The scientists also monitored how much sugar accumulated at different positions including where previously dormant buds began to sprout in response to clipping the plants'apical shoots.
Understanding the factors that influence branching in the pea plants used in this study may offer valuable insights to help optimize the growth of bioenergy grasses such as switchgrass
#From athletes to couch potatoes: Humans through 6, 000 years of farminghuman bones are remarkably plastic
says specialistthe Midwest's high tree pollen count is primarily birch and oak bad news for carrot celery and almond lovers.
which usually triggers reactions to carrots celery almonds apples peaches and pears in those with sensitive systems.
Those with grass allergies should avoid melon tomatoes and oranges Leija warns. And ragweed allergies are linked also to allergies to bananas cantaloupe cucumber zucchini and chamomile tea.
While many people experience minor reactions to certain foods that are basically harmless others have extreme reactions.
#Daily serving of beans, peas, chickpeas or lentils can significantly reduce bad cholesteroleating one serving a day of beans peas chickpeas
or lentils can significantly reduce bad cholesterol and therefore the risk of cardiovascular disease a new study has found.
Many previous laboratory studies had demonstrated that elevated levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide inhibited nitrate assimilation in the leaves of grain and non-legume plants;
and barley--as well as in potato tubers--decline on average by approximately 8 percent under elevated levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
#Computer models soybean crop with 8. 5 percent more productivity, using 13 percent less watercrops that produce more
This dream is coming closer to reality for University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign researchers who have developed a new computer model that can help plant scientists breed better soybean crops.
Under current climate conditions the model predicts a design for a soybean crop with 8. 5 percent more productivity
To address all three they used the unique tactic of computationally modeling the whole soybean plant.
thus increasing the plant's bean-producing power. A less dense canopy uses less water without affecting productivity.
or bred from the diverse forms of soybeans that are already available--without the regulation
The researchers hope their modeling approach will not only improve soybean yields but also benefit agriculture worldwide as the population continues to rise.
and Melinda Gates Foundation Long is leading an international effort to improve rice soybean and cassava guided by similar computational approaches with the end goal of making more productive and sustainable crops.
In research led by Owen Hoekenga a Cornell University adjunct assistant professor scientists extracted roughly 1000 biochemicals or metabolites from the fruit of tomatoes.
These tomatoes had been engineered genetically to delay fruit ripening--a common technique to help keep fruits fresher longer.
When the scientists compared the biochemicals of the GM tomato and a wide assortment other non-GM tomatoes including modern
and heirloom varieties they found no significant differences overall. Thus although the GM tomato was distinct from its parent its metabolic profile still fell within the normal range of biochemical diversity exhibited by the larger group of varieties.
However the biochemicals related to fruit ripening did show a significant difference--no surprise because that was the intent of the genetic modification.
We accept that there isn't just one kind of tomato at the farmer's market. We look for diverse food experiences Hoekenga says.
But the techniques don't apply only to tomato. The method can be applied to any plant
Peanut known scientifically as Arachis hypogaea and also called groundnut is important both commercially and nutritionally.
While the oil-and protein-rich legume is seen as a cash crop in the developed world it remains a valuable sustenance crop in developing nations.
While peanuts were bred successfully for intensive cultivation for thousands of years relatively little was known about the legume's genetic structure because of its complexity according to Peggy Ozias-Akins a plant geneticist on the UGA Tifton campus who also works with the IPGI
While they are a major economic driver for the U s. economy the legume is also crucial to the diets and livelihoods of millions of small farmers in Asia and Africa many of
and peas had made their way across Eurasia thousands of years earlier than previously documented. While these crops have been known to exist much earlier in ancient China
and vegetable consumption with lower mortalityeating seven or more portions of fruit and vegetables a day reduces your risk of death at any point in time by 42%compared to eating less than one portion reports a new UCL study.
and vegetables they ate the less likely they were to die at any age. Eating seven or more portions reduces the specific risks of death by cancer and heart disease by 25%and 31%respectively.
The research also showed that vegetables have significantly higher health benefits than fruit. This is the first study to link fruit
and the first to identify the types of fruit and vegetable with the most benefit.
and vegetables the risk of death by any cause is reduced by 14%by eating one to three portions 29%for three to five portions 36%for five to seven portions and 42%for seven or more.
& Community Health found that fresh vegetables had the strongest protective effect with each daily portion reducing overall risk of death by 16%.
and vegetables is healthy but the size of the effect is staggering says Dr Oyinlola Oyebode of UCL's Department of Epidemiology
and vegetables you eat the less likely you are to die at any age. Vegetables have a larger effect than fruit
but fruit still makes a real difference. If you're happy to snack on carrots
or other vegetables then that is a great choice but if you fancy something sweeter a banana
or any fruit will also do you good. The findings lend support to the Australian government's'Go for 2+5'guidelines which recommend eating two portions of fruit and five of vegetables.
The UK Department of health recommends'5 a day 'while'Fruit and Veggies--More Matters'is the key message in the USA.
Our study shows that people following Australia's'Go for 2+5'advice will reap huge health benefits says Dr Oyebode.
Whatever your starting point it is always worth eating more fruit and vegetables. In our study even those eating one to three portions had a significantly lower risk than those eating less than onethe researchers found no evidence of significant benefit from fruit juice
13. 0m tons of canned fruit and vegetables were sold in the EU in 2008 compared to 3. 7m for frozen fruit and vegetables.
instead most reported they were french fries. Other children admitted being confused by the depiction as with one child who pointed to the product
I think they're french fries the child responded. To view a videotape of this and other responses from children participating in the study click on the following link:
http://youtu. be/Tl9uhuewztyburger King's depiction of apple slices as'Fresh Apple Fries'was misleading to children in the target age range said principal investigator James Sargent MD co-director Cancer
#Eating fruits, vegetables linked to healthier arteries later in lifewomen who ate a diet high in fresh fruits
and vegetables as young adults were much less likely to have plaque build up in their arteries 20 years later compared with those who consumed lower amounts of these foods according to research to be presented at the American College of Cardiology's 63rd Annual Scientific Session.
and vegetables are less likely to have a heart attack or stroke but the relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption during young adulthood and heart disease later in life was less clear.
To study this concept researchers evaluated the association between dietary intake of fruits and vegetables in young adults and the presence of coronary artery calcification (CAC) 20 years later.
and vegetables (eight to nine servings a day for a 2000-calorie diet) in their 20s were 40 percent less likely to have calcified plaque in their arteries in their 40s compared with those who ate the least amount (three to four servings
and vegetables is less protective in men but we do not have a good biological reason for this lack of association Miedema said adding that the study had less power to evaluate men (62.7 percent were female vs. 37.3 percent male).
and vegetables and the number of servings they had eaten in the past month using a semi-quantitative interview food-frequency questionnaire.
and vegetables per day and adjusted them to a 2000-calorie diet. People were divided into three groups based on self-reported fruit and vegetable intake:
with colorful fruits and vegetables at each meal or snack. Based on these recommendations adults who consume a 2000-calorie a day diet should be consuming 2. 5 cups of vegetables and two cups of fruit a day--a big jump from
what the average American usually gets from their diet according to government figures. Fruits and vegetables are packed with vitamins minerals fiber antioxidants
and other things that are known to promote good health. Plant-based diets in general have also been linked to greater longevity less cancer lower cholesterol lower blood pressure
and healthier body weight Miedema emphasized that more studies are needed to further define the relationship between fruits vegetables
and cardiovascular disease in men and women in addition to determining the best ways to increase compliance with a diet high in fruits and vegetables in the U s. population.
Chen's group has been a pioneer in producing MABS as therapeutic candidates in plants including tobacco and lettuce plants.
and Madan Bhattacharyya who's studying how fungal pathogens interact with soybean seeds at different moisture levels.
#Stink bug traps may increase damage to tomato fruitsthe invasive brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) is an important pest of fruits and vegetables.
However new research from entomologists at the University of Maryland suggests that the traps may actually increase stink bug damage to tomatoes.
The researchers asked 15 gardeners to place stink bug traps at the ends of rows of tomatoes while another group of 14 placed no traps in their gardens.
but the the abundance of stink bugs on the tomato fruits was marginally greater in the gardens with traps
and the fruits sustained significantly more injury than tomato fruits grown in gardens without traps.
Furthermore tomato fruits on plants near the traps housed more stink bugs than tomato fruits on plants that were away from the traps.
We found no evidence that stink bug traps protected tomatoes from H. halys the authors wrote
and it appears that the addition of traps to gardens may increase injury to tomato fruits.
and raw fruits and vegetables that haven't been washed properly The most recent outbreak of meat-traced E coli was in 2010 according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Folate is found in foods such as green leafy vegetables like spinach citrus fruits legumes whole grains and vegemite.
For example if you're growing soybeans you're indirectly sending the water that was used to grow the crop.
That amounts to about 270 gallons per pound of soybeans Dourte said. In addition to soybeans coffee beans and shirts if made from cotton consume lots of water from the growing process to processing to shipping--with most of that water consumption resulting from evaporation
and transpiration during crop growth he said. But understanding the type of water resource being consumed
which has estimated for the first time the global effects of extreme temperatures and elevated levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) on the production of maize wheat and soybean.
The impacts on wheat and soybean are likely to be less profound primarily because of the fertilisation effects that elevated levels of CO2 can have on these crops.
and soybean are expected to increase throughout the 21st century under a business-as usual scenario; however the increases are projected to be significantly offset by the effects of heat waves as these plants are still vulnerable to the effects of extreme temperatures.
The positive impacts on soybean yield will be offset by 25 per cent and the positive impacts on wheat will be offset by 52 per cent.
while the impacts on wheat and soybean are generally positive unless CO2 fertilisation effects have been overestimated continued Deryng.
and Thomas Zentall of the University of Kentucky in the US who tested the principle by feeding baby carrots and string cheese to ten dogs of various breeds.
and baby carrots when offered but showed a preference for the cheese. However when given a choice between one slice of cheese
or the cheese together with a piece of carrot nine of the ten dogs chose the cheese alone.
It appears that the dogs averaged the quality of the cheese plus carrot rather than sum up the quantity of food.
A similar effect was reported also in studies of monkeys where the animals would eat both grapes and cucumbers but preferred one grape over one grape plus a slice of cucumber when given the option.
-and-carrot combination suggests that levels of motivation may play a role in this effect. The outlier dog for instance had a history of living in shelters
Even the source of the vodka--corn wheat rye barley potato berries and cactus--didn't affect peoples'preferences he noted.
Researchers simulated a three-year soybean-wheat-corn rotation with and without cover crops in central Pennsylvania
In addition to growing truly native plants like foxgloves where possible gardeners can help native pollinators by setting aside a small area to allow native brambles vetches dead nettles
Although the Herschel Space Telescope completed its mission in April 2013 the combination of data in the Herschel archive with future observations from the newly commissioned Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile
or a can of green beans has spoiled without opening the containers according to researchers. The tag which would appear on the packaging also could be used to determine
These foods included carrots apples a grilled chicken sandwich and string cheese. Furthermore the regular nacho cheese sauce was replaced with a no trans-fat variety
and the popcorn was prepared with canola oil that has saturated less fat and no trans-fat compared to the coconut oil bars previously used Overall the healthier items accounted for 9. 2%of total sales a clear indication of demand for these items.
Sales of the modified nacho's and popcorn increased by 8%despite the relatively healthier nature of the foods.
Seufferheld and his colleagues recently discovered an important factor that helps rootworms overcome crop rotation the practice of alternately planting soybeans and corn in the same field year to year.
They found that microbes in the guts of rotation-resistant rootworms help those beetles that stray into soybean fields survive on soybean leaves for a few days--just long enough for the females to lay their eggs in soil that will be planted in corn the following year.
They also recorded how long the beetles survived on soybean leaves after ingesting RNAI. As expected the RNAI targeting Dvrs5 reduced that enzyme's activity in all three rootworm populations.
And by the way would it also consider putting healthier ingredients in big sellers like nachos and popcorn?
Apples carrots and dip chicken sandwiches granola bars pickles soft pretzels string cheese and trail mix. The items were sold durning the 2009 fall season at Muscatine High football games volleyball matches and swim meets.
and swapped the cheese in the nachos eliminating trans fat from the products. The group advertised the new offerings in a poster
while carrots and dip were popular in benign outdoor weather. String cheese suffered from being tucked away in a refrigerator.
And no one noticed the healthier changes to the popcorn and nachos which continued to sell briskly.
and beans soy beans corn peas Brussels'sprouts cauliflower broccoli cabbage celery onions leek garlic artichokes figs peaches grapes and prunes) induces profound changes
Vegetables berries and fruits fish and unsaturated fats from milk products and spreads were some of the healthy components
#Look back at US soybeans shows genetic improvement behind increased yieldssoybean improvement through plant breeding has been critical over the years for the success of the crop.
In a new study that traces the genetic changes in varieties over the last 80 years of soybean breeding researchers concluded that increases in yield gains
and informs us how soybean varieties have changed. It's useful to document these traits and changes said Brian Diers a University of Illinois plant breeder and researcher on the study.
But this study is also about the future of the soybean crop. The study has created actually quite a lot of interest among soybean breeders
because they want to understand what's happened and when we look at physiological traits we can see what has been changed.
Diers and a multi-institutional team of researchers evaluated historic sets of 60 maturity group (MG) II 59 MG III and 49 MG IV soybean varieties
and one Canadian province during 2010 to 2011 The experiments included plant introductions (PIS) and public cultivars obtained from the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection housed at the National Soybean Research center at the U of
With soybean being a leading source of protein and oil for human food animal feed and other products global rates of yield increases for the crop will need to keep up with demand in the future.
Food systems researchers Hoi-Fei Mok and Andrew J. Hamilton of The University of Melbourne in Australia instead created a statistical model to characterize the health risks posed by wastewater used to grow Asian vegetables The reach of the Asian vegetable
Their paper â#oeexposure factors for wastewater-irrigated Asian vegetables and a probabilistic rotavirus disease burden model for their consumptionâ#recently appeared in the electronic version of the journal Risk Analysis published by the Society for Risk Analysis. The researchers first determined the volume of water retained by three commonly grown Asian vegetables
and then used a statistical model to estimate rotavirus disease burdens associated with wastewater irrigation. Rotavirus is associated with diarrheal disease in children
. â#Some vegetables posed greater risk than others because leaf shape affects the amount of wastewater
Vegetables such as bok choy posed the least risk and choy sum the greatest risk whereas lettuce and gai lan had similar risk profiles.
The viral decay rate also varies depending on the plant. The authors say that more research on the rate of viral decay on various crops would increase the accuracy of risk estimations.
For example the mean daily per capita lettuce consumption in Australia is 21.81 grams lettuce/person day compared to a mean of 171.94 grams lettuce/person day in China
fruits, vegetables linked to reduced risk of preterm deliverypregnant women who eat a prudent diet rich in vegetables fruits whole grains
A traditional dietary pattern of boiled potatoes fish and cooked vegetables was linked also to a significantly lower risk.
Although these findings cannot establish causality they support dietary advice to pregnant women to eat a balanced diet including vegetables fruit whole grains
The researchers identified three distinct dietary patterns interpreted as prudent (vegetables fruits oils water as a beverage whole grain cereals poultry fibre rich bread) Western
(salty and sweet snacks white bread desserts processed meat products) and traditional (potatoes fish gravy cooked vegetables low fat milk.
and/or vegetables in prevention of premature birth and says health professionals would therefore be well advised to reinforce the message that pregnant women eat a healthy diet.
Each cage contained Bt broccoli and refuges of non-Bt broccoli. They studied populations of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) larvae a pest of broccoli and their natural enemies ladybird beetles (Coleomegilla maculata) for six generations.
Cages contained different combinations of treatments with and without predators and with and without sprayed insecticides on the non-Bt refuge plants.
They each had one in-person visit with a dietitian where together they created a plan to reduce their heart risk including the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet with eight to 10 servings of vegetables and fruits per day.
All those fruits and vegetables kept me full and less likely to eat something I might regret later.
and vegetable and fruit intake--and to receive ongoing feedback. When appropriate the dietitians also encouraged patients
and vegetables will discourage those efforts said lead author Juliana Cohen research fellow in the Department of Nutrition at HSPH.
and vegetables more available requiring the selection of a fruit or vegetable increasing the portion sizes of fruits
and vegetables removing trans fats and placing limits on total calories and sodium levels. The researchers collected plate waste data among 1030 students in four schools in an urban low-income school district both before (fall 2011)
and after (fall 2012) the new standards went into effect. Following the implementation of the new standards fruit selection increased by 23.0%;
In addition consumption of vegetables increased by 16.2%;%fruit consumption was unchanged but because more students selected fruit overall more fruit was consumed post-implementation.
and the requirement that students select a fruit or vegetable. However high levels of fruit and vegetable waste continued to be a problem--students discarded roughly 60%-75%of vegetables and 40%of fruits on their trays.
The authors say that schools must focus on improving food quality and palatability to reduce waste.
and soybean along with meat and dairy products for most of their food said lead author Colin Khoury a scientist at the Colombia-based International Center for Tropical agriculture (CIAT) which is a member of the CGIAR Consortium.
but relying on a global diet of such limited diversity obligates us to bolster the nutritional quality of the major crops as consumption of other nutritious grains and vegetables declines.
The research reveals that the crops now predominant in diets around the world include several that were already quite important a half-century ago--such as wheat rice maize and potato.
But the emerging standard global food supply described by the study also consists of energy-dense foods that have risen to global fame more recently like soybean sunflower oil and palm oil.
soybean has become significant to 74.3 percent of countries. In contrast many crops of considerable regional importance--including cereals like sorghum millets
and rye as well as root crops such as sweet potato cassava and yam--have lost ground. Many other locally significant grain and vegetable crops--for which globally comparable data are not available--have suffered the same fate.
In East and Southeast asia several major foods--like wheat and potato--have gained importance alongside longstanding staples like rice Khoury noted.
But hopeful trends are also apparent as in Northern europe where evidence suggests that consumers are tending to buy more cereals and vegetables and less meat oil and sugar.
From opposing hues like red apples next to green celery to subtler variations such as light to dark purple grapes every color seems to hold its own unique attraction.
and North carolina and most of the lettuce is grown in California's Salinas Valley Looking ahead there is the potential for climate change to disrupt food production in those key areas.
and potatoes although much of it contributes indirectly by supporting livestock production systems. Griffin and colleagues found regional self-reliance to be highest for animal-based products particularly milk and eggs.
For vegetables the region produces 26%of the amount of it consumes and for fruit 18%.
%The vegetable crops grown in the largest amount are starchy products such as potatoes and corn.
which emphasize fruits vegetables and low-fat dairy products Griffin noted. The authors note that agricultural growth in the region will be challenging because of land use patterns.
#Controlling zebra chip disease from the inside outzebra chip disease in potatoes is currently being managed by controlling the potato psyllid with insecticides.
and Agriculture-sponsored Zebra Chip Specialty Crop Research Initiative. We are looking at three different approaches:
A significant increase in yield 30 percent was recorded in potato yields. But French said the problem is the next step--getting them labeled for use on potatoes.
Bactericides for potatoes are labeled only for seed treatments although foliar applications in the field are allowed on some tree fruits crops.
If we can include bactericides in a program that can minimize insecticide use then this could be integrated part of an disease management approach he said.
In his approach to the plant defense response French said he is trying to produce something like a systemic acquired resistance or induced systemic resistance response from the potato against the pathogen.
In the past two years we actually had very good results with a combination of micro-and macro-nutrients that were applied biweekly after flowering on the potato French said.
For any product already labeled for potato the idea is to convince a producer to try one
Ideally we would like to work with compounds already labeled for potato or maybe a closely related crop like pepper tomato
or other solanaceous crops French said. If not it will take a little longer to get a product labeled.
He said he hoped to get some products labeled if not specifically for zebra chip at least for potato health quality but
which could still be useful on potato production fields where yields may be affected by zebra chip.
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