Disease prevention

Disease prevention (5)
Vaccination (839)

Synopsis: Health: Health policy: Organisation of health care: Disease prevention:

despite extensive investigations but the study results suggest that a vaccine using a weakened form of the bacteria may offer protection against haemoplasma infection.

and it provides important information for a possible future hemoplasma vaccine. ur findings could help prevent the disease in cats

We believe that the PEF will become the new world standard for polyester bottles. with the possibilities it opens up for future work in vaccine discovery was recognised with the naming of Professor Lomonossoff as Innovator of the Year 2012 by the Biotechnology and Biological sciences Research Council

#Award-winning innovation revolutionises vaccine production A European union (EU)- funded research project has opened up a radical new era in the world of vaccine discovery and production.

Focused on veterinary vaccines, the project's work has made possible a dramatically faster and more effective route to the creation of vaccines to combat some of the most devastating diseases affecting farm livestock.

The same accelerated route can be used to uncover a vast new range of urgently-needed vaccines for humans as well.

Named PLAPROVA (Plant Production of Vaccines), the project was the successful result of an unprecedented co-funding initiative between the EU and Russia

with Russia matching the#2 million of funding provided by the EU under its 7th Framework Programme.

the PLAPROVA consortium focused on the use of plants proteins to produce vaccines against diseases such as avian flu, bluetongue, foot and mouth disease,

which has revolutionary implications for future vaccine production. It also helped win a major innovation award for the lead researcher.

This triggers the production of proteins which are of potential pharmaceutical interest as the basis for new vaccines.

thus opening up much wider possibilities for genuinely novel vaccines. Previously, the timescale required before results were known for just a single protein meant researchers naturally played safe and tended to produce'biosimilars'

i e. vaccines which replicated already existing ones. It was a situation which discouraged the search for new products.

when dealing with seasonal outbreaks when a vaccine needs to be created urgently, usually in a matter of months from the time the strain of disease is first indentified.

Discussions are in progress with vaccine manufacturers in South africa about production of a bluetongue vaccine. And a Canadian firm, Medicago Inc, has applied successfully the technique to the discovery and production of pandemic flu vaccines for humans, on

which it has completed recently a Phase II clinical trial. The revolutionary impact of the new PLAPROVA technique

with the possibilities it opens up for future work in vaccine discovery, was recognised with the naming of Professor Lomonossoff as Innovator of the Year 2012 by the Biotechnology and Biological sciences Research Council (BBSRC), U s

and we can t generate live virus vaccines.####Noroviruses are intestinal viruses that cause violent vomiting and diarrhea.

Although a vaccine for these viruses is in clinical trials there is still no medication to combat them.

##Ultimately this system should open up new avenues for norovirus vaccine and antiviral drug development.####Source:

#Lab mice bred to test Ebola vaccines University of North carolina at Chapel hill University of Washington rightoriginal Studyposted by Mark Derewicz-UNC on November 3 2014researchers have developed the first genetic strain

It s a critical step toward developingâ#treatments and vaccines.####You can t look for a cure for Ebola

and successfully test a strain of mice to permit active research on potential Ebola vaccines and treatments.

Rationally designed treatments and vaccines are needed desperately##adds Fischer who was not part of this research project.

and Marburg s comparative evolution could##affect design of vaccines and programs that identify emerging pathogens##researchers write in the journal Peerj.

Understanding the virus ancient past could aid in disease prevention Taylor says. If a researcher were trying to create a single vaccine effective against both Ebola

and Marburg it could be helpful to know that their evolutionary lineages diverged so long ago.

The elusive mechanics of the virus have hampered the development of effective treatments and vaccines. Typically when a virus enters the body

because they don t receive their vaccinations on time. Researchers are developing a new system that scans a child sâ#fingerprints to track

when vaccinations are due which means parents will need no longer to keep paper documents. In developing countries keeping track of a baby s vaccine schedule on paper is largely ineffective says Anil Jain professor of computer science and engineering at Michigan State university.##

##Paper documents are lost easily or destroyed##he says.####Our initial study has shown that fingerprints of infants

and become a part of the vaccine registry system. Once the electronic registry is in place health care workers simply re-scan the child s fingers to view the vaccination schedule.

They know who has been vaccinated for what diseases and when additional booster shots are needed. The new electronic registry system will help overcome the lack and loss of information

which is the primary problem in the vaccine delivery system in developing countries Jain says.

Collecting fingerprints from fidgety infants isn t easy. Another challenge is their small fingerprint patterns have low contrast between ridges and valleys.##

in addition to tracking vaccinations says Mark Thomas executive director of Vaxtrac a nonprofit organization supporting Jain s research.##

#Vaccine triggers alarm to fight dust mite allergy A new vaccine uses a booster normally found in cancer vaccines to combat dust-mite allergies by naturally switching the body immune response.

In animal tests, the nano-sized vaccine package lowered lung inflammation by 83 percent, despite repeated exposure. hat is new about this is we have developed a vaccine against dust-mite allergens that hasn been used before,

says Aliasger Salem, professor in pharmaceutical sciences at University of Iowa and a corresponding author of the paper.

The vaccine takes advantage of the body natural inclination to defend itself against foreign bodies.

The booster has been used successfully in cancer vaccines but never had been tested as a vaccine for dust-mite allergies.

Put broadly, Cpg sets off a fire alarm within the body, springing immune cells into action.

theye also taking in the vaccine, which has been added to the package, much like your mother may have wrapped a bitter pill around something tasty to get you to swallow it.

In another twist, combining the antigen (the vaccine) and Cpg causes the body to change its immune response,

#Cell discovery could lead to strep throat vaccine A new study clarifies how Group A Streptococcus (strep) bacteria resist the human immune system.

The research could eventually lead to the development of a safe vaccine against strep throat, necrotising fasciitis (flesh-eating disease),

Previous efforts to develop a strep throat vaccine had resulted in immune system reactions that caused other diseases such as rheumatic fever

which has hindered the development of a safe vaccine. ased on this information, we are now able to produce a modified group A carbohydrate for further vaccine studies,

avoiding previous safety concerns associated with a strep vaccine. Strep throat is responsible for more than 700 million infections and 500

000 deaths each year. The study appears online in Cell Host & Microbe. University of Queensland Professor Mark Walker, in collaboration with Emory University and University of California, San diego, are working on additional preclinical testing of the modified vaccine.

Walker says the preclinical trials were designed to demonstrate that the vaccine was safe and effective before proceeding to human clinical trials.

The University of California, San diego Program in Excellence in Glycosciences, the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, the Wellcome Trust,

Other researchers on this project contributed from Penn State, PPD Vaccines and Biologics Laboratory, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research,

Despite the worldwide use of vaccination and other antiviral interventions, the flu virus remains a persistent threat to human health.

Because flu vaccines are not 100 percent effective, antiviral drugs play an important role in fast-spreading epidemics.

because they don t receive their vaccinations on time. Researchers are developing a new system that scans a child sâ fingerprints to track

when vaccinations are due which means parents will need no longer to keep paper documents. In developing countries keeping track of a baby s vaccine schedule on paper is largely ineffective says Anil Jain professor of computer science

and engineering at Michigan State university. aper documents are lost easily or destroyedhe says. ur initial study has shown that fingerprints of infants

and become a part of the vaccine registry system. Once the electronic registry is in place health care workers simply re-scan the child s fingers to view the vaccination schedule.

They know who has been vaccinated for what diseases and when additional booster shots are needed. The new electronic registry system will help overcome the lack and loss of information

which is the primary problem in the vaccine delivery system in developing countries Jain says.

Collecting fingerprints from fidgety infants isn t easy. Another challenge is their small fingerprint patterns have low contrast between ridges

in addition to tracking vaccinations says Mark Thomas executive director of Vaxtrac a nonprofit organization supporting Jain s research. olving the puzzle of fingerprinting young children will have far-reaching implications beyond health care

#Scientists find that exposure to nanoparticles could impact cardiovascular health Due to its huge potential in applications ranging from cheaper vaccinations to energy-storing car panels there's plenty of excitement surrounding the emergence of nanotechnology.

and B vitamins are harmful or ineffective for chronic disease prevention, and further large prevention trials are justified no longer##With respect to multivitamins,

and do a 10-point wellness exam with vaccinations and all that, ##he says.####We re partnering with pet insurance companies that will cover the policy holders for visits.##

#Sanaria will use robots to mass produce a promising new malaria vaccine Sporobot would increase the speed of production 20 30 times over.

What if you had developed a vaccine for malaria that, in early trials, was 100%effective.

But you couldn t get the funding you needed to produce enough of the vaccine to market it because of political wrangling over the budget.

First, design a robot to help produce the vaccine, and, second, run a crowdfunding campaign to pay for it.

#Vaccines have been notoriously ineffective against the disease, which stems from a parasitical infection. Last year, Sanaria reported that in a Phase I clinical trial

the vaccine administered at the higher of two doses kept all the patients who got it from becoming infected with malaria

To produce the vaccine, called Pfspz, Sanaria cultivates mosquitos in a sterile environment and infects them with#Plasmodium falciparum (the Pf in Pfspz).

filter out other contaminants and gather them up into an injectable vaccine. If it sounds laborious,

which is nowhere near enough to mass-produce a global vaccine. So two years ago, Sanaria began working with theharvard Biorobotics Lab#to develop a robot that could do the work faster.

The work has to be done under sterile conditions to produce a vaccine that could earn FDA approval.

That makes more vaccine available at a lower cost which is important for a disease that disproportionately affects developing countries.

The man-made DNA could be used for everything from the manufacture of new drugs and vaccines to forensics

For example researchers could make synthetic strains of yeast to produce rare medicines such as the malarial drug artemisinin or vaccines like the Hepatitis b vaccine.

The new money will go to vaccination programmes, better disease surveillance and research on new vaccines.

The global polio initiative, a mammoth programme involving the vaccination of billions of children, has reduced the number of polio cases by 99

Nigeria, where polio vaccines were denounced by religious leaders, and false rumours circulated that they carried HIV

the Uttar Pradesh and Bihar provinces in India, where vaccine effectiveness has been hampered by poor sanitation and high population density;

and in Afghanistan and Pakistan, where conflict has hampered vaccination campaigns. Unless the virus is eliminated in these regions,

#Vaccine switch urged for polio endgame By sunrise on a warm December morning, Janila Shulu s team are out in the dirt roads and alleyways of Ungwan Rimi, a poor neighbourhood in a predominantly Muslim section of Kaduna city in northern Nigeria.

Three female health workers, accompanied by a community leader, dart from house to house, squeezing a few drops of polio vaccine into the mouths of all the young children they can find,

but this month the World health organization (WHO) in Geneva, Switzerland, proposed a shift in vaccination strategy from oral vaccines to injected ones that may have to be administered in clinics.

Jonas Salk is credited with developing the first polio vaccine in 1955, an injected vaccine containing killed virus,

but the oral live vaccine devised a little later by his competitor Albert Sabin is the workhorse of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative.

This public-private effort, started in 1988 and coordinated by THE WHO, has cost about US$8#billion so far.

Northern Nigeria has been battling such vaccine-derived outbreaks since 2005, and one emerged last year in Pakistan (see Nature 485,563;

) In a 4 january announcement, THE WHO called for oral polio vaccine containing the polio strain type 2, one of the Sabin vaccine strains,

but vaccine-derived forms of the strain still circulate in Nigeria and neighbouring countries. Oral polio vaccination will continue,

but it will use a vaccine that protects against just the two other types of polio virus that are still circulating in their wild form in Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan.

Meanwhile the policy also calls for the introduction, as quickly as possible, of the oral vaccine s old competitor:

the inactivated Salk vaccine. That costs more than ten times as much as the oral vaccine and requires trained health workers to administer it,

says Roland Sutter, a vaccinologist at THE WHO. But it carries no risk of causing polio.

By giving children an inactivated vaccine that protects against all three subtypes of polio, health workers hope to gradually stamp out vaccine-derived outbreaks."

"You have to have a transition period in which both oral and inactivated vaccines are used,

"because if you stop cold turkey you re going to have outbreaks, says Vincent Racaniello, a virologist at Columbia University in New york city.

THE WHO will phase out all oral polio vaccines. The high cost of the inactivated polio vaccine remains a significant hurdle for the plan,

which depends on a reduction in cost to less than 50 cents per dose from the current cost of more than $2,

and delivering the vaccine under the skin instead of into muscle, could help to lower the dose required and cut costs,

as could new kinds of vaccine, he says. Health infrastructure poses another big hurdle, says Grassly.

Delivering the vaccine in clinics instead of door to door will pose a challenge for Nigeria,

Less than 50%of children receive a complete schedule of childhood vaccinations, and in parts of northern Nigeria that figure is around 10%."

and a member of THE WHO committee that issued the new vaccination policy. He sees the eventual switch to inactivated vaccines as an opportunity to align polio eradication with routine immunization."

"We should have done this a lot earlier, he says

#The time? About a quarter past a kilogram Physicists have created an atomic clock that relies on a fundamental link between time and mass.

#Synthetic vaccine could prevent future outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease Virologists have devised a way to create an entirely synthetic vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease.

The vaccine could prevent future outbreaks of the disease, and potentially lead to new treatments for polio and other human diseases.

and spurred a decision to protect against future outbreaks with vaccination rather than mass slaughter.

however a vaccine made from inactivated virus caused another UK outbreak. The authors say that there is absolutely no chance that their new vaccine could revert into an infectious virus

because it contains no viral genes. Also being entirely synthetic, it cannot be contaminated with live virus during manufacturing.

It will be 6-8 years before the vaccine is available to farmers, they estimate. But if the method used to create the vaccine proves successful when scaled to commercial production,

it could also be used to create vaccines for human diseases that are caused by viruses of the same family, such as hand, foot and mouth disease,

which is ubiquitous in Southeast asia, and polio, which still blights the lives of millions of people in the developing world."

But if we could use this to move away from inactivated polio viruses in the vaccines,

Earlier attempts to produce a synthetic vaccine for foot and mouth disease were thwarted often by peculiarities of viral geometry.

The team got around the problem by engineering the vaccine to have disulphide bonds cross-linking the protein triangles together.

and Charleston that the new vaccine is unable to cause an infection or outbreak. Marvin Grubman, an animal-disease researcher at the US Department of agriculture in Orient Point, New york, says that the new vaccine"is a good piece of work,

but certainly not very novel, pointing to a foot-and-mouth vaccine his team devised that uses adenovirus to deliver empty viral shells.

That vaccine, he says, has been approved for use in the United states for cases of emergency. The authors however point out that their vaccine does not require the injection of live viruses

and that it would be suitable for preventive vaccination as well as in cases of severe outbreaks o

#Scientists map protein that creates antibiotic resistance Japanese researchers have determined the detailed molecular structure of a protein that rids cells of toxins,

but can also reduce the effectiveness of some antibiotics and cancer drugs by kicking them out of the cells they are targeting.

but for developing vaccines and studying links between viruses and chronic disease. his is really a technical tour de force,

That observation could inform future vaccine development, he says. Whether the test really catches everything is up for debate,

says immunologist Richard Koup, deputy director of the Vaccine Research center at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious diseases (NIAID) in Bethesda, Maryland,

who are demonstrating delivery of vaccines in Africa. Delta Drone in France is using the platform for open-air mining operations,

It can take up to a year to determine the function of a single gene which has slowed efforts to develop new more targeted drugs and vaccines.

whether it s drugs or vaccines says Niles the senior author of a paper describing the technique in the Aug 10 online edition of Nature Methods.

which could generate new drug and vaccine targets. I think the impact could be quite huge Niles says.

the first vaccine against cervical cancer; and many other breakthroughs. Instead of retiring Scolnick took on a new challenge:

for example, if a refrigerated vaccine has ever been exposed to temperatures too high or low. The paper lead authors are MIT postdoc Jiseok Lee and graduate student Paul Bisso.

#Hitchhiking vaccines boost immunity Many vaccines, including those for influenza, polio, and measles, consist of a killed or disabled version of a virus. However, for certain diseases,

this type of vaccine is ineffective, or just too risky. An alternative, safer approach is made a vaccine of small fragments of proteins produced by a disease-causing virus or bacterium.

This has worked for some diseases, but in many cases these vaccines don provoke a strong enough response.

Now a team of engineers at MIT has developed a new way to deliver such vaccines directly to the lymph nodes

where huge populations of immune cells reside: These vaccines hitch a ride to the lymph nodes by latching on to the protein albumin, found in the bloodstream.

In tests with mice, such vaccines produced very strong immune responses, the researchers report in the Feb 16 online edition of Nature. he lymph nodes are where all the action happens in a primary immune response.

T cells and B cells reside there, and that where you need to get the vaccine to get an immune response.

The more material you can get there, the better, says Darrell Irvine, a professor of biological engineering and of materials science and engineering,

This approach could be especially useful for delivering HIV vaccines and for stimulating the body immune system to attack tumors,

Free ride Vaccines made of protein or sugar fragments, also known as subunit vaccines, have been successful against a few diseases, such as hepatitis and diphtheria.

To develop subunit vaccines for other diseases, scientists have tried targeting them to lymph nodes using nanoparticles to deliver them,

or tagging them with antibodies specific to immune cells in the lymph nodes. However these strategies have had limited only success,

because it is difficult to get all of the vaccine to the lymph nodes without some escaping to the rest of the body,

immune cells in the lymph nodes efficiently capture the albumin. e realized that might be an approach that you could try to copy in a vaccine design a vaccine molecule that binds to albumin

so the researchers added a fatty tail called a lipid to their vaccine peptides. They created a few different vaccines

targeting HIV, melanoma, and cervical cancer, and tested them in mice. Each one generated a large population of memory T cells specific to the viral

one in three T cells in the blood was a vaccine-specific T cell, which is something you usually only see with vaccines delivered by viruses. The albumin-targeted vaccines provoked immune responses five to 10 times stronger than those generated by the peptide antigens alone.

The melanoma vaccine slowed cancer growth and the cervical cancer vaccine shrank tumors. t certainly is an interesting approach,

and the results are very convincing, says Pal Johansen, a professor of dermatology at University Hospital Zurich who was not part of the research team. oth the effect on the stimulated immune responses

and the consequential suppression of tumor growth are results that would suggest further development and clinical testing.

Controlled inflammation The researchers also tested this delivery strategy with an adjuvant a molecule that enhances the immune responses of vaccines.

The researchers are planning to test this method to deliver HIV vaccines in nonhuman primates,

and they are also working on further developing cancer vaccines, including one for lung cancer. The research was funded by the Koch Institute Support Grant from the National Cancer Institute, the National institutes of health, the U s. Department of defense,

This could lead to novel treatment and vaccination strategies in the fight against malaria and other infectious diseases.

For many infectious diseases no vaccine currently exists. In addition resistance against currently used drugs is spreading rapidly.

and vaccines strategies in the future says Adrian Najer first-author of the study. Since many other pathogens use the same host cell receptor for invasion the nanomimics might also be used against other infectious diseases.

#'Stealth'nanoparticles could improve cancer vaccines Cancer vaccines have emerged recently as a promising approach for killing tumor cells before they spread.

Now scientists have developed a new way to deliver vaccines that successfully stifled tumor growth when tested in laboratory mice.

And the key they report in the journal ACS Nano is in the vaccine's unique stealthy nanoparticles.

Hiroshi Shiku Naozumi Harada and colleagues explain that most cancer vaccine candidates are designed to flag down immune cells called macrophages and dendritic cells that signal killer T cells to attack tumors.

But how could one get a vaccine to these special immune cells without first being gobbled up by the macrophages

When molecules for signaling killer T cells were put inside the nanoparticles they hindered tumor growth far better than existing vaccines.

Hitchhiking vaccines boost immunity More information: Nanogel-Based Immunologically Stealth Vaccine Targets Macrophages in the Medulla of Lymph node

and Induces Potent Antitumor Immunity ACS Nano 2014 8 (9) pp 9209#9218. DOI: 10.1021/nn502975r Because existing therapeutic cancer vaccines provide only a limited clinical benefit a different vaccination strategy is necessary to improve vaccine efficacy.

We developed a nanoparticulate cancer vaccine by encapsulating a synthetic long peptide antigen within an immunologically inert nanoparticulate hydrogel (nanogel) of cholesteryl pullulan (CHP.

After subcutaneous injection to mice the nanogel-based vaccine was transported efficiently to the draining lymph node and was engulfed preferentially by medullary macrophages

but was sensed not by other macrophages and dendritic cells (so-called immunologically stealth mode). Although the function of medullary macrophages in T cell immunity has been unexplored so far these macrophages effectively cross-primed the vaccine-specific CD8+T cells in the presence of a Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist as an adjuvant.

The nanogel-based vaccine significantly inhibited in vivo tumor growth in the prophylactic and therapeutic settings compared to another vaccine formulation using a conventional delivery system incomplete Freund's adjuvant.

We also revealed that lymph node macrophages were highly responsive to TLR stimulation which may underlie the potency of the macrophage-oriented nanogel-based vaccine.

These results indicate that targeting medullary macrophages using the immunologically stealth nanoparticulate delivery system is an effective vaccine strategy e

#Nanoparticles accumulate quickly in wetland sediment (Phys. org) A Duke university team has found that nanoparticles called single-walled carbon nanotubes accumulate quickly in the bottom sediments of an experimental wetland setting an action they say could indirectly damage the aquatic food chain.

#Researcher's nanoparticle key to new malaria vaccine A self-assembling nanoparticle designed by a UCONN professor is the key component of a potent new malaria vaccine that is showing promise in early tests.

For years, scientists trying to develop a malaria vaccine have been stymied by the malaria parasite's ability to transform itself

The key to the vaccine's success lies in the nanoparticle's perfect icosahedral symmetry (think of the pattern on a soccer ball)

In tests with mice, the vaccine was 90-100 percent effective in eradicating the Plasmodium falciparum parasite

the world's most advanced malaria vaccine candidate currently undergoing phase 3 clinical trials, which is the last stage of testing before licensing."

"Both vaccines are similar, it's just that the density of the RTS, S protein displays is much lower than ours,

"The homogeneity of our vaccine is much higher, which produces a stronger immune system response. That is why we are confident that ours will be an improvement."

"With RTS, S, only about 14 percent of the vaccine's protein is from the malaria parasite.

The search for a malaria vaccine is one of the most important research projects in global public health.

It took the researchers more than 10 years to finalize the precise assembly of the nanoparticle as the critical carrier of the vaccine

"Testing the vaccine's efficacy was difficult because the parasite that causes malaria in humans only grows in humans,

and put in its DNA a piece of DNA from the human malaria parasite that we wanted our vaccine to attack.

That allowed us to conduct inexpensive mouse studies to test the vaccine before going to expensive human trials."

A request for an additional $7 million in funding from the U s army to conduct the next phase of vaccine development, including manufacturing

"We are on schedule to manufacture the vaccine for human use early next year, "says Lanar."

or more before the vaccine is available for licensure and public use, Lanar says. Martin Edlund, CEO of Malaria No more, a New york-based nonprofit focused on fighting deaths from malaria,

says,"This research presents a promising new approach to developing a malaria vaccine. Innovative work such as what's being done at the University of Connecticut puts us closer than we've ever been to ending one of the world's oldest

holds the patent on the self-assembling nanoparticle used in the malaria vaccine. Burkhard is also exploring other potential uses for the nanoparticle,

including a vaccine that will fight animal flu and one that will help people with nicotine addiction.

Professor Mazhar Khan from UCONN's Department of Pathobiology is collaborating with Burkhard on the animal flu vaccine e

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