On a flat lattice, atoms can easily move around from site to site. However, in a tilted lattice, the atoms would have to work against gravity.
What if a fusion of computer science and psychology could help us understand more about how people learn,
That long-range goal is moving toward reality thanks to an effort led by professors in the University of Wisconsin-Madison departments of computer sciences, psychology and educational psychology.
Their collaborative research aims to break new ground in what computer scientist Jerry Zhu calls achine teachinga twist on the more familiar concept of machine learning. y hope is that machine teaching has an impact on the educational world.
human students. achine learning is established a well subfield of computer science in which experts develop mathematical tools to help computers learn from data
and detect patterns. The machine learner (the computer) is like a student The goal of machine learning is to develop models that will prove useful in the future
when dealing with large, often unwieldly data sets. Practical tasks like speech recognition are aided by machine learning. Machine teaching turns this concept on its ear.
Rather than dealing with pools of data and not knowing at the outset what patterns might be revealed through analysis,
Machine teaching uses sophisticated mathematics to allow researchers to model actual human students and devise the best possible lessons for teaching them.
Timothy T. Rogers, a professor of cognitive psychology at UW-Madison and one of Zhu collaborators, explains how computer science
Conference on Artificial intelligence, organized by the Association for the Advancement of Artificial intelligence. A two-year seed grant from the UW-Madison Graduate school currently supports this work.
In addition to Zhu and Rogers, the UW research team includes computer sciences professors Michael Ferris, Bilge Mutlu andstephen Wright;
The finding, in both mouse and human cells, suggests that manipulating a natural process could someday be an alternative way to not just reduce the severity of the flu,
In a series of experiments in mouse and human lung cells, Yount and colleagues showed that inhibiting NEDD4 from doing this job led to an accumulation of IFITM3 in the cells
rather than just relying on traditional chemical screens, says Hubbard, an assistant professor of pharmacology in the University of Alberta Faculty of medicine & Dentistry. ee moving towards a very logical type of treatment for genetic diseases,
Much like how a computer programmer edits computer code, scientists could one day replace a person broken
whether it is owned by the site host or a third party, whether it is installed in new construction or on existing buildings,
whether the site host is a for-profit commercial or tax-exempt entity, the module efficiency level,
Since fibrin is the main protein at the site of a fracture, it was thought to promote repair by providing a scaffold for the initial phase of new bone formation.
While most of the work described in the study was done in mouse models, the researchers also found similar cells in human livers.
Karin team examined three different mouse models of liver cancer. They found no signs of hybrid hepatocytes in any of the tumors,
The authors show that human irisin is similar to the mouse hormone and that it circulates in the range previously reported.
which uses a magnetic field and radio waves to produce images and combined it with a special chemical contrast solution.
without relying on computer simulation or human intervention. Researchers led by the University of Cambridge have built a mother robot that can independently build its own children and test
Without any human intervention or computer simulation beyond the initial command to build a robot capable of movement,
Most work in this field is done using computer simulation. Although computer simulations allow researchers to test thousands or even millions of possible solutions,
this often results in a eality gapa mismatch between simulated and real-world behaviour. While using a computer simulation to study artificial evolution generates thousands,
or even millions, of possibilities in a short amount of time, the researchers found that having the robot generate its own possibilities,
without any computer simulation, resulted in more successful children. The disadvantage is that it takes time:
According to Iida, in future they might use a computer simulation to pre-select the most promising candidates,
One of his group developments, the hairless Chair is a wearable device that allows users to lock their knee joints and itanywhere,
and ceilings. ven though geology tells us there should be caves at these sites, we don really know what down there,
Data from the scans were used to program a 3-D printer that laid down synthetic resins layer by layer.
Adam mother, Amy, keeps a photo of his 3-D-printed vessels on her smartphone. want to dip it in gold and wear it as a necklace
and extrapolating from images on the computer to the patient, turning over a 3-D model in your hand is said transformative,
-D printing has become a regular part of our process, says Smith. t also a tool that allows us to educate our junior colleagues and trainees in a way that safe,
and tapping on our keyboards release energy that largely dissipates, unused. Several years ago, scientists figured out how to capture some of that energy
CMU is the birthplace of artificial intelligence and cognitive psychology and has been a leader in the study of brain and behavior for more than 50 years.
founded a groundbreaking doctoral program in neural computation, and completed cutting-edge work in understanding the genetics of autism.
computer science, psychology, statistics and engineering, CMU launched Brainhub, an initiative that focuses on how the structure and activity of the brain give rise to complex behaviors m
and expensive mouse avatars that are created by injecting human tumor cells into mice. his is really the first time that it been demonstrated that you can use a rapid methodology like this to spatially define cancer cells and macrophages,
What sets the team model apart from mouse avatars and hard plastic plates is that it can replicate much more accurately the sizes and shapes of the microenvironment within the patient problem area.
The technique uses a computer to acquire and process the neuronal response to the optical stimulus in real-time
Applications of these devices include advanced microscopes, displays, sensors, and cameras that can be mass-produced using the same techniques used to manufacture computer microchips. hese flat lenses will help us to make more compact and robust imaging assemblies,
said Mahmood Bagheri, a microdevices engineer at JPL and co-author of a new Nature Nanotechnology study describing the devices. urrently,
Manipulating the polarization of light is essential for the operation of advanced microscopes, cameras and displays;
the control of polarization also enables simple gadgets such as 3-D glasses and polarized sunglasses. f you think of a modern microscope,
#DNA-Guided 3-D Printing of Human Tissue Is unveiled A UCSF-led team has developed a technique to build tiny models of human tissues, called organoids,
and kidney and neural circuits using larger-scale techniques. uilding functional models of the complex cellular networks such as those found in the brain is probably one of the highest challenges you could aspire to,
#Mouth Guard Monitors Health Markers, Transmits Information Wirelessly to Smart Phone Engineers at the University of California,
San diego, have developed a mouth guard that can monitor health markers, such as lactate, cortisol and uric acid,
in saliva and transmit the information wirelessly to a smart phone, laptop or tablet. The technology,
researchers showed that the mouth guard sensor could offer an easy and reliable way to monitor uric acid levels.
In the past, the patient would have needed blood draws to monitor levels and relied instead on symptoms to start
Fabrication and design Wang team created a screen-printed sensor using silver, Prussian blue ink and uricase,
and then wirelessly transmits data to a smart phone, tablet or laptop. The entire electronic board occupies an area slightly larger than a U s. penny.
including temporary tattoos that monitor glucose, ultra-miniaturized energy-processing chips and pens filled with high-tech inks for Do it yourself chemical sensors.
We have demonstrated for the first time experimentally that liquid droplets can be highly mobile when in the Wenzel state.
Our idea is to solve these problems by enabling Wenzel state droplets to be said mobile
In order to make Wenzel state droplets mobile, the researchers etched micrometer scale pillars into a silicon surface using photolithography and deep reactive-ion etching,
Hayes said. nd it turns out that we have a core mechanism that could be integrated with smartphones
Revealed by a brand new lectron camera, one of the world speediest, this unprecedented level of detail could guide researchers in the development of efficient solar cells, fast and flexible electronics and high-performance chemical catalysts.
LCLS is a DOE Office of Science User Facility. This animation explains how researchers use high-energy electrons at SLAC to study faster-than-ever motions of atoms and molecules relevant to important materials properties and chemical processes.
Understanding these dynamic ripples could provide crucial clues for the development of next-generation solar cells, electronics and catalysts.
Thin films of Mos2 are also under study as possible catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions. In addition
King College London, have discovered a new molecular witchthat controls the properties of neurons in response to changes in the activity of their neural network. The findings,
Computers are used often as a metaphor for the brain with logic boards and microprocessors representing neural circuits and neurons, respectively.
and in a way not achieved by computers. Researchers from the MRC CDN, led by Professor Oscar Marín,
and function correctly at the site of injury to be useful for clinical regenerative therapies.
from a genetic mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Then scientists put new technology to its practical application.
#Researchers develop key component for terahertz wireless Terahertz radiation could one day provide the backbone for wireless systems that can deliver data up to one hundred times faster than today cellular or Wi-fi networks.
But there remain many technical challenges to be solved before terahertz wireless is ready for prime time.
It the technology that makes it possible for a single cable to carry multiple TV channels
Today cellular and Wi-fi networks rely on microwaves to carry voice conversations and data. But the increasing demands for data transfer are quickly becoming more than microwaves can handle.
if one user suddenly needs a ton of bandwidth, you can take it from others on the network who don need as much just by changing the plate spacing at the right location,
Because existing magnetic card readers use plain text to store confidential information, they are vulnerable to an untrusted card reader or skimming device.
The research, led by Yinzhi Cao, assistant professor of computer science and engineering at Lehigh University, with coauthors Xiang Pan and Yan Chen from Northwestern University, will be presented at the IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security,
The computational elements in Safepay consist of a mobile device and a server which distributes disposable credit card numbers.
The physical entity is the magnetic credit card chip controlled by a mobile application inside a customer mobile device.
The paper outlines the overall architecture and server-side deployment model the design of Safepay, prototype implementation and security analysis. Here how it works:
First, the user downloads and executes the mobile banking application which communicates with the bank server.
During transactions, the mobile application acquires disposable credit card numbers from the bank server, generates a wave file,
plays the file to generate electrical current, and then drives the magnetic card chip via an audio jack or Bluetooth.
The critical elements that make Safepay unique are: Disposable credit card information that expires after a limited time or number of usages (i e.,
A mobile banking application that automates the process making it extremely user friendly. Cao and his colleagues conducted real-world experiments with the Safepay technology performing transactions with a vending machine
During the experiments, they used a bank application, cell phone application and magnetic credit card chip.
Cpf1 cuts far away from the recognition site, meaning that even if the targeted gene becomes mutated at the cut site,
it can likely still be recut, allowing multiple opportunities for correct editing to occur. Fourth:
The Cpf1 system provides new flexibility in choosing target sites. Like Cas9, the Cpf1 complex must first attach to a short sequence known as a PAM,
As with earlier Cas9 tools, these groups will make this technology freely available for academic research via the Zhang lab page on the plasmid-sharing website Addgene, through
and visualization software and used it on a laptop computer to leverage an emerging DNA-sequencing technology known as nanopore sequencing. his point-of-care genomic technology will be particularly attractive in the developing world,
and computational server capacity, are limited often severely, said Chiu. Nanopore technology, currently under development by many private enterprises, distinguishes individual nucleic acids by the distinctive perturbations they create in electric currents as they pass through microscopic pores.
The USB-powered sequencer used by Chiu research team, dubbed Minion, was made by Oxford Nanopore technologies
and is no larger than a modern cell phone. Although the technology is still new and thereby prone to error,
not only attack the main tumor site, but are more likely to find and attach themselves to tumor cells circulating in the bloodstream essentially attacking new tumors before they start,
which the platelet membrane could help us target relevant sites in the body
#Raising Computers to Be Good Scientists Making sense of the new scientific data published every year including well over a million cancer-related journal articles is a tall order for the contemporary scientist.
Even if a scientist were capable of reading every article and memorizing its content, drawing connections to answer real-world questions would require supernatural cognition.
Clayton Morrison, is doing just that one algorithm at a time. He wonders, as many others in his field do,
Reading and Assembling Contextual and Holistic Mechanisms From Textwill create a computer system that reads papers, extracts information on biochemical pathways,
REACH researchers are laying the foundation for interactive software that would allow drug developers, or maybe even doctors, to provide lots of information,
In turn, it could model how a specific treatment would interact with the patient. heyl be the Microsofts and Googles of biomedicine,
trained a computer system to read papers using hundreds of algorithms. One, for example, allows it to understand that ouse,
and Kobus Barnard, professor of computer science. Morrison, who also has a strong, academic background in developmental psychology, said,
think that collaborative computers are going to be like children, and wel have to raise them, in a way.
yielding results that exceeded state-of-the-art predecessors all by relying on algorithms. Asking a human scientist to do the same would be outrageous.
by teaching it to differentiate between species (a yeast cell is different from a mouse).
much as a scientist or a doctor might. would like to see this usher in computers understanding complex things at a level that we just can,
#Making Batteries with Portabella Mushrooms Can portabella mushrooms stop cell phone batteries from degrading over time?
future cell phones may see an increase in run time after many uses, rather than a decrease,
said Mihri Ozkan, a professor of electrical and computer engineering. Therefore, the UC Riverside team is focused on naturally-derived carbons,
But a single optical fiber can contain several sensors; all of the sensors in each of the fingers of the CMU hand are connected with four fibers,
which detect strain by measuring shifts in the wavelength of light reflected by the optical fiber.
#Ground-breaking computer program diagnoses cancer in two days In the vast majority of cancer cases, the doctor can quickly identify the source of the disease, for example cancer of the liver, lungs, etc.
Now, researchers at DTU Systems Biology have combined genetics with computer science and created a new diagnostic technology based on advanced self learning computer algorithms whichn the basis of a biopsy from a metastasisan with 85 per cent certainty identify the source of the disease
and thus target treatment and, ultimately, improve the prognosis for the patient. Each year, about 35,000 people are diagnosed with cancer in Denmark,
The pattern of mutations is analysed in a computer program which has been trained to find possible primary tumour localizations.
e are pleased very that we can now use the same sequencing data together with our new algorithms to provide a much faster diagnosis for cancer cases that are difficult to diagnose,
#Scientists test new gene therapy for vision loss from a mitochondrial disease NIH-funded study shows success in targeting MITOCHONDRIAL DNA in mice Researchers funded by the National institutes of health have developed a novel mouse model for the vision disorder
Their success in creating a mouse model of LHON and using it to test an investigational gene therapy is described today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
This modified virus has been the key to creating a mouse that replicates LHON and to an investigational gene therapy for LHON that is currently in clinical trials.
To create a mouse model for LHON, the researchers loaded the virus with a defective copy of the ND4 gene carrying the same mutation that causes about 70 percent of LHON cases.
Then they injected the virus into fertilized mouse egg cells, and grew the cells to maturity.
the researchers had their mouse model. The presence of the virally encoded ND4 mutation in the eye was confirmed by essentially doing an eye exam to look for the red fluorescent marker.
Prior to development of the new mouse model Dr. Guy lab had shown that they could produce temporary signs of LHON in mice.
The mouse research is helping inform an ongoing NEI-supported clinical trial, which is led by Dr. Guy
#Scientists grow organic semiconductor crystals vertically for first time Our smartphones, tablets, computers and biosensors all have improved because of the rapidly increasing efficiency of semiconductors.
Since the turn of the 21st century, organic, or carbon-based, semiconductors have emerged as a major area of interest for scientists
flat panels that can only absorb light from one surface. The study, led by Richard Kaner,
write, watch television or even recognize a face. ARMD is due to the degeneration of the macula,
according to a study (PDF) published in PNAS, the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
which enables users to take blood samples at home in a safe and portable application. It allows people to collect an uncontaminated and precise volume of their own blood from their fingertips with the click of a button,
Dr Lapierre said. t functional, intuitive and stores a precise volume of a sample safely and securely, providing greater user-experience and superior sample in a ready-to-use analytical format.
There is also a website available for calculating a child metabolic syndrome severity score using clinical measures e
the fully optical bright-field (real) view and the computer-processed projection of NIR fluorescence.
Real-time overlay of bright-field and near-infrared fluorescence imagesdescribes their prototype of an augmented stereomicroscope that presents a simultaneous view of real objects in the surgical field and computer-processed images
what they see is a report of the signals depicted in false color on a monitor.
and represent it on a computer screen. In this article, Inserm researchers, using MRI, have succeeded in detecting natural shear waves in the brain using computational techniques borrowed from seismologists
ranging from cell phones to laptop computers and electric cars. But there may soon be a new type of battery based on materials that are far more abundant and less costly.
and be ready to take the advantage of the existing manufacturing processes of carbon anode materials. lectrical energy storage in batteries is essential not only for consumer products such as cell phones and computers,
#New graphene based inks for high-speed manufacturing of printed electronics A low-cost, high-speed method for printing graphene inks using a conventional roll-to-roll printing process,
the first time that graphene has been used for printing on a large-scale commercial printing press at high speed.
who developed the method. eing able to produce conductive inks that could effortlessly be used for printing at a commercial scale at a very high speed will open up all kinds of different applications for graphene
which is in line with commercial production rates for graphics printing, and far faster than earlier prototypes.
it could also initiate entirely new business opportunities for commercial graphics printers, who could diversify into the electronics sector. he UK,
and the Cambridge area in particular, has always been strong in the printing sector, but mostly for graphics printing and packaging, said Hasan,
a Royal Academy of Engineering Research Fellow and a University Lecturer in the Engineering Department. e hope to use this strong local expertise to expand our functional ink platform.
energy harvesters and RFID tags s
#Transplanting from Pig to Human Never before have scientists been able to make scores of simultaneous genetic edits to an organism genome.
Now University of Pennsylvania researchers have shown at the molecular level how experiencing stress changes a male mouse sperm in such a way that it affects his offspring response to stress.
me that seemingly mild stress to a male mouse would trigger this massive change in microrna response
To find out, the team microinjected the nine mirs into mouse zygotes, which were implanted then into normal female mice who carried them as surrogates.
Then, using a computer-controlled light projector, the team was able to control the speed of the cardiac waves,
In the short term, the ability to provide fine control means that researchers are able to carry out experiments at a level of detail previously only available using computer models.
what one can do in a computer model, except here it was done in real heart cells, in real time. recise control of the direction,
A supercomputer for the ong tailof science The San diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC) at the University of California, San diego this week formally launched omet,
a new petascale supercomputer designed to transform scientific research by expanding computational access among a larger number of researchers
said Jim Kurose, assistant director of the National Science Foundation for Computer and Information science and Engineering (CISE),
during remarks Oct 14 at the SDSC event. hrough this launch and the extraordinary computing capabilities of SDSC,
The result of an NSF award valued at roughly $24 million, including hardware and operating funds,
Comet joins SDSC Gordon supercomputer as another key resource within the NSF XSEDE (extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment) computer resource-sharing system
In his remarks, Kurose noted that cyberinfrastructureefined as a dynamic ecosystem consisting of advanced computing systems, data, software and, most importantly, people,
SDSC used the formal launch of Comet to also celebrate 30 years as a national resource for advanced computation.
as one of NSF original supercomputer centers, Kurose said. t has been a leader of the data science revolution as well.
and Society Comet is configured to help transform advanced computing by expanding access and capacity not only among research domains that typically rely on HPCUCH as chemistry
and biophysicsut among domains which are relatively new to supercomputers, such as genomics, finance and the social sciences.
Supercomputers can greatly accelerate timescales for researching the origins of the universe. Neurosciences, Brain Research:
and the properties of social networks. Molecular Science: Studying the properties of lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules can advance our understanding of biophysical processes at the atomic scale,
Supercomputers can create highly detailed simulations to track ocean currents or improve industry methods related to the discharge of pollutants
Supercomputer-generated simulations are used to inform decision-making strategies. The Tree of Life: Biologists construct phylogenetic trees to capture the evolutionary relationship between species,
2 petaflops of overall peak performancene million billion operations or calculations per second. Dell compute nodes using next-generation Intel Xeon processors,
27 racks of compute nodes totaling 1, 944 nodes or 46,656 cores. 128 gigabytes of dynamic RAM and 320 GB of flash memory per standard compute node. 72 nodes per rack with full bisection Infiniband
FDR interconnect in each rack, and a 4: 1 bisection cross-rack interconnect. Additional GPU and large-memory (1. 5 Terabytes) nodes for applications such as visualization, molecular dynamics simulations,
or de novo genome assembly. 7 petabytes of Lustre-based high-performance storage from Aeon, and 6 petabytes of durable storage for data reliability.
Zhang, lead authors Lucia Wu and J. Sherry Wang and their colleagues have written software to help researchers design their own probes.
The Web-based program allows researchers to cut and paste gene sequences and highlight areas of interest to generate probe designs.
which in effect means a more positive outlook for patients. The important next step is for regulators to enable the use of ocrelizumab across the spectrum of PPMS and RMS,
#A New Type of Memristors for Less Rigid Computing Two IT giants, Intel and HP, have entered a race to produce a commercial version of memristors (the fourth basic component of electronic circuits alongside resistors,
used in USB drives, SD cards and SSD hard drives. asically, memristors require less energy since they work at lower voltages,
Rupp calls this ess rigid computing Another possible application could be neuromorphic computing, which, as the name suggests,
Using computer-generated light patterns, researchers were able to control the direction of spiralling electrical waves in heart cells.
using a computer-controlled light projector, the team was able to control the speed of the cardiac waves,
In the short term, the ability to provide fine control means that researchers are able to carry out experiments at a level of detail previously only available using computer models.
what one can do in a computer model, except here it was done in real heart cells, in real time. recise control of the direction,
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