and the computer uses the reading to calculate the glucose concentration. The process is repeated then with UV LIGHT.
The computer then uses these two different readings to calculate the premature baby's blood sugar level.
or radio waves from bouncing at interfaces between materials,"said physicist Charles Black, who led the research at Brookhaven Lab's Center for Functional Nanomaterials (CFN), a DOE Office of Science User Facility.
Preventing reflections requires controlling an abrupt change in"refractive index, "a property that affects how waves such as light propagate through a material.
and began working on a screen for molecules that tweak cell shape. Most drug screens look for an effect on a specific biochemical pathway that has been linked to disease;
by contrast Surcel explains this screen is based on the end result for a whole cell--in this case the amoeba Dictyostelium
which closely resembles a number of mammalian cell types. After treating the cells with a molecule Robinson's team looked for out-of-the-ordinary numbers of cells with two or more nuclei.
A screen of thousands of molecules turned up 25 with the effect the team was looking for Further studies revealed that one of them 4-HAP affected myosin II a building block of the cell skeleton.
Mohs and co-authors report on their prototype system that combines a fluorescent dye that localizes in tumors with a real-time imaging system that allows the surgeon to simply view a screen to distinguish between normal tissue and the ightedmalignant tissue.
an urban research and business park specializing in biotechnology, materials science and information technology. Wake Forest Baptist clinical, research and educational programs are ranked annually among the best in the country by U s. News & World Report u
of mouse Ngly1 gene expression. Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Science the paper details how lack of the Ngly1 protein results in the incomplete removal of the sugar portion of glycoproteins--a process called deglycosylation.
In mouse models, deletion of the gene that codes for a protein that promotes the production of camp resulted in spontaneous bronchial asthma,
"Raz noted that the genetic mouse model developed for the research shares multiple similarities with human allergic asthma,
#New laser for computer chips: International team of scientists constructs first germanium-tin semiconductor laser for silicon chips The transfer of data between multiple cores as well as between logic elements and memory cells is regarded as a bottleneck in the fast-developing computer technology.
Data transmission via light could be the answer to the call for a faster and more energy efficient data flow on computer chips as well as between different board components.
Signal transmission via copper wires limits the development of larger and faster computers due to the thermal load and the limited bandwidth of copper wires.
The clock signal alone synchronizing the circuits uses up to 30%of the energy--energy which can be saved through optical transmission explains Prof.
Some long-distance telecommunication networks and computing centres have been making use of optical connections for decades.
Through optical fibres signal propagation is almost lossless and possible across various wavelengths simultaneously: a speed advantage
Along with computer chips completely new applications that have not been pursued so far for financial reasons may
In the future cost-effective portable sensor technology--which may be integrated into a smart phone--could supply real-time data on the distribution of substances in the air
It provides data on the gene expression profiles of hundreds of individual cells in a single experiment producing an exact picture of the individual cell types.
However the fundamental complexity of single-cell transcriptome profiles has posed a major challenge to making sense of the data.
If all you have is gene expression data from single cells you need a way to identify
#New high-speed 3-D microscope--SCAPE--gives deeper view of living things Her study is published in the Advance Online Publication (AOP) on Nature Photonics's website on January 19 2015.
The emergence of fluorescent proteins and transgenic techniques over the past 20 years has transformed biomedical research even delivering neurons that flash as they fire in the living brain.
and her collaborators have used already the system to observe firing in 3d neuronal dendritic trees in superficial layers of the mouse brain.
and Information system) the GFZ has started to observe the volcano eruption and to provide support on data acquisition and interpretation.
Our team the GFZ Hazard and Risk Team HART works in close collaboration with the University of Cape verde the Volcano Observatory of the Canary islands and the German Aerospace Centre says GFZ-volcanologist Dr
. Thomas Walter. On one hand we are analysing data from the newest remote sensing satellites to develop models of the magma ascent path.
On the other we are collecting data on the lava flows directly in the field by installing volcano monitoring instruments.
The satellite data which is acquired by the European space agency's Sentinel-1 satellite enables the measurement of ground movements associated with the volcano eruption.
This remote sensing data is complemented by an expedition team that is making different types of measurements.
This data allows us to quantify the erupted lava volumes and also to better assess the hazard associated with lava flows to come.
and repurposed from other tissue types by transposons--ancient mobile genetic elements sometimes thought of as genomic parasites.
Lynch and his colleagues used high-throughput sequencing to catalog genes expressed in the uterus of several types of living animals--placental mammals (a human, monkey, mouse, dog, cow, pig, horse and armadillo
Many of the ancient mammalian transposons possessed progesterone binding sites that regulate this process. By randomly inserting themselves into other places in the genome,
All samples were sent immediately to Stanford's Human Immune Monitoring Core which houses the latest immune-sleuthing technology under a single roof.
software specialist Sanchita Bhattacharya; and MD/Phd student Cesar Lopez Angel. The study was funded by the National institutes of health (grants U19ai057229 U19ai090019 DA011170 DA023063 AI057229 AI090019 ES022153 and UL1 RR025744) SRI the Howard hughes medical institute the Wenner-Gren Foundation and the Sweden-America Foundation.
With the help of specific mouse models we demonstrate that the expression of Fra-2 in keratinocytes induces the expression of genes in the EDC the authors write.
computer chips, and the nanomaterials involved in energy conversion or storage. But this also means that the X-rays pass straight through conventional lenses without being bent or focussed.
a postdoctoral fellow in Kipnis'lab. The vessels were detected after Louveau developed a method to mount a mouse's meninges--the membranes covering the brain--on a single slide
Sorted according to species and sites of capture, the scientists combined the captured mosquitoes into 432 mixed samples.
the researchers inserted the equivalent of a computer programme into the DNA of the bacterial cells.
Jérôme Bonnet's team in Montpellier's Centre for Structural Biochemistry (CBS) had the idea of using concepts from synthetic biology derived from electronics to construct genetic systems making it possible to"programme"living cells like a computer.
the cornerstone of genetic programming The transistor is the central component of modern electronic systems. It acts both as a switch and as a signal amplifier.
In informatics, by combining several transistors, it is possible to construct"logic gates, "i e. systems that respond to different signal combinations according to a predetermined logic.
such as smartphones, rely on the use of transistors and logic gates. During his postdoctoral fellowship at Stanford university in the United states
"Qihong and his colleagues have found a target that could result in a more accurate test than any method that's been used to screen for non-small cell lung cancer to date,
"This is the second time Wistar has identified a potential method for creating a blood test to screen for lung cancer.
Positive interim data for this test was presented recently at the American Thoracic Society International Conference e
and accumulate at the tumor site. However, tests of these nanodrugs show that only between one and 10 percent of the drugs are delivered to the tumor site
with the majority of the remainder being diverted to the liver and spleen.''The body's immune system, especially the liver and spleen, has been one of the biggest stumbling blocks in developing nanoscale chemotherapy drug delivery systems,
The researchers believe that this increased availability will allow more of the drug to reach the tumor site,
The discovery is the latest development in a long investigation sparked by a chance observation in an unusual mouse strain.
Years of subsequent research involving the MRL mouse led Heber-Katz and colleagues to theorize that the HIF-1a pathway,
of which is increased markedly before and after injury in the MRL mouse. Under normal oxygen conditions, HIF-1a is degraded by prolyl hydroxylases (PHDS.
their group found that it was possible to achieve healthy tissue regrowth in a mouse model in situ, without the use of stem cells."
#Planarian regeneration model discovered by artificial intelligence Arrayin order to bioengineer complex organs, scientists need to understand the mechanisms by which those shapes are produced normally by the living organism.
However, no such tools yet exist for mining the fast-growing mountain of published experimental data in regeneration
Lobo and Levin developed an algorithm that would use evolutionary computation to produce regulatory networks able to"evolve"to accurately predict the results of published laboratory experiments that the researchers entered into a database."
so that the head-tail patterning outcomes of simulated experiments would match the published data, "Lobo said.
Tufts biologists devloped an algorithm that used evolutionary computation to produce regulatory networks able to"evolve"to accurately predict the results of published research on planarian regeneration.
The algorithm compared the resulting shape from the simulation with real published data in the database.
gradually the new networks could explain more experiments in the database comprising most of the known planarian experimental literature regarding head vs. tail regeneration.
Arraythe researchers ultimately applied the algorithm to a combined experimental dataset of 16 key planarian regeneration experiments to determine
After 42 hours, the algorithm returned the discovered regulatory network, which correctly predicted all 16 experiments in the dataset.
and is the first regenerative model discovered by artificial intelligence, "said Levin. Lobo and Levin are trained both in computer science
and bring an unusual perspective to the field of developmental biology. Levin majored in computer science and biology at Tufts before earning his Ph d. in genetics.
Lobo earned a Ph d. in the field before joining the Levin lab. The paper represents a successful application of the growing field of"robot science
"While the artificial intelligence in this project did have to do a whole lot of computations, the outcome is a theory of
All this suggests to me that artificial intelligence can help with every aspect of science, not only data mining but also inference of meaning of the data."
"This work was supported with funding from the National Science Foundation grant EF-1124651, National institutes of health grant GM078484, USAMRMC grant W81xwh-10-2-0058,
Computation used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), which is supported by NSF grant OCI-1053575,
and a cluster computer awarded by Silicon Mechanics s
#Your viral infection history in a single drop of blood With Virscan, scientists can run a single test to determine which viruses have infected an individual,
A similar approach could also be used to screen for antibodies against other types of pathogens s
and may also help the food industry screen against contamination with harmful pathogens, according to researchers. A new way of rapidly identifying bacteria,
and may also help the food industry screen against contamination with harmful pathogens, according to researchers at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) in Daejeon, South korea.
and computer software to analyze the images and identify them by comparing them to other, known bacteria.
The software uses a machine-learning algorithm--the sort computers connected to security cameras might use for automated facial recognition.
They then applied software they designed to the analysis, which used a conventional approach to statistical classification known as machine learning--a sorting strategy based on pattern similarities that has been used extensively in applications like facial recognition software.
This was the first time anyone had applied machine learning to Fourier Transform light scattering data, Park said. They are now looking to extend their initial work to see
if they can distinguish between several types of bacterial subgroups--to identify the most drug resistant or virulent strains from the innocuous ones.
In principle, the approach could be scaled up to screen for contaminated food or suspicious packages s
#New approach for treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Arrayprof. Dr. Oliver Eickelberg and Dr. Claudia Staab-Weijnitz of the Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) at Helmholtz Zentrum München and their colleagues at LMU University Hospital in Munich and Yale university
The researchers analyzed microarray data of samples from German patients and from an IPF cohort of the Lung Tissue Research Consortium in the U s. The analysis revealed elevated levels of the protein FKBP10
#Ultrasound, algorithms to diagnose bacterial meningitis in babies Three researchers from Spain and one from UK, Javier Jiménez, Carlos Castro, Berta Martí and Ian Butterworth,
-which already has a prototype-was to"facilitate the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis using imaging technologies and algorithms."
The image obtained is analysed then by image-processing algorithms to determine the presence of cells indicating infection
Arrayarraythe researchers'printing surface consists of a sandwich-like structure made up of two thin films of silver separated by a"spacer"film of silica.
""Unlike the printing process of an inkjet or laserjet printer, where mixed color pigments are used, there is no color ink used in our structural printing process--only different hole sizes on a thin metallic layer,
pigment-free color printing and relevant applications such as security marking and information storage.""Other co-authors of the Scientific Reports paper are Dr. Fei Cheng, a researcher at Missouri S&t's Nanoscale Optics Laboratory,
A leader and follower controlled dots on a screen, using hand-held motion tracking sensors. The leader was taught to produce chaotic and unpredictable movements,
and when their dot moved on the screen the researchers found that, contrary to traditional thinking that a feedback delay would be a hindrance to coordination,
#Crossing a critical threshold in optical communications Researchers from Lehigh University, Japan and Canada have advanced a step closer to the dream of all-optical data transmission by building
in much the same way that integration of electronics has driven the impressive advances of modern computer systems."
to transmit and manipulate light signals fast enough to handle increasingly large quantities of data. Glass, an amorphous material with an inherently disordered atomic structure, cannot meet these challenges,
and heat at the nanoscale, addressing the fundamental limits of ultrafast spintronic devices for data storage and information processing.
or T-ALL, by stalling the action of a specific protein receptor found in abundance on the surface of T cells at the core of T-ALL IN experiments in mice and human cells,
Working with an obese mouse model, the researchers gave the mice a synthetic version of lipoxin A4 to boost the amount of the natural substance already in their systems.
Engineers develop a computer that operates on water droplets The computer is nearly a decade in the making,
The work combines his expertise in manipulating droplet fluid dynamics with a fundamental element of computer science--an operating clock."
Because of its universal nature, the droplet computer can theoretically perform any operation that a conventional electronic computer can crunch,
or to operate word processors on this, "Prakash said.""Our goal is to build a completely new class of computers that can precisely control
and manipulate physical matter. Imagine if when you run a set of computations that not only information is processed
but physical matter is manipulated algorithmically as well. We have made just this possible at the mesoscale.""The ability to precisely control droplets using fluidic computation could have a number of applications in high-throughput biology and chemistry,
and possibly new applications in scalable digital manufacturing. Arrayarrayfor nearly a decade since he was in graduate school,
Computer clocks are responsible for nearly every modern convenience. Smartphones, DVRS, airplanes, the Internet--without a clock, none of these could operate without frequent and serious complications.
Nearly every computer program requires several simultaneous operations each conducted in a perfect step-by-step manner. A clock makes sure that these operations start
and stop at the same times, thus ensuring that the information synchronizes. The results are dire if a clock isn't present.
"The reason computers work so precisely is that every operation happens synchronously; it's what made digital logic so powerful in the first place,
Arraydeveloping a clock for a fluid-based computer required some creative thinking. It needed to be easy to manipulate,
allowing observation of computation as it occurs in real time. The presence or absence of a droplet represents the 1s and 0s of binary code
and the clock ensures that all the droplets move in perfect synchrony, and thus the system can run virtually forever without any errors."
and demonstrates building blocks for synchronous logic gates, feedback and cascadability--hallmarks of scalable computation. A simple-state machine including 1-bit memory storage (known as"flip-flop")is demonstrated also using the above basic building blocks.
"Prakash said the most immediate application might involve turning the computer into a high-throughput chemistry and biology laboratory.
and the droplet computer offers unprecedented control over these interactions. From the perspective of basic science, part of why the work is so exciting,
is that it opens up a new way of thinking of computation in the physical world.
Although the physics of computation has been applied previously to understand the limits of computation the physical aspects of bits of information has never been exploited as a new way to manipulate matter at the mesoscale (10 microns to 1 millimeter.
Right now, anyone can put these circuits together to form a complex droplet processor with no external control--something that was a very difficult challenge previously,
computation takes a special place. We are trying to bring the same kind of exponential scale up because of computation we saw in the digital world into the physical world
#How a gut feeling for infection programs our immune response An unexpected finding by an international team of scientists based at The University of Manchester
These cells are called rapidly to sites of infection and injury and have an amazing ability to change
It has always been assumed that the programming takes place once the cells arrive at the point of injury
Using mouse models Dr Grainger and his team looked at how and where monocytes are programs in response to toxoplasmosis,
and puts the early signals coming out from the gut at the centre of monocyte programming.
At the moment a lot of therapies are focused on the site of infection or injury itself but this data suggests that it's the signals that are being sent out from the gut that are impacting the whole immune system.
It might even be possible to develop drugs to target the programming mechanisms within the bone marrow,
although at the moment we don't know enough about the bone marrow to do this, which is why our research is so important."
"On top of uncovering the long-range signaling mechanisms the researchers were astounded by another aspect of the programming
and are focused on identifying situations where this gut information system may have gone wrong such as in inflammatory bowel diseases s
and 11 other fragments at other sites in the body. The transplanted tissue started to respond to her hormones
Choi, who joined Binghamton's faculty less than three years ago as an assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering, earned a doctorate from Arizona State university after doing undergraduate work and a master's degree in South korea.
you will see flashes of light every time the wheel is at the perfect spot for sunlight to hit it.
The speed of the Ferris wheel determines the frequency of the flashes you see, "he said."
These include newly planned light source facilities such as the Advanced Photon Source Upgrade.""Such small sources and tiny MEMS devices form an ideal combination to make 3-D X-ray ultrafast movies with nanometer resolution,"added Jin Wang, a senior scientist at the APS and one
There is emerging data that Vitamin d supplementation may prolong remission in CD; however, the clinical efficacy and underlying mechanisms remain unclear.
Whilst the data requires further confirmation, it broadly supports evidence from previous experimental studies that suggest a role for Vitamin d in maintaining intestinal barrier integrity."
"Whilst the data is promising, the authors highlight that in order to understand its translation into treatment for CD,
such as operating batteries and catalysts. It could enable the manipulation of the inner workings of matter to understand,
either to two sites on the same protein or to two proteins that are localised very close to each other.
which is well over the typical brightness levels of the portable displays used in smartphones. Considering how thin GQDS are,
a foldable paperlike display could soon become a reality. The present work for the first time, demonstrated that GQDS can be applied to optical devices by fabricating GQD-based LEDS with meaningful brightness.
from the University's Department of Engineering Mathematics, have designed a smart materials system, inspired by biological chromatophores,
The researchers found that it is possible to mimic complex dynamic patterning seen in real cephalopods such as the Passing Cloud display,
Aaron Fishman, Visiting Fellow in Engineering Mathematics, said:""Our ultimate goal is to create artificial skin that can mimic fast acting active camouflage
The site is one of nine such mills in Colorado used during the heyday of nuclear weapons production.
The Rutgers team was able to isolate the uranium-breathing bacterium in the lab by recognizing that uranium in samples from the Rifle site could be toxic to microorganisms as well as humans.
it could be considered for other sites where uranium was processed for nuclear arsenals or power plant fuel. While the problem isn't widespread,
And the problem could spread beyond traditional places such as ore processing sites.""There is depleted uranium in a lot of armor-piercing munitions,
which was made possible by pooling data contributed by investigators from over 40 international studies of ovarian cancer within the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium,
and, by putting a stiff core in the middle, you concentrate the stress in the center when you're pulling straight up."
plasmids and other mobile genetic elements, says Rodolphe Barrangou, associate professor of food science at NC State and a co-corresponding author of the paper.
Conventional honeycomb structures are insular panels of repeating, often hexagonal-shaped cells in a range of sizes and configurations.
studying mda neurons and neocortical neurons in isolation does not reveal much data about how these cells actually interact in these conditions.
Dr Dinglasan's team then provided the critical functional data to support the hypotheses generated by the Anapn1 structure."
In combination with other experimental data, the structure enabled us to pinpoint the binding site of Anapn1 antibodies that can
because there is a need for additional safety and efficacy data, particularly in pregnant women. They have said also,
It is hoped this precise pinpointing may shed light on why enzymes are much more efficient at speeding up chemical reactions compared to human-made catalysts
than human-made catalysts that are used in industry. It is estimated that human-made catalysts underpin the creation of 80-90%of all manufactured goods
. Whilst researchers have a good understanding of the chemistry of enzymes, they are less sure about how enzymes physically react with their targets,
bacteria-sensing gloves and more Inkjet printing is one of the most immediate and accessible forms of printing technology currently available, according to the researchers,
and ink-jet printing of biomolecules has been proposed previously by scientists. However, the heat-sensitive nature of these unstable compounds means printed materials rapidly lose functionality,
'said Professor Bill Bonfield, chairman of the Armourers and Brasiers Venture Prize judging panel.''Our prize looks to encourage scientific entrepreneurship in the UK
Computations made by the group of Professor Thomas Heine from Jacobs University Bremen, which is involved also in the project,
Ram Krishna Ghosh, whose calculations show close correspondence to the experimental results. Datta cautions that the new resonant tunnel diode is just one element in a circuit
and Kavikrishna Laboratory, Indian Institute of technology, Guwahati, utilized a well-known mouse model of Mtb infection, where months after drug treatment,
Using this mouse model of dormancy, scientists isolated the special bone marrow stem cell type, the CD271+mesenchymal stem cells, from the drug treated mice.
"The immune cells activated by the vaccine agent may not be able to reach the hypoxic site of bone marrow to target these"wolfs-in-stem-cell-clothing."
#Supercomputers surprisingly link DNA crosses to cancer Supercomputers have helped scientists find a surprising link between cross-shaped (or cruciform) pieces of DNA and human cancer, according to a study at The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin.
High performance computing at UT Austin's Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) with the Stampede and Lonestar supercomputers helped the researchers find short inverted repeats of 30 base pairs
and under in a reference database of mutations in human cancer that are somatic, meaning not inherited.
Bacolla is a research associate in the Vasquez Lab.'What we found in our study was that the sites of chromosome breaks are not random along the DNA double helix;
We used the TACC supercomputers for that aspect of the work.''''We have used both the Stampede and the Lonestar Linux clusters.
We usually back up our data on Corral, 'Bacolla said. The challenge and need for using HPC,
said Bacolla, is that the time required to find all combinations of inverted repeats, given a DNA sequence is enormous.
The Vasquez team designed their algorithm to take a string of letters corresponding to the DNA bases A-t-C-G
'We needed to compare the frequencies of inverted repeats found in the COSMIC data set with those that we would find in control, by chance.'
'COSMIC is maintained a database by the Sanger Institute in the U k. of mutations found in human somatic, or noninheritable cancer.'
'We had 20,000 translocations from human cancers from the COSMIC database; 200 bases of DNA for each translocation;
We certainly cannot do this kind of work on our laptop or anything like a normal system in our laboratories;
when he tried to scale up to 100 or more sequences on one processor.''To solve this, we had to get in touch with TACC support staff,
Finally, we ended up with a solution by giving to each processor fewer sequences.''This allowed Bacolla to scale his code up and use over 1, 000 processors at once.'
'It would not have been possible to do this job without the TACC resources, 'Bacolla said.''The center is an incredible resource in terms of its capacity and support.
'Our next steps are to go forward with a mouse model that can detect mutations and translocations in the mouse genome using human sequences from these cancer breakpoints,
'Vasquez said. Does this really occur now in the context of chromosomes in living organisms?
'Vasquez sees a bright future in the intertwining of computation and the life sciences.''I think the potential of the computational analysis is mind-blowing.
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