies,
The team is also screening for antibodies that could have a similar effect on other cancer types.
The KAHA ligation uses special types of organic molecules to form new bonds without the usual need for toxic chemical reagents.
the body mobilizes to produce antibodies. Huo's test detects that immune response using gold nanoparticles about 10,000 times smaller than a freckle.
enabling a path to a more sustainable energy landscape without the need of energy-intensive, expensive and sometimes toxic metal-based compounds,
Without this enzyme, toxic metabolic byproducts build up inside the tumor cells, and they die. Blocking this enzyme in glioblastoma cells could offer a new way to combat such tumors,
Without GLDC, glycine enters a different metabolic pathway that generates toxic products that accumulate and kill the cell.
#Researchers deliver large particles into cells at high speed The researchers created a highly efficient automated tool that delivers nanoparticles, enzymes, antibodies, bacteria and other"large-sized"cargo into mammalian cells at the rate
and Dr. Marcus Horwitz, professor of medicine and of microbiology, immunology and molecular genetics. The research was supported by a University of California Discovery Biotechnology Award, the National institutes of health, Nanocav and the National Science Foundation n
along with those used for clinical diagnosis--using microbeads tagged with antibodies against three published markers of cervical cancer.
Based on the number of antibody-tagged microbeads binding to cells, D3 analysis promptly and reliably categorized biopsy samples as high-risk, low-risk or benign, with results matching those of conventional pathologic analysis
and offer them more aggressive treatment after their operation increases',says Per-Henrik Edqvist, researcher at Uppsala University's Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology,
since Swedish biotech company Atlas Antibodies has shown interest in commercialising our findings, 'says Per-Henrik Edqvist.
by allowing very localised action, directly in the brain and without peripheral toxicity.""By combining electrodes,
#Scientists discover protein that boosts immunity to viruses and cancer Scientists have discovered a protein that plays a central role in promoting immunity to viruses
and cancer, opening the door to new therapies. Experiments in mice and human cells have shown that the protein promotes the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells,
The mice with enhanced immunity produced high levels of a hitherto unknown protein, which the researchers named lymphocyte expansion molecule, or LEM.
The researchers now aim to develop a gene therapy designed to improve immunity by boosting the production of LEM.
odors nor toxic elements that may damage or alter the environment, human health or quality of life are generated,
The antibody blocks CTLA-4, a protein switch on the surface of T cells that, when turned on, dampens their activation.
Nivolumab, meanwhile, is an antibody that targets a protein known as PD-1, which is also found on the T cell surface.
"said UTMB's Thomas Geisbert, professor of microbiology and immunology.""We were able to protect all of our nonhuman primates against a lethal Makona Ebola infection
#Breast cancer vaccines may work better with silicon microparticles Model studies showed that microparticles loaded with an antigen, HER2,
not only protected the antigen from premature destruction, but also stimulated the immune system to recognize and relentlessly attack cancer cells overexpressing the HER2 antigen."
"We could completely inhibit tumor growth after just one dose of the cancer vaccine in the animal model,
In vivo and in vitro studies confirmed the microparticles stimulated a strong, sustained innate immune response at local sites of tumor activity and growth--with or without any antigen loaded."
"We have shown for the first time that a microparticle can serve as a carrier for sustained release and processing of tumor antigens,
and were transferred even from one antigen-presenting cell to another to maintain a long-lasting antigen-releasing effect."
In this case, HER2 is both a naturally occurring hormone receptor and an antigen target for therapy.
"PSMS persistently challenge the antigen-presenting cells to activate the T cells, "he said.""And the PSMS modify the tumor microenvironment
"Shen said the use of PSMS could work for any variety of cancer antigens and cancers,
and that the PSMS could be loaded with multiple antigens for a single vaccine target, or multiple antigens for several targets, possibly enhancing the approach's effectiveness further."
"Besides developing a highly potent breast cancer vaccine, we have demonstrated also that PSMS are said versatile, "Shen."
Shen said the researchers must evaluate the toxicity of antigen-loaded PSMS s
#Enzyme responsible for obesity-related high blood pressure identified"Hypertension is a condition in which arterial blood vessels are exposed to persistently elevated blood pressure,
"Testing for HIV-1 in whole bloodcurrent tests for HIV infection detect antibodies to HIV in the individual's blood.
However, because it takes up to several months for those antibodies to form, these tests do not detect individuals in the earliest stage of infection
HIV-1 antibodies are added to whole blood or plasma where they bind to the virus creating aggregates of antibody and viral lysate.
When added to the flexible chip the aggregates change the electrical conductivity of the chip, which gives a simple electrical readout indicating that the sample contains HIV-1.
The microfluidic channels were coated with an antibody that captures the CD4+T cells. A single drop of whole blood from a fingerprick was applied to the polyester film,
Through its involvement in this chemical pathway, MOCOS is thought to be active in the processes of immunity and inflammation,
In these different organisms, under-expression of the enzyme induced hypersensitivity to oxidative stress (i e. to the toxicity of free radicals), a smaller number of synapses and abnormal neurotransmission due to a reduction in the number of vesicles carrying neurotransmitters.
and the toxic proteins made. These specific genetic changes result in the creation of single nucleotide polymorphisms
#Better way to engineer therapeutic proteins into antibodies Some proteins exist so fleetingly in the bloodstream that they can't be given effectively as therapies.
such as antibodies, can make them persist long enough to be useful. Now a team led by scientists at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) has devised an improved method for accomplishing this protein-engineering feat.
and its antibody host, selecting the rare ones that allow the inserted protein to fold
Making Leptin Last Longer Lerner's laboratory helped pioneer techniques for generating billions of different antibodies
and screening these large"antibody libraries"to find those that perform a desired function. The new work is an extension of that technology.
the team edited the genetic code of a standard human antibody to replace one of its target-grappling elements--a structure that normally would bind to a virus, for example--with the protein leptin.
if it were part of a larger structure such as an antibody.""The major challenge for Lerner, Peng and their colleagues was to design leptin into an antibody in such a way that it would fold up into a functional structure
despite being bound to its host protein at either end. Designing simple, highly flexible"junction"segments to join leptin to an antibody could work--a recent paper by a group including TSRI's Peter Schultz,
Scripps Family Chair Professor of Chemistry, described such a feat. But Lerner's team reasoned that a selection-based design of these junctions would be a more general approach to making useful protein-in-protein molecules.
The Power of Large Numbers Using their established techniques for generating large libraries of variant antibodies
the team made nearly 30 million versions of the leptin-in-antibody protein, each version having a different amino-acid sequence for its junction segments.
and function properly, the researchers used a selection system that they had developed previously for finding therapeutic antibodies in large antibody libraries.
First they employed viral vectors to insert the leptin-in-antibody DNA into test cells that contain leptin receptors.
When one of the resulting leptin-in-antibody proteins successfully activated a leptin receptor in its test cell,
The cells whose beacon signals rose above a certain threshold were analyzed for the leptin-in-antibody DNA they contained,
until the process yielded the leptin-in-antibody protein that did best at activating the leptin receptor.
As is often the case for antibodies the leptin-in-antibody protein effectively could not cross from the bloodstream into the brain
and thus could not hit all of leptin's neuronal targets --and so its effects at reducing eating
But, in principle, antibodies can be modified to enable them to cross the blood-brain barrier more easily, and the team is working on that now.
the researchers also used it to"selection-design"an antibody that incorporates the growth and reproductive hormone FSH
The resulting FSH-in-antibody protein showed activity against the FSH receptor that was virtually the same as the natural hormone's The team is now working to improve their FSH-and leptin-in-antibody proteins,
and to design entirely new protein-in-antibody molecules s
#Engineers'sandwich'atomic layers to make new materials for energy storage The scientists whose job it is to test the limits of what nature--specifically chemistry--will allow to exist, just set up shop on some new real estate on the Periodic table.
which are toxic and carcinogenic, used in traditional spraying methods. With this process the loss of 18 percent of product damaged by the existence of pathogenic organisms is avoided.
or leaving toxic residues, eliminating odors, fungi and sanitizing grains such as corn, beans, wheat, sorghum and rice,"says researcher Llanes Ocaña.
which are toxic and carcinogenic. The physicochemical expert explains that the common spraying method is used in doses of four tablets of phosphine per ton of grain."
#Early inflammatory response paralyzes T cells In a discovery that is likely to rewrite immunology text books,
online July 28, appears in today's print edition of the journal Immunity.""There's a three-signal process to activate T cells
"To be activated, T cells must first recognize an antigen, receive appropriate costimulatory signals, and then encounter inflammatory cytokines to expand the immune response.
Until now, no one realized that sending the third signal early--as is done with some immunotherapies--could actually hamper overall immunity."
#Scientists create designer proteins that control enzyme activity Scientists from the University of Chicago have developed a novel approach to control the activity of enzymes through the use of synthetic, antibody-like proteins known as monobodies.
Koide and his colleagues approached this problem by leveraging their longstanding expertise in designing monobodies--compact proteins that function as synthetic antibodies.
Like antibodies, monobodies recognize and bind to specific target proteins, serving as a marker or affecting function.
Coupled with their small size (around 15 times smaller than an antibody) and simple structure,
the proteolytic enzyme that initiates the release of the toxic beta-amyloid from APP, can reduce memory loss in patients with Alzheimer's.
Behavior and Immunity--is a rare look into the circadian process, a brain-driven clock that controls the rhythms of various biological processes, from digestion to blood pressure, heart rate to waking and sleeping.
and seasonal flu outbreaks because it's focusing on host immunity, "says Chakravarthy.""We hope our study opens the door to the development of new drugs
#Study creates cell immunity to parasite that infects 50 million There are two common approaches to protecting humans from infectious disease:
if the loss of any single gene would confer immunity to the parasite E. histolytica,
or had silenced genes somehow offered immunity to these cells? To find out, Marie discarded the killed cells
"But what we know now is that they're not toxic--they have low toxicity to noncancerous cells,
"But what we know now is that they're not toxic--they have low toxicity to noncancerous cells,
A version of the antibiotic was tested for toxicity in mice with no ill effects.""We are still at the beginning of developing
The authors showed that HSD10 preferentially degrades highly toxic cardiolipin peroxides free radical produced during oxidative stress that would normally initiate apoptosis,
which would be toxic to neurons, "says first author Divya Pathak, Phd, a postdoctoral fellow in the Gladstone Institute of Neurological disease."
"In cancer, cachexia also increases your risk of developing toxicity from chemotherapy and other oncological treatments, such as surgery and radiotherapy.
and inflammatory diseases,"said TSRI Assistant professor of Immunology Young Jun Kang, who collaborated on the study with the lab of TSRI Institute Professor Richard A. Lerner,
As for the calcium clearance pump, the sperm needs to use it to reduce toxic calcium levels quickly.
since she published her first scientific article--"Cannabis and Chromosomes,"examining the impact of marijuana on embryonic cells--in The Lancet in 1969,
these peptides are not toxic to the body that they are secreted into. They are capable of killing bacteria by creating holes in their cellular wall
which has the capacity to transform toxic organochlorine compounds into others that are harmless. These experts have succeeded in characterising
posing a threat due to their high toxicity. According to data from the Waste Agency of Catalonia, 8%of contaminated soils recorded in 2014 contained organochlorine compounds,
and reduce general toxicities, "said Gendelman, lead study author and professor and chair of the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience at Nebraska,
Anti-enolase antibodies interfere with the invasion, inhibiting parasite growth and transmission. A pentapeptide insert of parasite enolase, conserved in all Plasmodia species,
In a recent breakthrough to combat malaria, a collaboration of Indian and American scientists have identified a malarial parasite protein that can be used to develop antibodies
enolase, is a protective antigen and has several other functions that are essential for parasite growth and multiplication.
antibodies against this small fragment can potentially have a dual benefit by blocking the multiplication cycle of the parasite in humans,
Dassarma, Phd, a professor of microbiology and immunology at the school,"GVNPS offer a designer platform for vaccines
antibodies directed against it are likely to protect against all species of the parasite, "says Sneha Dutta,
biophysical and mechanistic studies in order to better understand its efficacy and possible toxicity.""To this end, SKOG102 has been licensed to Curtana Pharmaceuticals,
which can be exposed toxic when,"says developer Dr. Dirk Salz. Researchers can tailor the silver concentration as well as the thickness of the layers and their porosity.
thus avoiding any long-term toxic effects. In trials using finished implants and titanium test samples
Without this enzyme, toxic metabolic byproducts build up inside the tumor cells, and they die. GLDC caught the researchersattention as they investigated diseases known as nborn errors of metabolism
Without GLDC, glycine enters a different metabolic pathway that generates toxic products that accumulate and kill the cell. n interesting aspect of the current study is uncovered that they why glycine accumulation is toxic,
says Navdeep Chandel, a professor of medicine and cellular biology at Northwestern University who was not part of the research team.
resulting in funneling of glycine into metabolic pathways that generate toxic molecules, such as aminoacetone and methylglyoxal.
#In first human study, new antibody therapy shows promise in suppressing HIV infection In the first results to emerge from HIV patient trials of a new generation of so-called broadly neutralizing antibodies,
or even preventing HIV infection. hiv antibodies In a person infected with HIV, there is an ongoing arms race between the virus and the body immune system.
Even as the body produces new antibodies that target the virus the virus is constantly mutating to escape,
The new study, conducted in Michel Nussenzweig Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, finds that administration of a potent antibody,
called 3bnc117, can catch HIV off guard and reduce viral loads. HIV antibodies previously tested in humans had shown disappointing results. 3bnc117 belongs to a new generation of broadly neutralizing antibodies that potently fight a wide range of HIV strains. hat special about these antibodies is that they have activity against over 80 percent
of HIV strains and they are extremely potent, says Marina Caskey, assistant professor of clinical investigation in the Nussenzweig lab and co-first author of the study. 3bn117,
Broadly neutralizing antibodies are produced naturally in some 10 to 30 percent of people with HIV,
By that time the virus in their bodies has evolved typically to escape even these powerful antibodies.
by isolating and then cloning these antibodies, researchers are able to harness them as therapeutic agents against HIV infections that have had less time to prepare.
Earlier work in the Nussenzweig lab had demonstrated that these potent antibodies could prevent or suppress infection in mouse and nonhuman primate models of HIV.
uninfected and HIV-infected individuals were given intravenously a single dose of the antibody and monitored for 56 days.
The drop in viral load depended on the individual starting viral load and also the sensitivity of their particular strains of HIV to the antibody.
This is the first time that the new generation of HIV antibodies has been tested in humans. Not only was a single dose of 3bn117 well tolerated and effective in temporarily reducing viral loads,
Researchers also believe that antibodies may be able to enhance the patient immune responses against HIV, which can in turn lead to better control of the infection.
In addition, antibodies like 3bnc117 may be able to kill viruses hidden in infected cells, which serve as viral reservoirs inaccessible to current antiretroviral drugs.
will need to be used in combination with other antibodies or antiretroviral drugs to keep infections under control. ne antibody alone,
like one drug alone, will not be sufficient to suppress viral load for a long time because resistance will arise,
an antibody therapy for HIV might require treatment just once every few months, compared to daily regimens of antiretroviral drugs that are now the front-line treatment for HIV. n contrast to conventional antiretroviral therapy,
antibody-mediated therapy can also engage the patient immune cells, which can help to better neutralize the virus,
If researchers can induce an uninfected person immune system to generate potent antibodies such as 3bnc117 it might be enough to block the HIV infection before it can be established.
Ongoing clinical research in Nussenzweig lab and The Rockefeller University Hospital aims to address the impact of additional broadly neutralizing antibodies, alone or in combination, on viral load in HIV-infected patients.
But if you could transport something into the cell such as a toxic ion or small molecule that could be quite interesting,
In one state, myeloid cells are immunity-enhancing and angiostatic that is, they prevent the formation of new blood vessels. his is important in the early stages of wound healing,
and stimulates immunity. During this phase, myeloid cells complement the therapy to prevent the creation of new blood vessels,
they are diluted in potentially toxic solutions, they may themselves be toxic when they reach organs to which they were directed not initially, the blood-brain barrier,
which separates the brain from the blood circulation, prevents most drugs from reaching their targets in the brain,
by allowing very localised action, directly in the brain and without peripheral toxicity. Based on these initial results, the researchers are now working to move on to an in vivo animal model
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