Cows sheep and pigs were eaten also but collectively made up less than 20 percent of leopard's food.
and domestic animals (dogs and pigs) rest below found that only 20 percent of the A. gambiae females contained human blood while the rest contained animal blood.
with human-sized pig kidneys the scientists developed the most successful method to date to keep blood vessels in the new organs open
In our proof-of-concept study the vessels in a human-sized pig kidney remained open during a four-hour testing period.
The current research is part of a long-term project to use pig kidneys to make support structures known as scaffolds that could potentially be used to build replacement kidneys for human patients with end-stage renal disease.
The final test of the dual-approach was implanting the scaffolds in pigs weighing 90 to 110 pounds.
Using pig kidneys as scaffolds for human patients has several advantages including that the organs are similar in size
and that pig heart valves--removed of cells--have safety been used in patients for more than three decades.
Domestication of animals started as early as 9000 to 15000 years ago and initially involved dogs cattle sheep goats and pigs.
#Piglet weaning age no bar to litter frequencyuniversity of Adelaide research has shown that piglets can be weaned later with no negative effects on sow birthing frequency.
The outcome of the study at the University's Roseworthy campus published in the journal Animal Reproduction Science is an important finding for pig producers.
It allows improvements in piglet health and welfare without loss of production. Sows don't usually start their oestrous cycles again during lactation only coming on heat after their piglets have been weaned says Ms Alice Weaver Phd candidate with the School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences.
In commercial pig production this has meant the reduction of piglet weaning ages in order to maximize the number of litters a sow can produce each year.
Unfortunately piglets weaned early often don't thrive with reduced growth and diarrhea common. Ms Weaver's study investigated
whether oestrus could be stimulated while sows were still feeding their piglets so the sows could be mated before their piglets were weaned.
Her project was under the supervision of Dr Will van Wettere who leads a number of research projects in improving pig fertility and life expectancy of piglets.
Different treatment groups were set up among the Large White/Landrace cross sows with half of the sows weaned early at day seven after birth and half at day 26.
Half of each group had daily contact with boars from day seven. The research showed that providing sows daily contact with a mature male pig seven days after giving birth is sufficient to stimulate oestrus regardless of
whether they were still suckling a litter or not says Ms Weaver. We've shown that piglet weaning age should be able to be increased with sows still producing the average 2. 4 litters a year.
This is very important to the pig industry and should lead to improvements in post-weaning growth and the welfare and survival of piglets.
Most piglets in Australia are weaned at an average of 24 days. If we can push that out to at least 30 days the extra time will have significant benefit for the piglets.
Continuing research is looking at whether there are any negative impacts on the following litter which would be conceived
and gestating while the sow was still suckling the previous litter. The research is supported by the Pork CRC
which is based at the Roseworthy campus. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of Adelaide.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. Journal Reference e
#Sheepdogs use simple rules to herd sheepsheepdogs use just two simple rules to round up large herds of sheep scientists have discovered.
The findings could lead to the development of robots that can gather and herd livestock crowd control techniques
or new methods to clean up the environment. For the first time scientists used GPS technology to understand how sheepdogs do their jobs so well.
#Pig pheromone proves useful in curtailing bad behavior in dogsa professor at Texas Tech discovers Androstenone can stop dogs from barking jumping.
And in that capacity he just happened to have a product on hand at his house from a previous research study called Boar Mate an odorous concoction which helps farmers with swine breeding.
Assist to pigs Not only did the discovery of this product by Mcglone come by accident it came from a completely different species. Mcglone said Boar Mate contains a pig pheromone defined as substances secreted to the outside by an individual and received by a second individual of the same species in
which when secreted by male pigs is picked up by female pigs in heat and ready to breed.
Androstenone is produced by pigs in their saliva or fat but Boar Mate androstenone is synthesized in a laboratory.
One spray of Boar Mate on Toto was all it took to set the wheels of experimentation in motion.
Mcglone contacted a canine research site he had worked with on previous experiments knowing this site had a wide array of adult dogs both mixed and pure breeds.
It's not limited to pig pheromones either as he is testing those from dogs cats pigs and horses.
For now though there are quite a few pet owners relieved to be able to stop their pets'bad behavior
healthy pig breedingscientists found a way to reduce the application of antibiotics in pig breeding by using antimicrobial peptides.
This causes big problems for breeders when using artificial insemination the method most commonly used in assisted reproductive technology in pig production worldwide.
Freshly retrieved boar ejaculates always contain bacteria. These germs are detrimental to the quality as well as the longevity of liquid preserved sperm with dire negative consequences for fertility.
#Pigs hearts transplanted into baboon hosts remain viable more than a yearinvestigators from the National Heart Lung
and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National institutes of health (NIH) have transplanted successfully hearts from genetically engineered piglets into baboons'abdomens
The first advance was the ability to produce genetically engineered pigs as a source of donor organs by NHLBI's collaborator Revivicor Inc. The pigs had the genes that cause adverse immunologic reactions in humans knocked out and human
Pigs were chosen because their anatomy is compatible with that of humans and they have a rapid breeding cycle among other reasons.
In this study researchers compared the survival of hearts from genetically engineered piglets that were organized into different experimental groups based on the genetic modifications introduced.
The gene that synthesizes the enzyme alpha 1-3 galactosidase transferase was knocked out in all piglets
The pig hearts also expressed one or two human transgenes to prevent blood from clotting.
This longest-surviving group was the only one that had the human thrombomodulin gene added to the pigs'genome.
The researchers'next step is to use hearts from the genetically-engineered pigs with the most effective immunosuppression in the current experiments to test
whether the pig hearts can sustain full life support when replacing the original baboon hearts.
Our study has demonstrated that by using hearts from genetically engineered pigs in combination with target-specific immunosuppression of recipient baboons organ survival can be prolonged significantly.
In a Phd project at the National Food Institute Technical University of Denmark the latest technologies within whole genome sequencing were exploited to develop new methods to identify genes which are important for the survival of MRSA in pigs.
MRSA CC398 is found in pig production. MRSA is resistant to the antibiotics with which we normally use for treatment of Staphylococcus infections.
which can identify genes important for the survival of MRSA in pigs. High-throughput approaches can identify those genes in the total gene pool of the bacteria
and has turned out to be particularly successful in colonisation of pigs from where it may transmit to humans.
LA-MRSA ST398 has proven to be particularly successful in colonisation of pigs. By studying which genes are essential for the bacteria in pigs it may be possible for researchers to identify the factors important for the bacterium to colonise on pigs.
We still don't know which specific genetic factors in this MRSA type facilitate the spread from animals to humans.
Fortunately porcine enterovirus G doesn't do much in pigs but it raises concerns about other viruses getting through the border Hause said.
and are impacting several other aspects of the swine industry. Hause has mapped these viruses at the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory as a way to ensure the reliability of the next-generation sequencing methods he uses to identify
A swine sample came in that we thought was influenza but all other tests were said negative Hause.
Subsequent research has shown that it is widespread in cattle not just pigs. Now we're studying the association of this strain of bovine influenza with respiratory disease in feedlots.
and can jump from humans to pigs and back to humans so it's important for both animal health
#Asian genes in European pigs result in more pigletspigs which are bred commercially in Europe are found to have varied a highly mosaic of different European and Asian gene variants.
The Asian genes in particular result in a large number of piglets in European pig breeds. In the latest issue of the science journal Nature Communications researchers from Wageningen University explain that a number of important characteristics of European pigs have Asian origins.
They previously demonstrated that the genetic diversity among commercial pigs is greater than within the existing populations of wild boar.
The pig we know today has a long history since the original independent domestication of the wild boar in Europe and Asia some 10000 years ago.
This domestication resulted in European and Asian pig breeds with very different characteristics and appearance.
Modern commercial European pigs contain DNA originating from Asia. According to the researchers the genetic diversity in commercial pigs is greater than in existing wild boar populations as a result.
Chinese pigsthe Wageningen research has demonstrated that different parts of the genome of commercial pigs are much closer to Chinese pigs than to European wild boar.'
'At first sight that seems surprising because pigs in Asia and Europe were domesticated independently from one another around ten thousand years ago
and you would therefore expect there to be no traces of Asian DNA in European pigs'says Professor Martien Groenen under whose leadership the research took place.
In Nature Communications he and his colleagues explain that the finding has its origin in the UK in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
This is because there was a strong rise in the demand for pork during the Industrial revolution and pig farmers in the UK in particular saw that Asian pigs had wanted characteristics they to improve in their own pigs.
In general Chinese pigs were much more fertile and fatter than their European counterparts. So breeders imported a number of Chinese individuals around this time
and crossed them with their own European pigs. The greater genetic diversity within the current commercial pig breeds is therefore the result of crosses between European and Chinese pigs around two hundred years ago.
Strong selection for characteristics such as fertility and fat production of the Asian pigs subsequently ensured that some pieces of Asian DNA are present at high frequency in the European pigs.
An example is the AHR gene of which many European pigs have the Asian version. Sows with the European gene have significantly fewer piglets than carriers of the Asian version.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Wageningen University and Research Centre. Note:
Materials may be edited for content and length. Journal References s
#Room for improvement in elementary school childrenâ##s lunches and snacks from homeopen a childâ##s lunch box
and youâ##re likely to find that the lunches and snacks inside fall short of federal guidelines.
Through the use of a simple efficient and low cost technique involving a focused laser beam two NUS research teams led by Professor Sow Chorng Haur from the Department of physics at the NUS Faculty of science demonstrated that the properties of two
Said Prof Sow â#oein our childhood most of us are likely to have the experience of bringing a magnifying glass outdoors on a sunny day
To address this technological challenge Prof Sow Dr Lu Junpeng a postdoctoral candidate from the Department of physics at the NUS Faculty of science
Hidden images â#drawnâ##by focused laser beam on silicon nanowires could improve optical functionalitiesin a related study published in the journal Scientific Reports on 13 may 2014 Prof Sow led
To develop materials with properties that can cater to the industryâ##s demands Prof Sow together with his team of researchers will extend the versatile focused laser beam technique to more nanomaterials.
Sheep comprised 9 percent buffalo 7 percent pigs 5 percent and goats 4 percent. That tasty hamburger is the real culprit Caldeira said.
In the study laboratory pigs with complete heart block were injected with the gene called TBX18 during a minimally invasive catheter procedure.
On the second day after the gene was delivered to the animals'hearts pigs who received the gene had significantly faster heartbeats than pigs who did not receive the gene.
In the study laboratory pigs with complete heart block were injected with the gene called TBX18 during a minimally invasive catheter procedure.
On the second day after the gene was delivered to the animals'hearts pigs who received the gene had significantly faster heartbeats than pigs who did not receive the gene.
#Pig whipworm genome may aid to treat autoimmune diseasesan international team composed of 11 institutions from six countries including BGI presented the whole-genome sequence of Trichuris suis a parasitic worm in pig.
Understanding the genetics mechanisms underlying the pig parasite may aid to modify the human immune response that could result in better treatments for autoimmune diseases including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and multiple sclerosis.
In contrast the pig whipworm causes disease and losses in livestock but it does not cause disease in humans.
It's reported that pig whipworm infection could even prevent inflammatory disease in humans and has been used to treat inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis.
and male pig whipworm at about 140-fold coverage producing draft assemblies of 76 Mb and 81 Mb respectively.
When investigating how pig whipworm regulates the host immune response researchers explored the stage-sex-and tissue-specific transcription of mrnas and small noncoding RNAS.
The secretory proteins showed high representation in transcriptome of pig whipworm. The peptidases particularly the secreted peptidases upregulated during larval development
Li Hu Project Manager from BGI said The constructed pig whipworm genome sequence provides us a genetic resource for deeply investigating the mechanisms underlying human autoimmune diseases.
Meanwhile the pig whipworm-host interactions will shed new light on the control of helminth and other immunopathological diseases in human.
Why cattle, pigs are even-toedduring evolutionary diversification of vertebrate limbs the number of toes in even-toed ungulates such as cattle
and pigs was reduced and transformed into paired hooves. Scientists at the University of Basel have identified a gene regulatory switch that was key to evolutionary adaption of limbs in ungulates.
During their evolution the basic limb skeletal structure was modified significantly such that today's hippopotami have four toes while the second and fifth toe face backwards in pigs.
and density of the billions of poultry cattle pigs goats and other livestock that exist in the world today.
and S. suihominis after ingesting raw meat from cattle and pigs respectively. Cases of human infection have been documented.
This team--the International Sheep Genomics Consortium--compared the sheep's genes with those of other animals--including humans cattle goats and pigs.
Now researchers at the University of Missouri have shown that a new line of genetically modified pigs will host transplanted cells without the risk of rejection.
By establishing that these pigs will support transplants without the fear of rejection we can move stem cell therapy research forward at a quicker pace.
In a published study the team of researchers implanted human pluripotent stem cells in a special line of pigs developed by Randall Prather an MU Curators Professor of reproductive physiology.
Prather specifically created the pigs with immune systems that allow the pigs to accept all transplants
Once the scientists implanted the cells the pigs did not reject the stem cells and the cells thrived.
Prather says achieving this success with pigs is notable because pigs are much closer to humans than many other test animals.
Many medical researchers prefer conducting studies with pigs because they are more anatomically similar to humans than other animals such as mice
and rats Prather said. Physically pigs are much closer to the size and scale of humans than other animals and they respond to health threats similarly.
This means that research in pigs is more likely to have results similar to those in humans for many different tests and treatments.
Now that we know that human stem cells can thrive in these pigs a door has been opened for new and exciting research by scientists around the world Roberts said.
Hopefully this means that we are one step closer to therapies and treatments for a number of debilitating human diseases.
In Belgium for example the density of pigs and poultry per km2 is one of the highest in the world.
#Skin grafts from genetically modified pigs may offer alternative for burn treatmenta specially-bred strain of miniature swine lacking the molecule responsible for the rapid rejection of pig-to-primate organ transplants may provide a new source of skin grafts
A team of investigators from Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) report that skin grafts from pigs lacking the Gal sugar molecule were as effective in covering burn-like injuries on the backs of baboons as skin taken from other
Sachs and his team developed a strain of inbred miniature swine with organs that are close in size to those of adult humans.
Since pig organs implanted into primates are rejected rapidly due to the presence of the Gal (alpha-13-galactose) molecule Sachs
and his collaborators used the strain that he developed to generate miniature swine in which both copies of the gene encoding Galt (galactosyltransferase) the enzyme responsible for placing the Gal molecule on the cell surface were knocked out.
When Cetrulo's team used skin from these Gal-free pigs to provide grafts covering burn-like injuries on the backs of baboons--injuries made
As with the use of second deceased-donor grafts to treat burned patients a second pig-to-baboon graft was rejected rapidly.
whether a pig xenograft or a baboon skin graft was used first. These results raise the possibility
A high-quality alternative to deceased-donor skin that could be produced from a specially maintained pathogen-free herd of Galt-knockout miniature swine would be an important resource for burn management in both civilian and military settings.
How mothers milk protects piglets from parasite infectionsantibodies against C. suis are transferred via the sow's very first milk to the piglets immediately after birth.
These findings prompted the researchers at the Institute for Parasitology to look for a way to increase the level of these antibodies in sows.
The ultimate goal was to provide the piglets with as much antibodies as possible via their mother's milk during the first few days of life.
Piglets from infected mothers are paid healthierthe idea off. Piglets from infected sows suffered less from the infection than piglets from non-infected sows.
Overall offspring from immunised mothers had less severe diarrhea or no diarrhea at all. Piglets that became ill recovered faster
and excreted fewer parasites compared to those from non-immunised sows. An infection with Cystoisospora suis causes serious gastrointestinal disease in piglets.
The infection is continues completely asymptomatic in adult pigs explains lead author Schwarz. Sows produce antibodies for their offspringto stimulate antibody production against Cystoisospora suis in sows researchers exposed pregnant sows to infectious stages (oocysts) of the parasite two weeks before parturition.
Oocysts as the primarily infectious stage stick to the floor and other objects in the farrowing barns.
Piglets ingest them and the parasite colonizes the gut attacking the mucous membrane. The parasites multiply in the body before being excreted
and the cycle starts again. Cystoisospora suis can survive in pigsties for a number of months
and is very hard to kill. This leaves farmers faced with the likelihood of new infections.
Sows also ingest the parasite but due to age resistance they are affected not by this coccidian parasite.
High concentrations of antibodies against the parasites are passed on to the piglets in the first few hours of life through their mother's milk where they enter the blood stream
These maternal antibodies protect the piglets from infections in the first few weeks of life.
The higher the concentration of antibodies in the sow's milk the better protected her offspring are.
To date it has been assumed that immunoglobulins do not play a role in the course of swine coccidiosis.
This form of milk vaccination might serve as a basis for developing an immunisation strategy to prevent swine coccidiosis.
There are some effective medications for swine coccidiosis but we would like to use the piglet's immune response to stop it in its tracks before the infection even gets started lead author Lukas Schwarz concludes.
The importance of Cystoisospora suisneonatal porcine coccidiosis caused by Cystosisospora suis is a severe parasitic disease of the intestinal tract of neonatal piglets caused by the unicellular organism Cystoisospora suis.
Coccidiosis is associated with extensive destruction of the gut mucosa and thus with reduced food conversion causing decreased weight gain and economic losses for farmers.
In this part of the continent a considerable proportion of livestock production takes place in line with the intensive model as in the case of pig poultry and a large proportion of cattle livestock.
and soil coming from intensive livestock farms (farms with a population of over 40000 hens 2000 fattening pigs
or 750 sows) and makes the obtaining of comprehensive environmental authorisation compulsory. The Directive proposes adopting Best Available Techniques (BAT)
Since our 2004 report on the fat-1 mouse our lab and many others have been working towards the generation of larger omega-3-producing animals--including pigs sheep
House flies are common where animal manure is produced including in cattle poultry and swine operations.
Cockroaches primarily German cockroaches have become a common pest in confined swine operations. Zurek and his colleagues collected house flies and cockroaches from food animal production locations including swine
and poultry farms as well as wastewater treatment facilities that collect waste from multiple sources including hospitals.
and swine diets he said. The outcome is that the animals grow faster. At the same time if you use low doses of antibiotics extensively that poses selective pressure on bacteria in the digestive tract of these animals and results in antibiotic resistance.
Muhammad M. Mohiuddin MD of the Cardiothoracic Surgery Research Program at the NHLBI and co-investigators have developed now techniques to overcome some of the immunologic roadblocks that hinder successful xenotransplantation using genetically engineered pigs as a source of donor organs.
Pigs were chosen because their anatomy is compatible with that of humans and they have a rapid breeding cycle among other reasons.
As the result of recent improvements in technology for genetic modification of pigs genes that are immunogenic for humans have been eliminated('knocked out) and several human genes have been added to the pig genome.
Grafts from these genetically engineered (GE) pigs are less likely to be seen as foreign thus reducing the immune reaction against them.
The NHLBI group was fortunate to have access to GE pigs through close collaboration with Revivicor Inc. Experiments using these GE pig hearts transplanted in the abdomen of baboons
along with their native hearts were designed to study the usefulness of these GE pigs along with several new target-specific immunosuppressive agents in prolonging the graft survival.
Through the combination of a pig heart with certain gene modifications with drugs suppressing both T
The researchers'next step is to use hearts from the same GE pigs with the same immunosuppression utilized in the current experiments to test their ability to provide full life support by replacing the original baboon heart.
and alpacas) pigs cattle sheep and goats suggests that neither intentional breeding nor genetic isolation were as significant as traditionally thought the scientists said.
But even in the case of pigs or cattle interbreeding between domestic and wild animals has created long and complex evolutionary and domestication histories that challenge assumptions regarding genetic isolation and long-held definitions of domestication.
The curl in the pigs'tailsthe domestication of pigs is one of these stories. Dobney Greger Larson Phd and their team have shown that pigs were domesticated at least twice in eastern Anatolia and in central China.
Analysis of MITOCHONDRIAL DNA (DNA in a cell organelle that is inherited from the mother) shows that early herders took pigs with them from Anatolia to Western europe.
And analysis of ancient DNA shows that once in Europe the domesticated pigs interbred with the wild boars.
These hybridized populations then rapidly replaced the original domesticates first in Europe and then later across Anatolia itself.
There is little evidence that the domestic herds in central China interbred with wild boars. But early agriculturists took their pigs to southeastern Asia
and there deliberately or accidentally recruited local wild boar lineages into their domestic stock. All of the New guinea domestic pigs and those of the islands in the tropical Pacific ocean carry DNA from those southeast Asian wild boar populations.
The interesting question is why the pigs in central China didn't interbreed with wild boar populations in central China.
Dobney suggests that management practices may have made a difference. It is possible that in China where settlements were started dense people keeping pigs in pens
whereas in Europe even in medieval times people took their pigs to forage in the forests where they might encounter wild boars.
The pig story illustrates how much our understanding of domestication events has changed. The anomaly is isolated the domestic population not the prolonged interbreeding among domestic and wild animals
which in most domesticated species seems to have continued to recent times. What would Darwin say?
The research is really exciting because it is making us completely rethink what it means to be domesticated Marshall said.
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