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#Antibiotics: Light-sensitive drugs to tackle hardy bugs The voices warning of the demise of our antibiotic defences are getting louder.

With common pathogens such as E coli and the pneumonia bug K. pneumoniae developing resistance to our antibiotics of last resort, leading pharmacologists, clinicians and epidemiologists say we risk being cast back to a time

when even routine surgery put Victorians at risk of fatal infection. It's no mystery

Complacent over-prescription of antibiotics by doctors, and their reckless, profligate use in livestock rearing, has provided ample opportunity for resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria to proliferate through natural selection.

An imminent and widespread outbreak of responsible antibiotic use seems unlikely. The financial incentive that usually drives private sector drug development is weakened by the knowledge that more profitable all-purpose antibiotics become obsolete more quickly because of the likely faster emergence of resistance.

Researchers in The netherlands are exploring a novel way forward. What if antibiotics could be deactivated after use

so that they no longer accumulate in the environment where they encourage the emergence of resistant bugs?

A team at the University of Groningen has demonstrated a way to switch off antibiotic agents after just a few hours using warmth or sunlight.

Antibiotics typically work by disrupting functions that are essential to the survival of bacterial cells.

but not for antibiotics. Organic chemist Ben Feringa at Groningen and his co-workers used an existing light-switchable unit called azobenzene,

which is all but useless as an antibiotic. Not only could this innovation prevent accumulation of active antibiotics in the environment,

but it might also help to reduce side effects. One of these comes from their indiscriminate nature:

Antibiotics do not consistently clear infection and without correct treatment the anaemia can be fatal.

These infectious diseases have developed antibiotic resistance and spread despite the best efforts of staff, mainly through textiles like bed linen.

#ACTINOGEN#Uncovering a hidden source of new antibiotics In recent years, the emergence of multiple-drug-resistant bacteria has created a major health threat, for example through hospital-acquired infections from drug

It was to meet the unaddressed need for new antibiotics that the ACTINOGEN research project began in 2005

whether genetic techniques could be used to create new antibiotics from bacteria commonly found in garden soil.

Known as streptomycetes, these bacteria were recognised already as a source of antibiotics. But a turning point came in 2002,

It was known that the bacterium produced four different antibiotics but the genome sequence revealed the potential for around 20.

The known antibiotics represented only 20%of the possible total. The genetic coding for production of the other 80%lay in'cryptic pathways,

or whether it could be used to trigger the production of new antibiotic compounds.''Meanwhile, the genomes of other streptomycete species had been sequenced

''If you wanted to discover new antibiotics, this had enormous implications, 'says Professor Dyson. During the project, ACTINOGEN scientists successfully triggered the creation of new antibiotics using the cryptic pathways of a number of streptomycete species,

thus confirming that here indeed was a rich seam of potential new drug discovery. With thousands of streptomycete species already known to science,

the potential to generate huge numbers of new antibiotics was clear. An equally important part of the project concerned the genetic engineering of a species of streptomycete

able to synthesise the new antibiotics in sufficient quantity. Known as a'generic Superhost',it allows the genetic coding for any desired antibiotic to be taken from its original bacterial host,

where the production process may be difficult and slow, and implanted in the Superhost, which then produces the antibiotic in much greater quantity than is otherwise possible.

In the past, says Professor Dyson, achieving the necessary level of production took around 10 years. The ACTINOGEN Superhost allows the same result to be achieved within six months to one year.

clearly offer the prospect of a revolution in antibiotic production opening up the possibility of a range of potential new drugs, with important benefits not only for human health,

bandages that signal when a wound is infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria; or smart clothing that tells a runner she s getting dehydrated.##

#New antibiotic found in horse poop mushroom A fungus that grows on horse dung contains a protein that can kill bacteria.

The substance known as copsin has the same effect as traditional antibiotics but belongs to a different class of biochemical substances.

whereas traditional antibiotics are often non-protein organic compounds. The researchers led by Markus Aebi a mycology professor at ETH Zurich discovered the substance in the common inky cap mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea.

Further research demonstrated that the copsin produced by the mushroom is responsible for this antibiotic effect.

Whether copsin will one day be used as an antibiotic in medicine remains to be seen. This is by no means certain

and other naturally antibiotic substances for millions of years to protect themselves against bacteria. Why does this work for fungi

while humans have been using antibiotics in medicine for just 70 years with many of them already becoming useless due to resistance?

In addition to being used as an antibiotic in medicine it may also be possible to use copsin in the food industry as well.

#Staph bacteria gang up to outsmart antibiotics Vanderbilt University rightoriginal Studyposted by Leigh Macmillan-Vanderbilt on October 20 2014 Relatively harmless bacteria can turn deadly

One way that Staphylococcus aureus and other pathogens can become resistant to antibiotics is to change the way they generate energy

Current studies support the notion that antibiotic-resistant staph bacteria including methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strains can exchange nutrients with each other

if an infection becomes resistant to antibiotics then the resistant organisms appeared clonally meaning they're all genetically the same.

Next they tested the idea in a mouse model of the bone infection osteomyelitis. Antibiotic-resistant small colony variant S. aureus is the cause of chronic and difficult to treat osteomyelitis and also of lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF.

Our findings show that these antibiotic-resistant infections are not what we thought they were they're not a single strain of bacteria with a single lesion leading to the small colony variant phenotype.

Preventing the nutrient exchange for example may offer a new therapeutic strategy against these antibiotic-resistant organisms The National institutes of health supported the research.

#Topical antibiotics may raise pneumonia risk University of Melbourne rightoriginal Studyposted by David Scott-Melbourne on October 13 2014patients in hospital intensive care units have a higher risk of developing pneumonia

when they are treated with topical antibiotics. The findings contradict previously published research that topical antibioticsâ##medication applied to the patient s airwayâ##would decrease pneumonia rates.

However in the control groups of these published clinical trials of topical antibiotics in this patient group the pneumonia rates were as high as 40 percent.

Use of topical antibiotics increases the pneumonia risk in ICU patients by disrupting the balance of bacteria

not only in patients that received these antibiotics but also in control group patients also staying in the ICU.##

###Therefore it appears topical antibiotics used in an effort to prevent pneumonia in the ICU are a hazard

or cesarean whether they had been given antibiotics their ages when stools were sampled and their dietsâ##influenced the pace but not the order of the progression.

Researchers allowed beetle larva to feast on antibiotic-treated leaves and natural leaves and found that on the antibiotic-treated leaves,

the beetles suffered from the plant's anti-herbivore defense, but on the natural leaves the larva gained more weight and thrived.

and bacterial films, resistant to antibiotics, can colonize the implant itself. To catch infection early without having to resort to invasive measures could lead to faster treatment. his is a very attractive detection mechanism for monitoring the condition of the implant

#New antibiotic found in horse poop mushroom A fungus that grows on horse dung contains a protein that can kill bacteria.

The substance known as copsin has the same effect as traditional antibiotics but belongs to a different class of biochemical substances.

Further research demonstrated that the copsin produced by the mushroom is responsible for this antibiotic effect.

For Aebi the main focus of this research project was not primarily on applications for the new substance. hether copsin will one day be used as an antibiotic in medicine remains to be seen.

and other naturally antibiotic substances for millions of years to protect themselves against bacteria. Why does this work for fungi

while humans have been using antibiotics in medicine for just 70 years with many of them already becoming useless due to resistance?

In addition to being used as an antibiotic in medicine it may also be possible to use copsin in the food industry as well.

and how bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics. Although the researchers refer to the groups of mutations as containing drivers

#Newly-discovered compound gives hope in fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria Over the past quarter century,

many pharmaceutical companies have turned largely their backs on the quest to develop new antibiotics, blaming difficulties surrounding the clinical trials process

which has announced the discovery of a new class of antibiotic that holds promise for treating drug-resistant superbugs.

and overuse of existing antibiotics has led to the increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens, with the World Health Organisation warning of an impending"post-antibiotic era"where common infections will once again pose the risk of death,

as was the case before the discovery of the first antibiotics in the early 20th century.

As a result, we've seen various research efforts that take a non-antibiotic approach to bacterial infection

such as"ninja polymers"and artificial nanoparticles made of lipids. But this latest breakthrough by researchers from Novobiotic in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Northeastern University in Boston, the University of Bonn in Germany,

shows that antibiotics are still in the fight. The compound is called teixobactin and was discovered using a device called the ichip,

although the screening of soil microorganisms is responsible for the discovery of most antibiotics, only around 1 percent of them will grow in the lab. After the compound was discovered,

antibiotics to prevent infections, or even living cells to the scaffolds. At the moment, calcium phosphate powder is temporarily bound using an acidic binder chemical typically phosphoric acid

#Could bacteria from honeybees replace antibiotics? Bacteria are increasingly outsmarting our most overused antibiotics creating a boom of drug-resistant diseases.

This could be the dawn of a post-antibiotic era the World health organization warns when common infections and minor injuries which have been treatable for decades can once again kill.

Honey is a natural antibacterial which helps explain why it never goes bad and why people have used it as medicine for thousands of years.

Antibiotics are mostly one active substance effective against only a narrow spectrum of bacteria lead author

but also for many developed nations where antibiotic resistance is on the rise. The researchers say their next step is to investigate wider use of these bacteria against topical infections in more animals including humans n

#Scientists map protein that creates antibiotic resistance Japanese researchers have determined the detailed molecular structure of a protein that rids cells of toxins,

but can also reduce the effectiveness of some antibiotics and cancer drugs by kicking them out of the cells they are targeting.

The discovery suggests new approaches to combat antibiotic resistance and boost the power of cancer therapies,

#Microbe found in grassy field contains powerful antibiotic For much of the last decade, a team of researchers in Boston has exhumed eagerly

the compound is unlikely to fall prey to the problem of antibiotic resistance. That suggestion has its skeptics,

Many existing antibiotics, including penicillin, were identified by cultivating naturally occurring microorganismsacteria often try to kill each other with chemical warfare,

when a small percentage of microbes escape an antibiotic because of a mutation and then those bacteria multiply.)

Bleach, after all, is a strong antibiotic, but it a little too effective at killing any surrounding cells.)

And it showed other qualities of a good antibiotic, the team reports online in Nature.

who studies how bacteria become susceptible to antibiotics. his study demonstrates that unculturable bacteria have unrecognized new,

For example in this study the new DNA sequence turned on an antibiotic resistance gene allowing the researchers to determine how many cells had gotten the memory sequence by adding antibiotics to the cells

and an antibiotic derivative called atc but it could be tailored to many other molecules or even signals produced by the cell Lu says.

#Battling superbugs In recent years new strains of bacteria have emerged that resist even the most powerful antibiotics.

Despite the urgent need for new treatments scientists have discovered very few new classes of antibiotics in the past decade.

Using a gene-editing system that can disable any target gene they have shown that they can selectively kill bacteria carrying harmful genes that confer antibiotic resistance or cause disease.

Last month Lu s lab reported a different approach to combating resistant bacteria by identifying combinations of genes that work together to make bacteria more susceptible to antibiotics.

when there are fewer and fewer new antibiotics available but more and more antibiotic resistance evolving he says.

We ve been interested in finding new ways to combat antibiotic resistance and these papers offer two different strategies for doing that.

Cutting out resistancemost antibiotics work by interfering with crucial functions such as cell division or protein synthesis. However some bacteria including the formidable MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

and CRE (carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae) organisms have evolved to become virtually untreatable with existing drugs. In the new Nature Biotechnology study graduate students Robert Citorik and Mark Mimee worked with Lu to target specific genes that allow bacteria to survive antibiotic treatment.

The CRISPR genome-editing system presented the perfect strategy to go after those genes. CRISPR originally discovered by biologists studying the bacterial immune system involves a set of proteins that bacteria use to defend themselves against bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria.

They designed their RNA guide strands to target genes for antibiotic resistance including the enzyme NDM-1

which allows bacteria to resist a broad range of beta-lactam antibiotics including carbapenems. The genes encoding NDM-1 and other antibiotic resistance factors are carried usually on plasmids circular strands of DNA separate from the bacterial genome making it easier for them to spread through populations.

When the researchers turned the CRISPR system against NDM-1 they were able to specifically kill more than 99 percent of NDM-1-carrying bacteria while antibiotics to

which the bacteria were did resistant not induce any significant killing. They also successfully targeted another antibiotic resistance gene encoding SHV-18 a mutation in the bacterial chromosome providing resistance to quinolone antibiotics and a virulence factor in enterohemorrhagic E coli.

In addition the researchers showed that the CRISPR system could be used to selectively remove specific bacteria from diverse bacterial communities based on their genetic signatures thus opening up the potential for microbiome editing beyond antimicrobial applications.

This work represents a very interesting genetic method for killing antibiotic-resistant bacteria in a directed fashion

which in principle could help to combat the spread of antibiotic resistance fueled by excessive broad-spectrum treatment says Ahmad Khalil an assistant professor of biomedical engineering at Boston University who was not part of the research team.

High-speed genetic screensanother tool Lu has developed to fight antibiotic resistance is called a technology Combigem. This system described in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences the week of Aug 11 allows scientists to rapidly

and systematically search for genetic combinations that sensitize bacteria to different antibiotics. To test the system Lu

and treated them with different antibiotics. For each antibiotic they identified gene combinations that enhanced the killing of target bacteria by 10000-to 1000000-fold.

The researchers are now investigating how these genes exert their effects. This platform allows you to discover the combinations that are really interesting

Once scientists understand how these genes influence antibiotic resistance they could try to design new drugs that mimic the effects Lu says.

Lu engineered phages that could break apart antibiotic-resistant biofilms coatings where bacteria live and thrive by injecting bacteria with certain enzymes to make the biofilms self-destruct.

Seeing phages as better antimicrobial treatments than antibiotics to which biofilms and bacteria can build immunity Lu, Sample6 cofounder and now vice president of operations Michael Koeris,

Bacteria concentrated in biofilms are up to 1000 times more resistant to antibiotics than those suspended in liquid.

Devices can be coated with antibiotics, blood thinners, and other agents but these eventually dissolve, limiting their longevity and effectiveness.

Loose developed a means of applying naturally occurring antibiotics, called antimicrobial peptides found in bacteria

In other applications bloodborne pathogens and other infectious agents could be minimized with antibiotic-carrying nanoparticles.

#Preventing Superbugs By Deactivating Antibiotics With A Flash Of Light Bacterial resistance is becoming one of the most serious problems in the medical world

and distributing antibiotics to kill bacteria that as the antibiotics build up in the environment the bacteria are becoming immune.

They are turning into superbugs resistant to all our best efforts necessitating ever more powerful antibiotics

Scientists at the University of Groningen have developed a possible solution that involves automatic deactivation of antibiotics.

Some types of antibiotics rely on shape to do their duties; they have to stick to certain enzymes in the human body to inhibit various bodily functions that allow the bacteria to live.

The particular antibiotics used by the Dutch scientists are called quinolones which are shaped sort of like a letter C to attach to the enzyme they're targeting.

But if the shape is changed the antibiotic is useless; it can't bind to the enzyme it's aiming for

but also does not contribute to the buildup of effective antibiotics in the environment. So the scientists attached an azobenzene a very simple chemical compound that responds strongly to light to the quinolones.

Even better since antibiotics sometimes cause damage on their way to infected areas you can turn these modified antibiotics on at will so they don't attack healthy bacteria in the body.#

since it's hard to blast antibiotics that are inside the human body with light or heat.

Too weak a signal means there might not be enough of the active ingredient to be effective (in antibiotics,

#Editing The Genes Of Superbugs To Turn off Antibiotic Resistance Over the past decade deadly bacteria such as MRSA C. difficile

and even tuberculosis#have developed numerous mechanisms to keep themselves alive at all cost#mostly against antibiotics.

Some bacteria have the ability to pump invading antibiotics out of their cells. Others can produce an enzyme called NDM-1

Led by Timothy Lu the team developed their own gene-editing system capable of turning off certain bacterial genes that spur antibiotic resistance.

and even brain cancer but the MIT researchers are the first to use them to combat antibiotic resistance.#

Bacteria will often pass genes to one another so over time they will receive the antibiotic-resistant genes from their neighbors.

either to strengthen antibiotics or to kill the bacteria altogether. By removing the bacteria s genes that make them antibiotic-resistant CRISPR can boost the effectiveness of existing drugs.

But if CRISPR is designed to remove the bacteria s genes that make them deadly in the first place the system can effectively destroy the infection.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at least 2 million people become infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria each year in the United states resulting in at least 23000 deaths.

As antibiotic resistance becomes an even greater concern Lu hopes their technique will provide a suitable alternative as well as a way of outsmarting bacteria in the future.

which there are no effective antibiotics, says Timothy Lu, an associate professor of electrical engineering and computer science and biological engineering. hese bacteriophages are designed in a way that relatively modular.

which there are few new antibiotics. This group also includes microbes that can cause respiratory, urinary,

One advantage of the engineered phages is that unlike many antibiotics, they are very specific in their targets. ntibiotics can kill off a lot of the good flora in your gut,

Antibiotics give rise to new communities of harmful bacteria More information: Interfacial self-assembly of a bacterial hydrophobin, PNAS, www. pnas. org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas. 141901611 1

while youe still taking those antibiotics you were prescribed last week for your sinus infection. The hack is potentially a lot more useful for patients with serious conditions who are taking multiple prescription drugs for an extended period of time.

#New drug approach could overcome antibiotic resistance WASHINGTON: Researchers have discovered a new group of antibiotics that may provide relief to those affected by antibiotic resistance.

The new antibiotics target the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, or staph, and the antibiotic resistant strains commonly known as MRSA, short for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

In 2013, invasive MRSA infections were estimated responsible for an 9, 937 deaths in the US, researchers said.

Although current infection rates are declining, the majority of these deaths, about 8, 150, were associated with inpatient stays in health care facilities, according to the Active Bacterial Core surveillance report by the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention in US.

The discovery shows that the potential new antibiotics are unlike contemporary antibiotics because they contain iridium,

which is important for delivery of antibiotics to where they are needed to fight infections in the body.

Researchers showed the antibiotics effectively kill the bacteria without inhibiting mammalian cells. A version of the antibiotic was tested for toxicity in mice with no ill effects."

"Within the next few years, we hope to identify various characteristics of these antibiotics, such as their stability, their distribution and concentration in animal tissue, their penetration into white blood cells,

and their metabolism in animals,"said Joseph Falkinham, a professor of microbiology in the College of Science and an affiliate of the Virginia Tech Centre for Drug Discovery.

When packed with a small dose of antibiotics platelet-mimicking nanoparticles can also greatly minimize bacterial infections that have entered the bloodstream and spread to various organs in the body.

Researchers injected nanoparticles containing just one-sixth the clinical dose of the antibiotic vancomycin into one of group of mice systemically infected with MRSA bacteria.

"Our platelet-mimicking nanoparticles can increase the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics because they can focus treatment on the bacteria locally without spreading drugs to healthy tissues

'We have broad-spectrum antibiotics that work against a range of bacteria...This could lead to a broad-spectrum antiviral,

and are treated best with antibiotics. But antibiotics are unhelpful and can be counterproductive when a patient has an outwardly similar but infection-free syndrome called sterile inflammation, an intense, systemic inflammatory response to traumatic injuries, surgery,

blood clots or other noninfectious causes. t critical for clinicians to diagnose sepsis accurately and quickly,

As a result, hospital clinicians are pressured to treat anybody showing signs of systemic inflammation with antibiotics.

Horse poop yields antibiotic-laced mushrooms European biologists have discovered a bacteria-killing compound in common mushrooms that grow in horse dung.

Unusually for an antibiotic, copsin is a protein; but laboratory trials showed it to have the same effect on bacteria as traditional antibiotics.

Chemists around the world are involved in a race against time to find a solution to the growing problem of bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics.

It's a major threat to the health of the global population, which had assumed long that antibiotics would always be available to cure bacterial illness.

The scientific community hopes to be able to develop a new range of antibiotics to replace those that are increasingly losing their ability to work against infections like tuberculosis.

A research team led by Markus Aebi Professor of Mycology at ETH Zurich (The swiss Federal Institute of technology in Zurich), believes it may have found the answer.

Copsin promotes antibiotic effect"Horse dung is a very rich substrate that harbours a diversity of microorganisms,

therefore very likely to find potent antibiotics in such an environment, which are used by the different organisms to inhibit the growth of the competitors."

Further research demonstrated that the copsin produced by the mushroom was responsible for this antibiotic effect."

and therefore copsin is active against bacteria resistant to conventional antibiotics.""Copsin is a protein,

whereas traditional antibiotics are often non-protein organic compounds. It belongs to the group of defensins,

Patent pending To yield larger amounts of the antibiotic, copsin is produced in liquid culture via a methylotrophic yeast called Pichia pastoris.

whether copsin could be used in an antibiotic, but that even if it cannot it remains important research.

and other naturally antibiotic substances for millions of years to protect themselves against bacteria, while antibiotics used in medicine by humans have developed resistance in just 70 years.

#Ubisoft offers new video game it says can treat lazy eye The Montreal-based gaming company Ubisoft has developed a video game it says could be used to treat amblyopia, also known as lazy eye.

Drone aircraft could also be used to deliver antibiotics or blood to front-line units to keep them in the fight,