Dendrite

Axon (111)
Dendrite (77)
Interneuron (10)
Motor neuron (37)
Neurogenesis (11)
Neuron (1102)
Synapse (106)

Synopsis: Neuroscience: Nervous system: Neuron: Dendrite:

#Dendrites are like minicomputers in your brain University of North carolina at Chapel hill rightoriginal Studyposted by Mark Derewicz-UNC on October 30 2013the branch-like projections of neurons called dendrites are not just passive wiring

but many of the same molecules that support axonal spikes are also present in the dendrites.

Previous research using dissected brain tissue had demonstrated that dendrites can use those molecules to generate electrical spikes themselves

Dendrites effectively act as mini-neural computers actively processing neuronal input signals themselves. Directly demonstrating this required a series of intricate experiments that took years

They used patch-clamp electrophysiology to attach a microscopic glass pipette electrode filled with a physiological solution to a neuronal dendrite in the brain of a mouse.

The idea was to directly istenin on the electrical signaling process. ttaching the pipette to a dendrite is tremendously technically challengingsmith says. ou can t approach the dendrite from any direction.

And you can t see the dendrite. So you have to do this blind. t s like fishing

Once the pipette was attached to a dendrite Smith s team took electrical recordings from individual dendrites within the brains of anesthetized and awake mice.

As the mice viewed visual stimuli on a computer screen the researchers saw an unusual pattern of electrical signalsâ##bursts of spikesâ##in the dendrite.

Smith s team then found that the dendritic spikes occurred selectively depending on the visual stimulus indicating that the dendrites processed information about

This revealed that dendrites fired spikes while other parts of the neuron did not meaning that the spikes were the result of local processing within the dendrites.

Study co-author Tiago Branco created a biophysical mathematical model of neurons and found that known mechanisms could support the dendritic spiking recorded electrically further validating the interpretation of the data. ll pointed the data to the same conclusionsmith says. he dendrites are not passive integrators of sensory-driven input;

they seem to be a computational unit as well. is team plans to explore what this newly discovered dendritic role may play in brain circuitry and particularly in conditions like Timothy syndrome in

While zinc is more stable, the water-based electrolytes in conventional zinc batteries cause zinc to form dendrites,

such as the long dendrites that branch out from neuronsmain bodies. They also hope to speed up the computing process,

they traced along the many branches, known as dendrites, that extend from each cell to connect with other cells.

These dendrites form clusters called arbors which were the key to the researchersclassification system. After each neuron arbor was diagrammed,

each neuron dendrites travel to other layers to interact with other cells. This stratification is very specific to each cell type,

#Branch-Like Dendrites Function As Minicomputers In The Brain A new paper in Nature suggests that we've been thinking about neurons all wrong.

Namely it suggests that dendrites the treelike branches of wiring that extend out from the soma

Researchers from University college London the University of North carolina School of medicine found that in response to visual stimuli dendrites fired electrical signals in the brains of mice.

The spikes only occurred in the dendrite not in the rest of the neuron suggesting that the dendrite itself was doing the processing.

The dendrites are not passive integrators of sensory-driven input; they seem to be a computational unit as well.

#Real-time Nanoscale Images of Lithium Dendrite Structures That Degrade Batteries Scientists at the Department of energy Oak ridge National Laboratory have captured the first real-time nanoscale images of lithium dendrite structures known to degrade lithium

and growth of lithium dendrite structures known to degrade lithium-ion batteries. CREDIT: ORNL Dendrites form when metallic lithium takes root on a battery anode

and begins growing haphazardly. If the dendrites grow too large, they can puncture the divider between the electrodes

and short-circuit the cell, resulting in catastrophic battery failure. The researchers studied dendrite formation by using a miniature electrochemical cell that mimics the liquid conditions inside a lithium-ion battery.

Placing the liquid cell in a scanning transmission electron microscope and applying voltage to the cell allowed the researchers to watch as lithium depositshich start as a nanometer-size seedrew into dendritic structures. t gives us a nanoscopic view of how dendrites nucleate and grow,

said ORNL Raymond Unocic, in situ microscopy team leader. e can visualize the whole process on a glassy carbon microelectrode

and observe where the dendrites prefer to nucleate and also track morphological changes during growth.

Watch a video of the dendrite growth here: https://www. youtube. com/watch? v=rpputm u pm.

Now that we can see exactly how the dendrites are forming using our technique, we can be proactive

The ORNL team believes scientists who are experimenting with different ways to tackle the dendrite problem,

and dendrites-the'brain'also contains support and immune cells. It has 99%of the genes present in the foetal brain

a key component of the cytoskeleton (backbone of the cell), has a different structure in axons than in dendrites, two parts of a neuron.

a key component of the cytoskeleton (backbone of the cell), has a different structure in axons than in dendrites, two parts of a neuron.

When these dendrites reach and contact the cathode, they form a short circuit. Electrical current now flows across the dendrites instead of the external circuit,

rendering the battery useless and dead. The current also heats up the dendrites, and because the electrolyte tends to be flammable,

the dendrites can ignite. Even if the dendrites don't short circuit the battery, they can break off from the anode entirely

and float around in the electrolyte. In this way, the anode loses material, and the battery can't store as much energy."

"Dendrites are hazardous and reduce the capacity of rechargeable batteries, "said Asghar Aryanfar, a scientist at Caltech, who led the new study that's published this week on the cover of The Journal of Chemical Physics, from AIP Publishing.

Although the researchers looked at lithium batteries, which are among the most efficient kind, their results can be applied broadly."

"The dendrite problem is general to all rechargeable batteries, "he said. The researchers grew lithium dendrites on a test battery

and heated them over a couple days. They found that temperatures up to 55 degrees Celsius shortened the dendrites by as much as 36 percent.

To figure out what exactly caused this shrinkage, the researchers used a computer to simulate the effect of heat on the individual lithium atoms that comprise a dendrite,

which was modeled with the simple, idealized geometry of a pyramid. The simulations showed that increased temperatures triggered the atoms to move around in two ways.

generating enough motion to topple the dendrite. By quantifying how much energy is needed to change the structure of the dendrite,

Aryanfar said, researchers can better understand its structural characteristics. And while many factors affect a battery's longevity at high temperatures--such as its tendency to discharge on its own

This means they can view dendrites--the microscopic thorns that cause batteries to fail--as they form.

In their studies, the team found that extended battery cycling leads to lithium growing beneath the layer--the genesis of the dendrites that have implications for battery safety and performance.

so that it doesn't form spindly lithium metal fibers known as dendrites, which can cause batteries to explode

and there's still the risk of the battery exploding due to the dendrites (spindly lithium metal fibres) created during the charging process.

a key component of the cytoskeleton (backbone of the cell), has a different structure in axons than in dendrites, two parts of a neuron.

a key component of the cytoskeleton (backbone of the cell), has a different structure in axons than in dendrites, two parts of a neuron.

and pile up forming chains of lithium metal called dendrites Cui explained. The dendrites can penetrate the porous separator

and eventually make contact with the cathode causing the battery to short. Smart separatorin the last couple of years we've been thinking about building a smart separator that can detect shorting before the dendrites reach the cathode said Cui a member of the photon science faculty at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

at Stanford. To address the problem Cui and his colleagues applied a nanolayer of copper onto one side of a polymer separator creating a novel third electrode halfway between the anode and the cathode.

When the dendrites grow long enough to reach the copper coating the voltage drops to zero.

That lets you know that the dendrites have grown halfway across the battery. It's a warning that the battery should be removed before the dendrites reach the cathode and cause a short circuit.

The build up of dendrites is most likely to occur during charging not during the discharge phase

when the battery is being used. You might get a message on your phone telling you that the voltage has dropped to zero so the battery needs to be replaced Zhuo said.

Locating defectsin addition to observing a drop in voltage co-lead author Hui Wu was able to pinpoint where the dendrites had punctured the copper conductor simply by measuring the electrical resistance between the separator and the cathode.

He confirmed the location of the tiny puncture holes by actually watching the dendrites grow under a microscope.

While zinc is more stable, the water-based electrolytes in conventional zinc batteries cause zinc to form dendrites,

#A microtubule'roadway'in the retina helps provide energy for vision Fluorescently labeled microtubules extend from the tips of the dendrites (top) into the axon and down into the giant synaptic terminal (bottom) of a single isolated goldfish retinal

March 10th, 2015energy ORNL microscopy directly images problematic lithium dendrites in batteries March 7th, 2015iranian Scientists Apply Nanotechnology to Produce Electrical insulator March 7th,

An extreme example in which one axon (blue) innervates five dendritic spines (orange labeled 15) of a basal dendrite (green) is shown.

They discovered that protein called MIM bends the plasma membrane to aid the formation of dendritic spines from the surface of the neuronal dendrite.

This unique configuration permitted volumetric imaging of cortical dendrites in the awake, behaving mouse brain.

the lithium atoms can build themselves into fernlike structures, called dendrites, which eventually poke through the membrane.

While the team is satisfied with the membrane's ability to block the lithium dendrites, they are currently looking for ways to improve the flow of loose lithium ions

The study,"A dendrite-suppressing solid ion conductor from aramid nanofibers, "will appear online Jan 27 in Nature Communications.

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