where detection of toxic gases is needed at the parts-per-million level. Monitoring air quality,
If you place antibodies to certain viruses on the cantilever, it'll capture the viral particles in the analyzed environment.
and UV radiation (Nanowerk News) RMIT University researchers have created wearable sensor patches that detect harmful UV radiation and dangerous, toxic gases such as hydrogen and nitrogen dioxide (Small,"Stretchable
They want to know the drug toxic liability as soon as possible to eliminate failures from their programme,
Understanding the long-term toxicity of drugs Traditionally the potential harmfulness of drugs has been tested on cells grown on plates in a 2d format.
so the tests only reveal results for acute toxicity, i e. drugs that would harm patients almost as soon as they are administered.
allowing for testing of longer-term toxicity effects. The drug being tested passes in a nutrient solution across these various compartmentalised rgansand the plate is connected with analytical methods such as mass spectroscopy to analyse the drug metabolites produced.
but they might also be toxic. This metabolite toxicity can't be detected by classic 2d culture.
Commercial multi-tissue device could be ready in three years A device comprising rat cells,
and more commonly used drugs known to be toxic to the liver such as paracetamol, were passed over these tissues to test the device worked correctly.
#Engineers'synthetic immune organ produces antibodies Cornell engineers have created a functional, synthetic immune organ that produces antibodies
and can be controlled in the lab, completely separate from a living organism. The engineered organ has implications for everything from rapid production of immune therapies to new frontiers in cancer or infectious disease research.
Like a real organ, the organoid converts B cells which make antibodies that respond to infectious invaders into germinal centers,
mature and mutate their antibody genes when the body is under attack. Germinal centers are a sign of infection
get activated and change their antibody types. According to their paper, their 3-D organ outperforms existing 2-D cultures and can produce activated B cells up to 100 times faster.
and how the body produces antibodies to fight those infections from Ebola to HIV. ou can use our system to force the production of immunotherapeutics at much faster rates,
Such a system also could be used to test toxic chemicals and environmental factors that contribute to infections or organ malfunctions.
because the materials can assemble in water instead of more toxic organic solutions that are used widely today.
bio-inspired process unlike current approaches that rely on high temperatures, pressures, toxic solvents and expensive precursors,
In particular, current chemical synthesis methods use high temperatures and toxic solvents, which make environmental remediation expensive and challenging.
They then deliver a third drop containing fluorescent antibodies that stick only to the proteins modified in the cascade.
Looking at the antibodies in a microscope provides a snapshot of what has changed and what hasn't. By building up a series of snapshots at different time intervals,
""Our findings indicate that this nanoparticle delivery system increases the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin with no evidence of systemic toxic side effects in our animal model,
Marcia Silva da Pinto, postdoctoral researcher, works on growing metal organic frameworks onto cotton samples to create a filtration system capable of capturing toxic gas,
Other students have used MOFS to create a mask and hood capable of trapping toxic gases in a selective manner.
The technique employs gold nanoparticles coated with an antibody that interacts with white blood cells. The antibody causes the nanoparticles to attach themselves to white blood cells in a blood sample,
which can be obtained by simply pricking a finger. The blood sample is filtered passively through a small test paper.
such as sickle-cell detection and platelet count, explains Ying. e are also planning to measure different types of white blood cells by introducing gold nanoparticles coated with different antibodies. a
Removing these toxic materials which include pesticides and endocrine disruptors such as bisphenol A (BPA) with existing methods is often expensive and time-consuming.
Brandl says. hen we came up with the idea to use our particles to remove toxic chemicals, pollutants,
minimizing the risks of leaving toxic secondary products to persist in, say, a body of water. nce they switch to this macro situation where theye big clumps,
Director of UVA's Center for Brain Immunology Prof. Jonathan Kipnis said, "It changes entirely the way we perceive the neuro-immune interaction.
a condition that requires treatment with increasingly toxic drugs. Treasure hunt Many of the most successful antibiotics were found in the mid-twentieth century by scientists who trawled microbial communities for bacteria capable of killing their brethren.
and has yet to show any toxic side effects, but demonstrating its safety in humans will be important,
said Jonathan Kipnis, Phd, professor in the UVA Department of Neuroscience and director of UVA Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG).
#Deficiency of Specific Protein in Brain Blood vessels Increases Risk for Alzheimer Disease New study finds that PICALM protein regulates removal of toxic plaques from brain.
Sientists at the Keck School of medicine of USC have discovered that a protein known as PICALM regulates removal of toxic plaques from the brain,
characterized by the loss of memory and other mental abilities linked to an accumulation of amyloid-beta and other toxic compounds in the brain.
They applied a toxic agent to the neurons known to induce double strand breaks and then harvested the RNA from the cells for sequencing.
But the reaction is toxic and destroys the animal motor neurons, Alex Parker explained. Is the same scenario at work with people?
our immune cells respond by producing antibodies that neutralise it when they bind to specific proteins on its surface.
These antibodies continue to be made long after the virus has been cleared from our body ready to mount a quicker response should it return.
If antibodies target it then the virus has infected the person in the past. var ord=window. ord Math. floor (Math. random()*10e12;
any circulating antibodies latch on to the associated proteins on the bacteriophages. Sequencing these bacteriophages then reveals the person's viral history.
while to make antibodies, so you might not find a strong antibody response in the early stages of an infection.
The test would also not be able to distinguish between antibodies made as a result of an infection and those triggered by a vaccine.
Instead the technique might be useful in outbreaks of new viruses. Understanding how our immune system responds to other viral fragments might reveal clues as to
but also seems to be toxic. Gagsteiger is now starting tests of irradiating sperm with the near-infrared light before fertilisation."
Scientists said in a report Thursday by the United nations environment programme (UNEP that not even a single animal managed to survive after getting affected by the disease. nseasonal wetness may have been lowered something that their immunity to infection
Virscan screens the blood for antibodies against any of the 206 species of viruses that are known to attack humans.
According to Ian Lipkin, a professor of epidemiology and director of the Center for Infection and Immunity at Columbia University
your immune system doest has special antibodies to combat those viruses should they ever return. Now researchers have developed a quick,
researchers expose antibodies in the patient blood to molecules with the virusmolecular signature. In the past, researchers could only check a sample for reactions of one type of antibody at a time.
But thanks to Next Generation genetic sequencing, researchers can use Virscan to look for hundreds of antibody reactions at once.
The researchers tested Virscan on samples from almost 600 individuals from the United states Thailand, Peru, and South africa.
After observing over 100 million antibody reactions, the researchers determined that most people had been exposed to about 10 viruses on average,
though a few had antibodies for 84 different viruses. Interestingly, the researchers also uncovered that the immune system sometimes deploys the same antibodies for different viruses that may look similar
or may tailor a sort of universal antibody to block a specific virus. With a bit more tweaking,
the researchers hope that Virscan can be used to quickly detect the bacteria and fungi to shed more light on the microbiome
#New Antibody Fights Several Flu Strains At once Researchers have discovered recently a unique antibody that can kill several different types of the flu virus,
antibodies will be able to bind to the virus and kill it before it can infect you.
But this new antibody, called CT149, works differently. Normally, antibodies can only stop one virus strain from replicating by preventing it from infecting a normal cell.
But CT149 binds to a different area of the cell membrane called the hemagglutinin stem region.
unlike typical antibodies, can stop more than just one strain of flu virus. The researchers gave the CT149 antibody to mice
This work suggests that future flu vaccines could include this new kind of antibody that would be able to fight the most powerful types of influenza viruses
known as erd immunity, is especially vital in order for the vaccine to be truly successful. The trial faced some obstacles in the beginning,
#Stretchy Sensors Remind You to Take a Break from the Sun Researchers at RMIT University in Australia have developed stretchy sensors that detect harmful UV radiation and toxic gases such as hydrogen and nitrogen dioxide.
The self test detects the presence of specific antibodies that the human body makes when it is infected with HIV.
This is because it takes three months for the body to generate the HIV-specific antibodies.
A treatment that would inhibit TERT in a targeted cancer-cell-specific manner would bypass the toxicities associated with current treatments that inadvertently also target TERT in normal healthy cells s
Corgenix provided the Reebov Antigen Rapid Test kits O
#Lexus Hoverboard Gets Off The Ground By Michael Greshko, Inside Science-In the classic 1989 film Back to the Future 2,
a team describes a new strategy that revolves around antibodies, immune proteins that target specific foreign proteins, called antigens.
One end of the antibody latches on to an antigen the other end, called the Fc region,
our experiments show that by including modified antibodies within the vaccine it may be possible to elicit broad protection against many strains simultaneously,
"says senior study author Jeffrey Ravetch, professor of Molecular genetics and Immunology at Rockefeller University.""We believe these results may represent a preliminary step toward a universal flu vaccine,
one that is effective against a broad range of the flu viruses."It was known already that chemical modifications to antibodies'Fc region altered their interactions with immune cells,
which produce antibodies. In experiments that began with human volunteers, the team, led by Taia Wang, an instructor in clinical investigation,
namely the production of more potent antibodies against the flu virus. Every year in the United states, influenza is implicated in the deaths of thousands of people, mostly 65 and older,
chemical modifications to the Fc region of antibodies. These regions go on form complexes with vaccine antigens,
which then modulate the evolving vaccine response. First, the researchers vaccinated healthy volunteers with a seasonal flu vaccine containing an inactivated strain of the H1n1 virus. They then tracked the volunteers'immune responses via blood samples,
keeping an eye out for chemical modifications to antibodies against the hemagglutinin protein. About seven days after the vaccination, they saw a spike in sialylated antibodies, meaning sialic acid,
an important signaling molecule, had been added at a specific spot on the Fc region. The greater the sialylation
Their experiments revealed a complex interaction that ultimately pushes the B cells to produce antibodies with a higher affinity to their antigens.
RIIB, which, in turn, discourages B cells producing low affinity antibodies. In this way, the sialylation on Fc regions establishes a high threshold for the immune response,
so that only B cells producing the highest affinity antibodies are activated. The result of the higher affinity was broad protection against H1 subtype influenza viruses. The researchers then used this knowledge to improve the vaccine itself.
but also sialylated antibodies against that protein.""When we immunized mice with just the H1 protein from one strain or with the sialylated complexes containing the same viral protein,
only the sialylated immunizations offered protection, "Maamary says.""This was no small accomplishment, because H1 viruses can vary significantly from one another.""
which a vaccine containing sialylated antibodies elicits broadly protective antibodies, could potentially be harnessed to reduce the tremendous morbidity
ideally, this would result in a vaccine that provides life long immunity against flu infections. s
#Human Antibody Blocks Dengue virus In Mice Researchers have discovered that a human antibody specific to dengue virus serotype 2,
or after the rodents are inoculated with the virus. This finding suggests that the antibody may act as both a preventative and a therapeutic agent.
"CRYO EM structure of an antibody that neutralizes dengue virus type 2 by locking E protein dimers,"by G. Fibriansah;
a professor of molecular microbiology and immunology at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public health in Maryland, told Linn.
The scientists are now looking for ways they can use the same approach to develop more effective and less toxic cancer treatments in humans.
and the side effects can be intense. reatment regimes for advanced colorectal cancer involve combination chemotherapies that are toxic and largely ineffective,
and past evidence suggests that completely blocking Wnt signaling would likely be severely toxic to normal intestinal cells,
The research focussed on the main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis, known as THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), which is not only responsible for the high associated with the drug-plus hallucinations, delusions, memory loss,
"The U s. EPA Mercury and Air Toxics Standards and the International Minamata Convention on Mercury, have focused on limiting the emissions of toxic air pollutants,
Targeted biological therapy can reduce toxicity and improve outcomes for many cancer patients, when compared to the adverse effects of standard chemotherapeutic drugs.
#WHO grants approval for safe effective meningitis A vaccine for infants The World health organization (WHO) has opened the door to routine immunization of infants in Sub-saharan africa by approving for use an innovative and affordable vaccine that has all but rid the meningitis belt of a major cause
From mass campaigns to routine immunizations In parallel to the large-scale vaccination campaigns, clinical studies were designed
and optimal dosage and immunization schedule for administering Menafrivac to infants and toddlers alongside other routine childhood vaccines in African meningitis belt countries.
Results from two infant clinical studies in Ghana and Mali and vaccine introduction impact data were presented to THE WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) in October 2014
Specifically, THE WHO prequalification that was announced today allows United nations procurement agencies to purchase the vaccine for use in routine immunization programs in meningitis-belt countries
WHO is already working with African countries to ensure a smooth transition from mass campaigns to routine immunization
""The benefits of childhood immunization last a lifetime and the Menafrivac vaccine is one of the greatest success stories that shows
"Prequalification of the Menafrivac vaccine for infants clears the way for the routine immunization of every child before his
"said Dr. Jeanmarie Okwo-Bele, director of THE WHO Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals.""But we cannot yet declare a win on meningitis epidemics in Sub-saharan africa.
and introduce the vaccine in the Expanded Programme on Immunization. Then and only then will we win the battle against meningitis. a
When delivered through the lung particles with a positive surface charge were shown to induce antibody responses both locally in the lung and systemically in the body.
antigen (PSA) screening. The study appears in the January issue of Clinical Chemistry (volume 61 page 239) which is dedicated to Molecular Diagnostics:
but also following patient responses to therapy said Mitchell the paper's corresponding author and professor of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology.
For example current drugs designed for use in diabetics might be beneficial to other people who need to boost this aspect of immunity.
The findings were published in the journal Nature Immunology. More than 850000 Australians are estimated to have type 2 diabetes
and Joint Curators'Professor of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology at the University of Missouri-Columbia and her former lab members Matthew Begemann and Dwayne Elias. A pending patent application submitted along with Elias;
#New antibodies for cancer treatment A research team at Aarhus University i Denmark has developed ten new antibodies that can possibly be used in the battle against cancer.
Up to now the researchers have tested some of the antibodies on mice and in the laboratory they have succeeded in using them to stop the development of malignant tumours.
The antibodies we've found prevent a cancer tumour from growing. They appear to work perfectly in the laboratory
He is the main architect behind the new antibodies but he stresses that the results are preliminary.
The antibodies neutralise the effects of signal substances released by carcinoma cells to get blood vessels to replicate
They are among the world's leading specialists in developing artificial antibodies for cancer treatment
and in recent years they have worked on compositions of genes for a collection of several billion new types of antibodies.
A small number of therapeutic antibodies already exist some of which have the same effect as the antibodies developed by the Aarhus University researchers.
However the existing antibodies are extremely expensive to produce. The new antibodies are easier to extract
and they also appear to be more effective because they hit other--and possibly stronger--signal molecules from the cancer cells.
The demand for therapeutic antibodies for cancer treatment is steadily increasing. In 2013 alone worldwide sales amounted to more than DKK 340 billion.
The art of finding a needle in a haystackestablishing an extensive library of artificial antibodies is no major research achievement in itself.
The difficulty is singling out the few that work and this is something the Aarhus University researchers are good at.
We've got a large library of antibodies that can supplement the body's own fight against disease.
The researchers isolated their antibodies from a library consisting of billions of different antibodies and they subsequently analysed the ability of the individual antibodies to inhibit blood vessel formation.
This sounds like incredibly extensive laboratory work and it would have been far from possible just a few years ago.
and extract the antibodies with specific binding properties regarding the surface proteins in blood vessel cells.
In the coming years the researchers will work on gaining a more in depth understanding of the ten antibodies.
We're at the stage where we've identified some antibodies that bind something or other that makes blood vessel replication behave differently.
but generalized, way and does not confer long-lasting immunity. The second is the adaptive immune system in
Th2 immunity is one of two major aspects of adaptive immunity. Th1 responses target intracellular pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria that have invaded host cells.
or proteins that they want to examine using an antibody that binds to the chosen targets.
This antibody is linked to a fluorescent dye as well as a chemical anchor that can attach the dye to the polyacrylate chain.
if you sequence someone's genome you can tell what diseases they're going have 50 years later said Mark Davis Phd professor of microbiology and immunology and director of Stanford's Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection.
or toxic exposures vaccinations diet and dental hygiene--trumped heritable ones when it came to accounting for differences within a pair of twins.
Davis and his associates also observed considerable environmental influence over the quantities of antibodies produced in members of twin pairs who had been vaccinated for influenza in a separate Stanford investigation directed by study co-author Cornelia Dekker MD professor of pediatric infectious disease
Holden Maecker Phd associate professor of microbiology and immunology and director of Stanford's Human Immune Monitoring Center;
Information about Stanford's Department of Microbiology and Immunology which also supported the work is available at http://microimmuno. stanford. edu
"said Jonathan Kipnis, Phd, professor in the UVA Department of Neuroscience and director of UVA's Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG)."
It belongs to a group of proteins known as"cancer/testis antigens, "which are expressed normally in the germ line cells that give rise to sperm and eggs,
"In this study, Huang and his colleagues focused on cancer testis antigens (CTAS), since they are often found in tumor cells that circulate in the blood.
and can also cause toxicity.''In the past few years, Ho and his colleagues were developing cellular nanotags to help detect organ rejection,
Consequently, in these organs, the toxic side effects of the nanodrug decreased significantly. Furthermore, the researchers found that Intralipid pre-treatment allowed more of the drug to remain available and active in the body for longer periods of time.
or'immunotherapy'specifically for individuals carrying high-risk rheumatoid arthritis genes and specific rheumatoid arthritis antibodies, called anti-CCP."
"This treatment teaches the patient's immune system to ignore a naturally occurring peptide that is incorrectly identified as'foreign',resulting in the production of CCP antibodies and causing inflammation."
"Arrayvirscan works by screening the blood for antibodies against any of the 206 species of viruses known to infect humans.
The immune system ramps up production of pathogen-specific antibodies when it encounters a virus for the first time,
and it can continue to produce those antibodies for years or decades after it clears an infection.
000 known strains of human viruses. Antibodies in the blood find their viral targets by recognizing unique features known as epitopes that are embedded in proteins on the virus surface.
Antiviral antibodies in the blood find and bind to their target epitopes within the displayed peptides.
The scientists then retrieve the antibodies and wash away everything except for the few bacteriophage that cling to them.
they can identify which viral protein pieces were grabbed onto by antibodies in the blood sample. That tells the scientists which viruses a person's immune system has encountered previously,
"Elledge and his colleagues used Virscan to analyze the antibodies in 569 people from four countries,
examining about 100 million potential antibody/epitope interactions. They found that on average, each person had antibodies to ten different species of viruses. As expected,
antibodies against certain viruses were common among adults but not in children, suggesting that children had not yet been exposed to those viruses. Individuals residing South africa, Peru,
and Thailand, tended to have antibodies against more viruses than people in the United states. The researchers also found that people infected with HIV had antibodies against many more viruses than did people without HIV.
Elledge says the team was surprised to find that antibody responses against specific viruses were surprisingly similar between individuals
with different people's antibodies recognizing identical amino acids in the viral peptides.""In this paper alone we identified more antibody/peptide interactions to viral proteins than had been identified in the previous history of all viral exploration,
"he says. The surprising reproducibility of those interactions allowed the team to refine their analysis
and improve the sensitivity of Virscan, and Elledge says the method will continue to improve as his team analyzes more samples.
Elledge says the approach his team has developed is limited not to antiviral antibodies. His own lab is also using it to look for antibodies that attack a body's own tissue in certain autoimmune diseases that are associated with cancer.
A similar approach could also be used to screen for antibodies against other types of pathogens s
#New microscope technique could speed identification of deadly bacteria A new way of rapidly identifying bacteria,
and Dr Yasmine Belkaid from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious diseases (NIAID) in the USA will be published in the journal Immunity.
#First functional, synthetic immune organ with controllable antibodies Arraythe synthetic organ is inspired bio by secondary immune organs like the lymph node or spleen.
Like a real organ, the organoid converts B cells--which make antibodies that respond to infectious invaders--into germinal centers,
mature and mutate their antibody genes when the body is under attack. Germinal centers are a sign of infection
get activated and change their antibody types. According to their paper, their 3-D organ outperforms existing 2-D cultures and can produce activated B cells up to 100 times faster.
and how the body produces antibodies to fight those infections--from Ebola to HIV.''You can use our system to force the production of immunotherapeutics at much faster rates,
Such a system also could be used to test toxic chemicals and environmental factors that contribute to infections or organ malfunctions.
The technique is based on the binding of antibodies, either to two sites on the same protein or to two proteins that are localised very close to each other.
The antibodies have been linked to DNA strands that will attach to each other if they are close enough.
and commonly available in hospital and research labs. Since two antibodies are bound in the first step alsesignals can be avoided,
tunable luminescence, superior photostability, low toxicity, and chemical resistance. Recently, Prof. Seokwoo Jeon (Material Science and Engineering), Prof.
The results of the research have recently been published in the eminent scientific journal Nature Immunology.
The Rutgers team was able to isolate the uranium-breathing bacterium in the lab by recognizing that uranium in samples from the Rifle site could be toxic to microorganisms as well as humans.
So just like bacteria pick up resistance to things like antibiotics and heavy metal toxicity, this bacterium"picked up a genetic element that's now allowing it to detoxify uranium,
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