Polymers

Copolymer (39)
Elastomer (53)
Electroactive polymers (33)
Monomer (19)
Polycarbonate (16)
Polyester (23)
Polymer (1113)
Polymerization (30)
Polyolefin (12)
Polystyrene (49)
Silicone (103)

Synopsis: Domenii: Materials: Materials generale: Classes of materials: Polymers:

Each so-called"organ-on-chip#is composed of a clear flexible polymer that contains hollow microfluidic channels lined by living human cells.

because the nanowires are inlaid in the polymer.""The sensors stem from Zhu's earlier work to create highly conductive and elastic conductors made from silver nanowires,

and consist of one layer of nanowires in a stretchable polymer. The new sensor is also more accurate than existing technologies at monitoring electrophysiological signals

Polymer brushes on the Nanovelcro nanowires respond to the temperature changes by altering their physical properties allowing them to capture

*Constructed using organic materials (polymers), which can be dissolved into liquid form and applied to a variety of surfaces such as flexible plastics and glass;

Innovative polymers and ceramics and novel image-processing software from the project are already being commercialised.

The company's Chief Technology Officer is Gert-Jan Gruter former Professor for Polymer Catalysis at Eindhoven University of Technology who explains:

and bio-based polymers to help it produce bio substitutes for oil-based products in bulk production chains.

We believe that the PEF will become the new world standard for polyester bottles. with the possibilities it opens up for future work in vaccine discovery was recognised with the naming of Professor Lomonossoff as Innovator of the Year 2012 by the Biotechnology and Biological sciences Research Council

The new plastic compounds are called elastomer powder modified thermoplastics or EPMT for short. They are made up of rubber residues crushed into elastomer powder that are blended with thermoplastics.

Dr Holger Wack, scientist at UMSICHT, explains the production process:''In the first step, the rubber residues, that can be meter-long rubber pieces,

Here we use, for example, polypropylene as a thermoplastic material.''Dr Holger Wack worked in collaboration with his colleagues Damian Hintemann and Nina Kloster,

processors of thermoplastic elastomers can obtain EPMT and turn it into products. Industrial companies whose work involves elastomers such as the industrial and construction sectors,

or carmakers and athletics could recycle these products, make EPMT from them, incorporate them into their existing products

In recent years, dental correction orthodontics have used braces made from clear plastic polymer to good effect,

Braces made from a clear plastic polymer have a better aesthetics when compared to metal braces,

'remarked Juan Baselga, head of the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M) Polymers and Composite Group.

the polymer mould that the company CEOSA-Euroortodoncia uses in the industrial production of the braces.

and evenly dispersed in a polymer mould in a very low proportion. After this process based on green chemical techniques is carried out by UC3M researchers,

the particles are dispersed in the polymer through micro-extrusion and microinjection techniques, and are mixed finally to produce the final piece.'

The complex structure of plastic polymers makes the mixing of different plastics difficult or can result in weaker materials,

It employs a closed-loop system to monitor the conditions of the recycled polymers and applies ultrasonic energy to the melt as and when required."

#Building new plastics with smart software Chemists can help create a wide range of plastics from polymers,

To assist with this, the European union (EU)- funded NANOPOLY research fellows have developed a new software tool to model the polymer molecules on a nanoscale.

The innovation developed by the project team could pave the way for the tailoring of polymers to specific industry needs.

and software company Cit about the need for modern software tools to design plastics from polymers. he new software tool helps us predict how different production processes affect the nanostructure of the polymers,

says Schütte. his is expected to support the European polymer industry innovate their products and lead to the creation of a new generation of researchers that are trained in mathematical and software modelling,

as well as polymer process design, he adds. his allows us to tailor the production process to the requirements of the polymer molecules

and to the resulting polymer material, says Schütte. The innovative software tool was developed by researchers taking part in the EU Marie Curie programme of support for postgraduate fellows. he NANOPOLY project gave them vital training in complementary research fields.

The training helped build a mix of competences in mathematical modelling, software engineering, as well as polymer chemistry, explains Schütte.

The project has supported already several early stage researchers in their career, with three of them hired for permanent positions by chemical company BASF and five others finding post-doctorate positions.

While Europe still plays a major role in polymer processing and product development, large-scale production of commodity polymers is shifting increasingly to other regions of the world.

But innovative, specialised commodities, along with smarter production strategies, can help European researchers and companies stay competitive in this field.

Incontrast with previous designs this one wouldbe capable of handling multiple feedstock'sprocessing them in multiple ways (chemicalbiochemical thermochemical) and producingmultiple products from aviation fuels tochemicals polymers and other materials.

The team was able to separate physical and biochemical effects on platelet behavior by forming polymer gels with different degrees of stiffness

##The bloodstream contains proteins known as fibrinogen that are the precursors for fibrin the polymer that provides the basic structure for natural blood clots.

The liquid polymer filled the mold but as it cured, the material shrunk slightly. This allowed the pillars to release easily.

and hydrogel water-based polymer gel that provides structural supporthus learingthe tissue but leaving its three-dimensional architecture intact for study.

They first dissolved a polymer and combined it with a drug, maraviroc, and other agents often used in pharmaceuticals that help a material become more water-soluble

Long-term stability A problem with thermogelling polymers is that once they harden, they begin to collapse

these polymers slowly start to expel water and shrink down until theye one-half or one-third the size.

The chip, festooned with tiny carbon nanotubes (engineered segments of carbon that are efficient electrical conductors) and treated with a proprietary polymer

and his colleagues designedicroscopic posts of the Silly Putty component polydimethylsiloxane serve as the threads.

#Tiniest particles melt and then turn into Jell-o New york University rightoriginal Studyposted by James Devitt-NYU on October 20 2014the fact that microscopic particles known as polymers

The new solid is a substance like Jell-o with the polymers adhering to the colloids

The study focuses on polymers and colloids#particles as small as one-billionth and one-millionth of a meter in size respectively.

By better understanding polymer and colloidal formation scientists have the potential to harness these particles

In the Nature Materials study the researchers examined polymers and larger colloidal crystals at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 85 degrees C. At room temperature the polymers act as a gas bumping against the larger particles

and applying a pressure that forces them together once the distance between the particles is too small to admit a polymer.

In fact the colloids form a crystal using this process known as the depletion interaction#an attractive entropic force

which is a dynamic that results from maximizing the random motion of the polymers and the range of space they have the freedom to explore.

and polymers that exist today. rom a fundamental-science point of view our discovery is intriguing because the threads we formed have a structure that has never been seen beforeays study leader John V. Badding a professor of chemistry at Penn State.

so that when we release the pressure very slowly an orderly polymerization reaction happens that forms the diamond-core nanothread.

#New polymer makes solar cells more efficient Solar cells made from polymers have the potential to be cheap and lightweight

A polymer is a type of large molecule that forms plastics and other familiar materials. he field is rather immature it s in the infancy stagesays Luping Yu a professor in chemistry at the University of Chicago.

Now a team of researchers led by Yu has identified a new polymer that allows electrical charges to move more easily through the cell boosting electricity production. olymer solar cells have great potential to provide low-cost lightweight

The active regions of such solar cells are composed of a mixture of polymers that give and receive electrons to generate electrical current

The new polymer developed by Yu s group called PID2 improves the efficiency of electrical power generation by 15 percent

when added to a standard polymer-fullerene mixture. ullerene a small carbon molecule is one of the standard materials used in polymer solar cellslu says. asically in polymer solar cells we have a polymer as electron donor

and fullerene as electron acceptor to allow charge separation. n their work the researchers added another polymer into the device resulting in solar cells with two polymers and one fullerene.

when an optimal amount of PID2 was added the highest ever for solar cells made up of two types of polymers with fullerene

The group which includes researchers at the Argonne National Laboratory is now working to push efficiencies toward 10 percent a benchmark necessary for polymer solar cells to be viable for commercial application.

The standard mechanism for improving efficiency with a third polymer is by increasing the absorption of light in the device.

when PID2 was added charges were transported more easily between polymers and throughout the cell. In order for a current to be generated by the solar cell electrons must be transferred from polymer to fullerene within the device.

But the difference between electron energy levels for the standard polymer-fullerene is large enough that electron transfer between them is difficult.

PID2 has energy levels in between the other two and acts as an intermediary in the process. t s like a stepyu says. hen it s too high it s hard to climb up

but if you put in the middle another step then you can easily walk up. he addition of PID2 caused the polymer blend to form fibers

and for displaying patterns on large polymer sheets. For example Halas and colleagues published a study in Advanced Materials in August about an aluminum-based CMOS-compatible photodetector technology for color sensing.

In addition University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign co-principal investigator John Rogers and colleagues published a proof-of-concept study in PNAS in August about new methods for creating flexible black-and-white polymer displays

You can create materials by design. he researchers use a direct laser writing method called two-photon lithography to ritea three-dimensional pattern in a polymer by allowing a laser beam to crosslink

and harden the polymer wherever it is focused. The parts of the polymer that were exposed to the laser remain intact

while the rest is dissolved away revealing a three-dimensional scaffold. That structure can then be coated with a thin layer of just about any kind of material#a metal an alloy a glass a semiconductor etc.

Then the researchers use another method to etch out the polymer from within the structure leaving a hollow architecture.

After the patterning step they coated the polymer scaffold with a ceramic called alumina (i e. aluminum oxide) producing hollow-tube alumina structures with walls ranging in thickness from 5 to 60 nanometers and tubes from 450 to 1380 nanometers in diameter.

Microtubules are string-like protein polymers that together with kinesin transport cargo around the cells.

and DNA the assembly of nanotechnological components or small organic polymers or the chemical alteration of carbon nanotubes. e need to continue to optimize the system

The liquid polymer filled the mold but as it cured the material shrunk slightly. This allowed the pillars to release easily.

and hydrogel#a water-based polymer gel that provides structural support #thus learingthe tissue but leaving its three-dimensional architecture intact for study.

and may apply equally to other one-dimensional chains subject to Peierls distortions including conducting polymers and charge/spin density-wave materials.

and turns the neat trick of converting gaseous carbon dioxide into solid polymer chains that nestle in the pores. obody s ever seen a mechanism like thistour says. ou ve got to have that nucleophile (the sulfur

or nitrogen atoms) to start the polymerization reaction. This would never work on simple activated carbon; the key is that the polymer forms

and provides continuous selectivity for carbon dioxide. ethane ethane and propane molecules that make up natural gas may try to stick to the carbon

but the growing polymer chains simply push them off he says. The researchers treated their carbon source with potassium hydroxide at 600 degrees Celsius to produce the powders with either sulfur

After heating it to 600 degrees C for the one-step synthesis from inexpensive industrial polymers the final carbon material has a surface area of 2500 square meters per gram

The transducer is made of a mixture of a spongy plastic called polydimethylsiloxane, or PDMS, and carbon nanotubes.

Sandwiched between the two electrodes is a polymer film that acts as a reservoir of charged ions similar to the role of the electrolyte paste in a battery.

When the electrodes are pressed together the polymer oozes into the tiny pores in much the same way that melted cheese soaks into the nooks and crannies of the bread in a panini.

When the polymer cools and solidifies it forms an extremely strong mechanical bond. he biggest problem with designing load-bearing supercaps is preventing them from delaminatingsays Westover. ombining nanoporous material with the polymer electrolyte bonds the layers together tighter than superglue. he use

of silicon in structural supercapacitors is suited best for consumer electronics and solar cells but Pint and Westover are confident that the rules that govern the load-bearing character of their design will carry over to other materials such as carbon nanotubes and lightweight porous metals like aluminum.

They have filed also a patent for this technology due to its commercial potential. e use a simple polymer-based film to remove the impurities

associate professor in the department of chemical engineering. t is all polymer and we are able to get performances comparable to really expensive materials such as mixed matrix membranes

The membrane that Grunlan and Wilhite have developed is a layer-by-layer polymer coating that is comprised of alternating individual layers of common, low-cost polyelectrolytes.

and medical devices to structural components for the automotive civil and aerospace industries. he cellulose nanocrystals represent a potential green alternative to carbon nanotubes for reinforcing materials such as polymers and concrete.

so that it binds strongly with a reinforcing polymer to make a new type of tough composite material

They have learned to increase the power output by applying micron-scale patterns to the polymer sheets.

and even distilled waterâ##and a patterned polymer surface. Their latest paper published in the journal ACS Nano described harvesting energy from the touch pad of a laptop computer.

They are now using a wide range of materials including polymers fabrics and even papers.

The generators can be made from nearly transparent polymers allowing their use in touch pads and screens.

and GNRS and coated our samples it had all the properties we needed. ab samples up to two square feet were assembled using a flexible polymer substrate polyimide

The secret is a stretchy polymer that coats the electrode binds it together and spontaneously heals tiny cracks that develop during battery operation. elf-healing is very important for the survival and long lifetimes of animals

so they will have a long lifetime as well. ang developed the self-healing polymer in the lab of Zhenan Bao a professor of chemical engineering at Stanford

For the battery project Chao added tiny nanoparticles of carbon to the polymer so it would conduct electricity. e found that silicon electrodes lasted 10 times longer

when coated with the self-healing polymer which repaired any cracks within just a few hoursbao says. heir capacity for storing energy is in the practical range now

Attached to each of the cyclic peptides are two different types of polymers which tend to de-mix

and polymers. anus nanotubes are a versatile platform for the design of exciting materials which have a wide range of application from membranesâ##for instance for the purification of waterâ##to therapeutic uses including the development of new drug systems. ource:

to make lithium-sulfur cathodes by synthesizing a nanocomposite consisting of sulfur coated with a common inexpensive conductive polymer called polyaniline and

but the new method provides an internal void within the polymer shell called a olk-shellstructure. hen the lithium-sulfur battery was discharged fully the volume of the sulfur expanded dramatically to 200 percent.

#Nanoribbon material keeps gases captive Rice university rightoriginal Studyposted by Mike Williams-Rice on October 11 2013an enhanced polymer could make vehicles that run on compressed natural gas more practical and even prolong the shelf life of bottled beer

The researchers led by Rice graduate student Changsheng Xiang produced thin films of the composite material by solution casting GNRS treated with hexadecane and TPU a block copolymer of polyurethane that combines hard and soft materials.

Stress and strain tests also found that the 0. 5 percent ratio was optimal for enhancing the polymer s strength. he idea is to increase the toughness of the tank

#Ink-jet printing creates soft nanostructures A new way to make nanostructures combines advanced ink-jet printing technology with block copolymers that spontaneously form ultra-fine structures.

The ability to fabricate nanostructures out of polymers DNA proteins and other oftmaterials has the potential to enable new classes of electronics diagnostic devices and chemical sensors.

but there are significant challenges in achieving true nanoscale dimension. ur work demonstrates that processes of polymer self-assembly can provide a way around this limitationsays John Rogers professor of materials science and engineering at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Combining jet printing with self-assembling block copolymers enabled the engineers to attain the much higher resolution as suggested by lead author Serdar Onses a postdoctoral scientist at Illinois. Onses earned his doctorate at the University of Wisconsin

Back at the University of Illinois engineers place a block copolymer atop this pattern. The block copolymer self-organizes directed by the underlying template to form patterns that are at much higher resolution than the template itself.

Previous work has focused on the deposition and assembly of uniform films on each wafer or substrate resulting in patterns with essentially only one characteristic feature size

But practical applications may need block copolymers of multiple dimensions patterned or spatially placed over a wafer. his invention to use ink-jet printing to deposit different block copolymer films with high spatial resolution over the substrate is highly enabling in terms of device design

and manufacturing in that you can realize different dimension structures all in one layernealey says. oreover the different dimension patterns may actually be directed to assemble with either the same

or different templates in different regions. he advanced form of ink-jet printing the engineers use to locally deposit block copolymers is called electrohydrodynamic or e-jet printing.

Next the researchers used a technique called two-photon lithography to turn that design into a three-dimensional polymer lattice.

Then they uniformly coated that polymer lattice with thin layers of the ceramic material titanium nitride (Tin)

and removed the polymer core leaving a ceramic nanolattice. The lattice is constructed of hollow struts with walls no thicker than 75 nanometers. e are now able to design exactly the structure that we want to replicate

They placed the atchsticksin a mixture alongside ordinary polymer microspheres. When the hydrogen peroxide was added the microspheres continued to move in the direction of convection currents

Tiny beads of polystyrene are used also, which absorb ethylene and concentrate it near the nanotubes.

Normally, the fungus feeds on chitin and breaks it down into monomer amino sugars. With the addition of the new genes,

Known as the Octopus Siphon Actuator the miniature prototype system consists of four joined 20 x 6-cm (7. 9 x 2. 4-in) elastomer balls

and is also planning on applying it to other brittle materials such as ceramics and polymers.

The implant consists of a stretchy silicone substrate covered in cracked-gold conducting tracks leading to electrodes made from a silicon/platinum microbead composite.

such as"ninja polymers"and artificial nanoparticles made of lipids. But this latest breakthrough by researchers from Novobiotic in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Northeastern University in Boston, the University of Bonn in Germany,

and polymer layers where the light is collected. Furthermore, graphics can be printed to improve its visual appearance.

#Polymer gel that stores light energy A team led by Nicolas Giuseppone, professor at the Université de Strasbourg,

at CNRS Institut Charles Sadron, has developed a polymer gel that is able to contract through the action of artificial molecular motors.

these nanoscale motors twist the polymer chains in the gel, which as a result contracts by several centimeters.

which cross-link the polymer chains to each other, by rotating molecular motors made up of two parts that can turn relative to each other when provided with energy.

as soon as the motors are activated by light they twist the polymer chains in the gel, which makes it contract.

it is turned into mechanical energy through the twisting of the polymer chains, and stored in the gel.

the amount of energy contained in the contraction of the polymer chains becomes very high,

#At lunch, eating teriyaki chicken out of a styrofoam container from the deli by the bus station felt like heaven compared with the slog of the day.

, polyethylene, polystyrene and polypropylene##PP, PE,#PS plastics), there is no toxic substance produced and any residue can be disposed of with regular burnable garbage.

The machines are able to process polyethylene, polystyrene and polypropylene but not PET bottles. The result is a crude gas that can fuel things like generators or stoves and,

#Imprint Energy is developing flexible, printed batteries for wearable devices Ultrathin zinc-polymer battery. Imprint Energy is developing flexible,

The California startup has been testing its ultrathin zinc-polymer batteries in wrist-worn devices and hopes to sell them to manufacturers of wearable electronics, medical devices, smart labels,

Ho developed a solid polymer electrolyte that avoids this problem, and also provides greater stability,

That s right, no expensive polymers, resins, or other materials are required. That s what makes the Mcor line of 3d printers both unique and refreshing to those tired of the tremendous expenses associated with 3d printing in general.

Just a thin layer of this amazing polymer will hide anything under it from being perceived by your sense of touch.

or monomers, to be reused. It was definitely fortuitous, Dr Garcia said. The first thing I did,

Every time you discover a new polymer-forming reaction it leads to all sorts of new materials.

the researchers adapted their procedure to a different monomer and produced flexible, self-healing gels.

For example, a PVC sheet sandwiched between two films of rigid polyester featuring slits of different sizes contracts

creating different angles where the edges of the polyester films press against each other. Producing the pattern of slits is quite a difficult process as every edge in the system moves at the same time,

Before coming to Harvard from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign last year, Lewis had spent more than a decade developing 3-D printing techniques using ceramics, metal nanoparticles, polymers,

and to further strengthen the polymer, they coated it with a thin film of alumina (aluminum oxide).

The exoskeleton is made out of cuticle a composite of the natural polymer chitin and silklike strands of a rubbery substance called resilin.

Hard insect exoskeletons are made from layers of polysaccharide polymer and a protein in a plywoodlike structure.

copper and a shape-memory polymer that folds when heated to more than 212 degrees Fahrenheit (100 degrees Celsius).

The engineers also said they're looking into the use of materials that can also unfold themselves, something shape-memory polymers,

IBM accidentally creates the first new polymer in 30 years When you leave a key ingredient out of a recipe,

The accident has led to the discovery of two amazing new polymers the first new polymers created in 30 years.

the polymers code-named"Titan"and"Hydro"are incredibly strong, lightweight and able to heal themselves.

"Polymers, such as plastics and polystyrene, are long chains of molecules connected through chemical bonds. The main failings of these materials are their poor recyclability

The new polymers solve these problems. IBM said the materials could even potentially be used in airplanes, where their strength, light weight,

Beyond the initial accident, the new polymers were developed through a combination of chemistry and high-performance computing,

which allowed them to quickly figure out how the new polymers would react with other materials.

when they reinforced the polymer with carbon nanotubes, it became 50 percent stronger. IBM Research's James Hedrick, who co-authored the new paper,

and build new polymer structures with significant guidance from computation that facilitates accelerated materials discovery.

Making the muscles is as simple as twisting and coiling high-strength polymer fishing line and sewing thread (usually twisting with the aid of a power drill).

The polymer-muscles generate about 3 horsepower per lb. 7. 1 hp/kilogram) or the equivalent of a jet engine.

I know about that does coiled as well as these polymer muscles Baughman said. Follow Tanya Lewis on Twitter and Google+.

etched into the shape needed to make an electrode, onto pieces of polymer. The polymers they used are transparent,

and one polyethylene terephthalate (PET) can be bent, whereas the other polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is stretchable. The resulting films conduct electricity better than any other sample of graphene produced in the past.

Until recently high-quality graphene has been hard to make on a large scale. To produce their graphene,

Hong and his colleagues used a technique that is well known in the semiconductor industry chemical vapour deposition.

And when stamped onto the polymer, they can be bent or stretched by as much as 11%without losing their conductivity.

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