Biology

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Synopsis: Biotech: Biology:

however, reports have trickled in from bemused biologists that these receptors, as well as similar ones usually found on taste buds,

The same year Pluznick came across scent receptors in the kidney, biologists at the University of California, San diego identified sour receptors in the spine.

In doing so, her work took her from one weird and wonderful discovery in biology to another:

We explore realms as varied as synthetic biology, surreal digital theory, film and animation, interaction design,

Persephone aims to build a synthetic biological interior for the spaceship, working with teams from the fields of science, technology, architecture

Targeted biological therapy can reduce toxicity and improve outcomes for many cancer patients, when compared to the adverse effects of standard chemotherapeutic drugs.

"Alkaloids are a family of natural products produced by plants that have biological properties important to medicine.

characterized 8 percent of the more than 550 PKC mutations identified in human cancers. This led to the unexpected discovery that the majority of mutations actually reduced

or abolished PKC activity, and none were activating. The mutations impeded signal binding, prevented correct structuring of the enzyme,

or impaired catalytic activity. When the scientists corrected a loss-of-function PKC mutation in the genome of a colon cancer cell line

tumor growth in a mouse model was reduced, demonstrating that normal PKC activity inhibits cancer. One possible explanation, said the researchers,

Published in the February 2015 edition of the Journal of Affective disorders, the findings could provide a biological basis for diagnosing

#Tracking subtle brain mutations systematically DNA sequences were thought once to be identical from cell to cell,

but it's increasingly understood that mutations can arise during brain development that affect only certain groups of brain cells.

A technique developed at Boston Children's Hospital allows these subtle mutation patterns to be traced

one of several kinds of so-called somatic mutations that can arise as the brain develops.

The technique picks up somatic mutations that affect just a fraction of the brain's cells, in a"mosaic"pattern.

"showing when during brain development the mutations arise and how they spread through brain tissue as the mutated cells grow,

replicate and migrate, carrying the mutation with them.""There is a lot of genetic diversity from one neuron to the other,

and this work gets at how somatic mutations are distributed in the brain, "says Christopher Walsh, MD, Phd, chief of Genetics and Genomics at Boston Children's and co-senior author on the paper."

"Some mutations may occur on one side of the brain and not the other. Some may be clumped,'affecting just one gyrus fold of the brain,

Somatic brain mutations, affecting just pockets of cells can be harmful, and have been suggested as a possible cause of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism,

because they suggest that every normal brain may in fact be a mosaic patchwork of focal somatic mutations,

whether somatic mutations may be the cause.""Finally, says Evrony, the findings provide a proof-of-principle for a systematic way of studying how brain cells disperse

which detects somatic retrotransposon mutations in single-cell sequencing data. Mirroring these findings, study published by Walsh's lab in 2014 used single-neuron sequencing to detect copy number variants--another type of mutation affecting the number of copies of chromosomes or chromosome fragments.

The study found that these mutations can occur in both normal and neurologically diseased brains s

#Brain imaging may help predict future behavior Noninvasive brain scans, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, have led to basic science discoveries about the human brain,

In collaboration with the Clinical and Translational Science Institute (CTSI) at Boston University the researchers performed genome-wide microarray profiling

and multifactorial than previously appreciated explained senior author Caroline Attardo Genco Phd professor of medicine and microbiology at BUSM.

but also following patient responses to therapy,"said Mitchell, the paper's corresponding author and professor of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology.

Robust mutation panels vastly improve monitoring since cancer cells are constantly deleting chromosomal DNA and liquid biopsies with only one or two mutations will allow cancer cell escape variants to go undetected,

he said. Since the entire genome was surveyed, the researchers were able to identify a non-coding region of the genome as a"hotspot,

This interaction by SCFA and T-cells surprised co-investigators Fengchun Ye, assistant professor of biological sciences at the Case Western Reserve University School of dental medicine,

and Jonathan Karn, director of the Center for Aids Research and professor and chair of the Department of Molecular biology and Microbiology at Case Western Reserve's medical school.

#UCSD Study Shows Why Protein Mutations Lead to Familial Form of Parkinson Disease Researchers at the San diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC) at the University of California, San diego, have shown for the first time why protein mutations

a set of mutations in asyn had been identified but what was unknown was the molecular mechanism by

which these mutations caused disease. s an unstructured protein, asyn is called sometimes hameleonbecause it has no stable configuration

Most of the mutations changed the shape of the protein in a way that increased binding of asyn to the membrane by this zone.

researchers could not say why these mutations caused Parkinson disease, said Tsigelny. he discovery of Zone 2 as the distinguishing feature of the membrane-penetrating configurations of asyn paves the road to possible prevention of such a binding.

& Biology identifies a drug candidate called DBIBB that increases the survival of mice suffering from radiation syndrome,

said senior author John Sedivy, the Hermon C. Bumpus Professor of Biology and professor of medical science at Brown."

Hidde Ploegh, an MIT professor of biology and member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, is also a senior author of the paper.

a professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at the Georgia Institute of technology who was involved not in the research. t very well-controlled

This shows the translational value of our device in managing nonmall-cell lung cancer with underlying mutations. r

"This paper represents another step forward in a very important area of stem cell biology,"Renee Riejo Pera,

a leading developmental biologist with Montana State university, told Bioscience Technology. Pera was uninvolved in the research.""The paper uncovers fundamentals in producing the earliest stage germ cells.

The students will represent a broad cross-section of disciplines including MBAS researchers programmers and biologists.

and they undertook genetic studies to explore the molecular makeup behind the different mutations that cause the disease.

The greatest contribution has been our characterisation of patients with aminopathies a subtype of DCM caused by mutations in the gene encoding for the nuclear envelope protein.

'the biological catalysts that help it decompose. For Europe packaging industry, such a recyclable product is important

In the words of the CAMINEMS project coordinator, Dr Jean-louis Viovy of the Curie Institute in Paris, the key to the project was contained in the microfluidics techniques. icrofluidics is the equivalent for biology of microcircuits and microprocessors for the electronics industry

which allows specific biological elements to be switched in or out. The tool can thus be adapted according to whatever specific test the user wishes to conduct. ll the biology is contained in magnetic particles that we put in the system at the moment of operation.

This means we can decide, case by case or patient by patient, which biological question we shall ask,

says Dr Viovy. The effect of this is to provide a system with greatly enhanced cost-effectiveness

The team also decided that with this new concept it would not be necessary to use a'biopolymer',such as collagen,

We believe that the PEF will become the new world standard for polyester bottles. with the possibilities it opens up for future work in vaccine discovery was recognised with the naming of Professor Lomonossoff as Innovator of the Year 2012 by the Biotechnology and Biological sciences Research Council

was recognised with the naming of Professor Lomonossoff as Innovator of the Year 2012 by the Biotechnology and Biological sciences Research Council (BBSRC), U s

Also known as polysaccharides, these complex sugars are by far the most abundant biomolecules on the planet. Produced biologically in plants, animals and microorganisms,

Bringing together biologists, chemists, microbiologists, biochemists, molecular geneticists and biotechnologists from universities, biotech firms and food and pharmaceutical multinationals from around Europe, Polymode has identified now its first eadingand ritingenzymes.

into a form which carries out specific biological activities. This is now being tested for its ability to protect plants from disease

The researcher studied the biology of microglial cells, which play a leading role in the development and maintenance of the inflammatory reaction,

and real-time biological analysis. The use of these tools is as easy as getting dressed,

#Euro-Indo collaboration develops new photodetector Photodetectors that analyse scattered light in the ultraviolet (UV) range of the spectrum are used often in situations where the rapid detection of hazardous biological

The new device is suitable for the identification of airborne chemical and biological agents in real time.

Applications for this kind of materials mix can be found in diverse domains such as the pharmaceutical industry, the food and processing industry, energy production or systems biology.

##The power of microneedles for treating eye conditions is the ability to target delivery of the drug within the eye##says Mark Prausnitz professor in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering at the Georgia Institute of technology.##

##since it was discovered in 1972â##has been that we can t culture the human viruses in a cell culture dish##says Stephanie Karst associate professor in the molecular genetics and microbiology department at University of Florida College of Medicine.##

and analyze them in sophisticated labs. Now a team of biologists has created a new tool that could provide a quick cheap way to perform sophisticated lab analyses

and diagnostics in the field and may also offer a way to speed science in the lab. The tool called a paper gene circuit takes biological reactions out of cells and puts them onto a piece of paper.

Over the past 15 years biologists have created hundreds of these gene circuits picking and choosing useful bits of biology

and putting them together in new ways. Pardee s circuits use a device called a##toehold switch##created by coauthor Alexander Green also a postdoctoral fellow at Boston and Pardee s colleague at the Wyss Institute

Because biological systems are particularly good at sensing changes in the environmentâ##our cells constantly monitor blood sugar

But would something that worked for a chemical reaction work for biology too?####That was our first question:

and also for faster science in the lab.##In biology you spend a lot of time tool building.

which was published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry y

#Laser probe knows if you ate your veggies Yale university rightoriginal Studyposted by Michael Greenwood-Yale on November 6 2014a diet full of fruits

and we now have increasing numbers of examples of where single gene mutations can produce the presence of both seizure and migraines in the same patients and families.

##Not only did transplanted these cells survive in the mouse brain they showed functional properties similar to those of native cells##says senior author Andrew S. Yoo assistant professor of developmental biology at the Washington University School of medicine in St louis.##These cells

Now after four years of refining the instrumentation with collaborators including John Connor a School of medicine associate professor of microbiology the team has demonstrated the simultaneous detection of multiple viruses in blood serum samplesâ##including viruses genetically modified to mimic the behavior of Ebola

but none have been nearly as successful in detecting nanoscale viral particles in complex media##says Ã#nlã#referring to typical biological samples that may have a mix of viruses bacteria and proteins.##

##The shoebox-sized prototype diagnostic device known as the single particle interferometric reflectance imaging sensor (SP-IRIS) detects pathogens by shining light from multicolor LED sources on viral nanoparticles bound to the sensor surface by a coating

In contrast biological signals are less clear: in addition to"signal"and"no signal"there is a plethora of intermediate states with"a little bit of signal".

"This is a particular disadvantage for biocomputer components that serve as sensors for specific biomolecules and transmit the relevant signal.

A team led by ETH Zurich Professor Yaakov Benenson has developed several new components for biological circuits.

The researchers recently published their work in the scientific journal Nature Chemical Biology. To understand the underlying technology it is important to know that these biological sensors consist of synthetic genes that are read by enzymes

and converted into RNA and proteins. In the controllable biosensor developed by doctoral candidate Nicolas Lapique the gene responsible for the output signal is not active in its basic state as it is installed in the wrong orientation in the circuit DNA.

"The input signals can be transmitted much more accurately than before thanks to the precise control over timing in the circuit"says Benenson professor of synthetic biology who supervised Lapique s work.

In biology there are a variety of different signals a host of different proteins or microrna molecules.

In order to combine biologic components in any desired sequence signal converters must be connected between them. Laura Prochazka also a doctoral candidate student under Benenson has developed a versatile signal converter.

This new biological platform will significantly increase the number of applications for biological circuits.""The ability to combine biological components at will in a modular plug-and-play fashion means that we now approach the stage

when the concept of programming as we know it from software engineering can be applied to biological computers.

Bioengineers will literally be able to program in future"says Benenson. Source: ETH Zurichyou are free to share this article under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noderivs 3. 0 Unported license e

##Filoviruses are far more ancient than previously thought##says lead researcher Derek Taylor professor of biological sciences at University at Buffalo.##

Taylor and coauthor Jeremy Bruenn professor of biological sciences research viral##fossil genes##â##chunks of genetic material that animals and other organisms acquire from viruses during infection.

and become small and weak colony variantssays Eric Skaar professor of pathology microbiology and immunology at Vanderbilt University.

Their findings could be used to predict the accumulation of MITOCHONDRIAL DNA mutations in maternal egg cells, as well as the transmission of these mutations to children.

These mutations cause more than 200 diseases and contribute to others such as diabetes, cancer, Parkinson disease,

and Alzheimer disease. The study found greater rates of the MITOCHONDRIAL DNA variants in children born to older mothers,

professor of biology at Penn State and one of the study primary investigators. hey affect organs that require a lot of energy,

whether maternal age is important in the accumulation of MITOCHONDRIAL DNA (mtdna) mutations, both in the mother and in the child as a result of transmission.

Studying healthy individuals gave the researchers a baseline for future studies of disease-causing mutations.

they found more mutations in blood and cheek cells in the older mothers in the study.

But finding greater rates of mutations in children born to the older mothers did come as a surprise.

The researchers believe a similar mutation process is occurring both in the cells of the mothersbodies and in their germ lines.

But the gene is prone to mutations and those mutations are linked to lots of cancersin fact

when researchers from the University of Iowa conducted a literature review they found that PTEN mutations show up in 40 percent of breast cancer cases up to 70 percent of prostate cancer cases and nearly half of all leukemia cases.

If you look at tumors across the boardâ and that doesn t mean just breast cancer or prostate cancerâ you find that PTEN is the most generally mutated gene.

And when you mutate PTEN in mice you cause tumors says David Soll biology professor

While it s unknown how to prevent PTEN mutations Soll and colleagues became interested in finding out

Once a patient is diagnosed with cancer caused by a PTEN mutation the patient could take the drug over-express the PTEN bench player gene

A paper published in the journal Nature Chemical Biology details the results. This is a very promising therapy that appears to be effective and nontoxic in preclinical experiments Giaccia says.

The findings published in Nature Chemical Biology and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) provide a promising new target for antiviral therapies.

In the HSV-1 study which was published in Nature Chemical Biology Evilevitch set out to see what physical conditions lead to successful viral infection.

The Swedish Research Council the National Science Foundation the National institutes of health and the Mcwilliams Fellowship at Carnegie mellon supported the research published in Nature Chemical Biology.

and that others influence brain development in young mice says Argonne National Laboratory microbiologist Jack Gilbert who led the study.

But she says it seemed natural given her collaboration on the study with Gregory Ziegler who has expertise in biopolymers such as carrageenan

not only but also that real skin regeneration is occurring##says Zhaoli Sun director of transplant biology research at Johns Hopkins School of medicine.##

Johns hopkins university School of medicine s Transplant Biology Research center and a gift from the family of Francesc Gines supported the research.

##Coauthor Christopher Basler professor of microbiology at Mount sinai Hospital was the first to show that VP24

Lead researcher Peter Currie a professor at Monash University says that understanding how HSCS self-renew to replenish blood cells is a##Holy grail##of stem cell biology.##

However in infants born prematurely researchers at Washington University School of medicine in St louis have found that the population of bacteria in babies gastrointestinal tracts may depend more on their biological makeup and gestational age at birth than on environmental factors.

who also holds an appointment in the cell and developmental biology department. Galectin-1 may help other types of tumor evade the innate NK cells, too.

#Mutated gene causes heart defect in Newfoundland dogs Researchers have discovered a gene mutation that causes a deadly heart defect in Newfoundland dogs.

and avoid breeding dogs that harbor this mutation, thus gradually eliminating the disease from the Newfoundland breed,

which revealed that the mutation associated with SAS resides in a gene called PICALM. This same gene mutation has been associated with the formation of plaque-like lesions in the brains of people with Alzheimer disease,

Stern says. The researchers also conducted a pedigree analysis in a family of 45 Newfoundland dogs to examine the inheritance pattern of the SAS mutation.

This analysis confirmed that the inheritance follows a certain pattern, by which only one parent needs to be carrying the gene mutation in order for the offspring to inherit the disease,

and that not all dogs carrying the mutation will develop the disease. SAS shows up in the dog heart as abnormal tissue growthften forming a ridge or ring below the aortic valve,

which restricts blood flow from the heart into the aorta. Diagnosing and treating SAS, however, is particularly challenging

whether a dog carries the PICALM mutation are now available through North carolina State university College of Veterinary medicine

an assistant professor of biology at the California Institute of technology (Caltech) and the principal investigator whose team has developed the new techniques,

and PARS in their own labs. think these new techniques are very practical for many fields in biology,

Researchers have identified certain gene mutations that are increased indicative of an likelihood of thyroid cancer, and the new molecular testing panel can be run using the sample collected through the initial,

When the panel shows these mutations, a total thyroidectomy is advised. Yip and her colleagues followed 671 patients with suspicious thyroid nodes who received biopsies.

and then requiring a second operation. ee currently refining the panel by adding tests for more genetic mutations,

professor of medicine and of molecular microbiology and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator at Washington University studies how malaria affects red blood cells.

is that the mutation only affects its response to alcohol. The BK channel typically regulates many important functions

The alcohol-insensitive mutation does not disrupt these functions at all. e got pretty lucky and found a way to make the channel insensitive to alcohol without affecting its normal function,

which is based on a mutation discovered by lead author and graduate student Scott Davis, could be inserted into mice.

Their blindness was caused by either mutations in the genes RPE65 or LRAT, leading to a serious defect in the retinoid cycle.

Patients with RPE65 or LRAT mutations cannot produce this crucial molecule thus the retinal cells cannot create vision,

and slowly die. y giving patients with RPE65 or LRAT mutations an oral retinoid intermediate (QLT091001) most patientsvision improved rapidly.

says Craig Meyers, professor of microbiology and immunology at the Penn State College of Medicine.

They report their results in Cancer Biology & Therapy. The AAV2 killed 100 percent of the cells in the laboratory by activating proteins called caspases,

Other researchers on this project contributed from Penn State, PPD Vaccines and Biologics Laboratory, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research,

The method of creating two halves in each well in the Slipchip will be outlined in papers slated to be published in an upcoming issue of the journal Integrative biology. ost Wantedlist To validate the new methodology,

This is what produces the colorful cellular images that are so common in biology research. Using CLARITY,

Schatz says. his study is a step in that direction, toward a biological cure. The patients in Haller study will be followed for three to five years to see

It is possible that low-nutrient diets set off the same pathways in us to put our cells in a quiescent state says David R. Sherwood an associate professor of biology at Duke university.

explains Chay Kuo, an assistant professor of cell biology, neurobiology and pediatrics at Duke university. In a study with mice, his team found a previously unknown population of neurons within the subventricular zone (SVZ) neurogenic niche of the adult brain, adjacent to the striatum.

a researcher in in the molecular physiology and biological physics department at University of Virginia. ut then it escapes from that internal vesicle into the body of the cell,

Tamm collaborated with Judith M. White, a researcher in the cell biology department, who has developed virus-like particles that act like Ebola,

Peter M. Kasson of the molecular physiology and biological physics department then created a computer model of the process.

associate professor of cell biology and physiology at UNC School of medicine. o we looked for commonalitieshe things that each of these receptors need

they teamed up with Stephen Frye, director of the Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery at the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy.

But when they encounter biological tissue, they either reflect off the body harmlessly or get absorbed by the skin as heat.

or biological tissue. For instance, when you put your ear on a railroad track, you can hear the vibration of the wheels long before the train itself

That makes the system relevant to commercialization. here another technique paper we need to do as a follow-up before we get to actual biological applications,

The new material is described in a paper published in the journal Biomacromolecules. emi-smartmaterial came up with the idea a few years ago,

associate professor of microbiology and immunology. ut what wee now shown is that RSV has increased an ability to cause airway obstruction because, during an RSV infection,

#Dog genes may offer clues to cleft palate in humans Researchers have identified the genetic mutation responsible for a form of cleft palate in a breed of dog,

researchers identified a mutation responsible for the development of cleft palate in the breed. Dogs with this mutation also have shortened a lower jaw

similar to humans who have Pierre Robin Sequence. The disorder, a subset of cleft palate, affects one in 8,

The compound, called FRAX486, appears to halt an out-of-control biological runingprocess in the schizophrenic brain that unnecessarily destroys important connections among brain cells,

The scientists were able to see this by peering into the brains of the mice with DISC1 mutations on the 35th and 60th day of their lives, the equivalent of adolescence and young adulthood.

each one resulting from mutations in a different gene important in eye development and vision.

Inglehearn adds. his still doesn lead us straight to the mutations that cause the condition,

the greater understanding of the biology of vision gained from such studies also informs the search for new forms of therapy,

#Melanoma in families linked to mutations in one gene The discovery that mutations in a specific gene are responsible for a hereditary form of melanoma could make it easier to detect and treat,

People with specific mutations in the POT1 gene, which protects the ends of our chromosomes from damage,

These mutations deactivate the POT1 gene. his finding significantly increases our understanding of why some families have a high incidence of melanoma,

Known genetic mutations account for approximately 40 percent of all occurrences of inherited forms of melanoma. The team set out to identify the hereditary mutations that account for the other 60 percent by sequencing part of the genome of 184 patients with hereditary melanoma caused by unknown mutations.

They found that the inactivation of POT1 caused by these mutations leads to longer and potentially unprotected telomeres

regions that protect chromosomes from damage. The team found that there were also cases of other cancer types in families with these hereditary mutations such as leukemia

and brain tumors. ur research is making a real difference to understanding what causes melanoma and ultimately therefore how to prevent

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