and trends in their spread using global databases to investigate the factors that influence the number of countries reached by pests and the number of pests in each country.
If crop pests continue to spread at current rates many of the world's biggest crop producing nations will be inundated by the middle of the Century posing a grave threat to global food security.
Mycorrhizae are the beneficial fungi that help virtually all land plants absorb the essential nutrients--phosphorus and nitrogen--from the soil.
and alfalfa to grow without nitrogen fertilizer. When Anã and his colleagues looked closer they found that rhizobium symbiosis also employs mechanical stimulation.
which they were able to assess the diet over longer periods. Traditionally carnivore diet is determined by examining samples of fresh faeces.
Faecal samples only provide a snapshot of the diet based on the detected hair and bone samples of prey animals.
One is based on shrubs trees and herbs whose photosynthesis contains intermediate products with three carbon atoms (C3).
Small antelopes such as springbok or steenbok specialise on shrubs and herbs whereas the oryx antelope feeds on grass--just like the cattle.
The study shows that herbivores of the C4 food chain to which cattle belong are nearly irrelevant to the cheetah's diet.
or additives within similarly shaped wine jars including honey storax resin terebinth resin cedar oil cyperus juniper and possibly mint myrtle and cinnamon.
and has spread to more than a dozen states in the past century particularly in the Southeast. Typically found along roads
and has been found to impact native plant species invertebrate populations and soil nutrients. In a new study recently published in the journal Ecology UGA researchers found that Japanese stiltgrass also is affecting arachnid predators:
which some experts believe is linked to a Westernised diet and lifestyle. To assess if following dietary
and lifestyle recommendations reduces risk of prostate cancer researchers at the Universities of Bristol Cambridge
and Oxford looked at the diets and lifestyle of 1806 men aged between 50 and 69 with prostate cancer and compared with 12005 cancer-free men.
Men who had optimal intake of these three dietary components had a lower risk of prostate cancer.
The researchers also looked at the recommendations on physical activity diet and body weight for cancer prevention published by the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) and the American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR).
and that additional dietary recommendations should be developed. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of Bristol.
The research is supported by the Pork CRC which is based at the Roseworthy campus. Story Source:
however little is known about the ways in which corn plants utilize the essential nutrient. Now researchers at the University of Missouri have found that boron plays an integral role in development and reproduction in corn plants.
Scientists anticipate that understanding how corn uses the nutrient can help farmers make informed decisions in boron deficient areas
and expertise at MU including genomics translational experiments with frog eggs research in the field cellular testing
#New gluten-free ingredient may cause allergic reaction, expert warnsa popular new ingredient in gluten-free products could be causing an allergic reaction according to a Kansas State university food safety specialist.
Lupin a legume belonging to the same plant family as peanuts is showing up as a wheat replacement in an increasing number of gluten-free products.
The U s. Food and Drug Administration is now issuing an alert urging consumers with peanut
and soybean allergies to read labels before buying these products. Lupin is colored a yellow bean that's very popular in Europe Mediterranean countries Australia
and may not realize that lupin has the same protein that causes allergic reactions to peanuts and soybeans.
The FDA expects lupin to become a popular product in the gluten-free arena because of its many health qualities.
Another unexpected result was that honeybees seem to be derived from an ancient lineage of cavity-nesting bees that arrived from Asia around 300000 years ago and rapidly spread across Europe and Africa.
African mothers normally treat sick children with natural substances such as herbs. My mum certainly used a lot of those substances.
and intolerance and thus avoid incorrect diets which under certain circumstances may cause malnutrition. Lack of iron load transforms milk protein into allergenone of the most important milk allergens the so-called beta-lactoglobulin belongs to the protein family of lipocalins.
Slowed down on replay their wings thrum like helicopter blades as they hover near food.
when they expect nectar. They pull their beaks back shake their heads and spit out the tasteless liquid.
They also are fooled not by the sugar substitute that sweetens most diet cola. These hummingbirds look mad.
but only now can scientists explain the complex biology behind their taste for sugar. Their discovery required an international team of scientists fieldwork in the California mountains and at Harvard university's Concord Field Station plus collaborations from Harvard labs on both sides of the Charles river.
Now in a paper published in Science the scientists show how hummingbirds'ability to detect sweetness evolved from an ancestral savory taste receptor that is mostly tuned to flavors in amino acids.
Feasting on nectar and the occasional insect the tiny birds expanded throughout North and South america numbering more than 300 species over the 40 to 72 million years
Before scientists sequenced its genes people assumed that chickens and all birds taste things the same way that mammals do:
If they are missing the single sweet receptor how are they detecting sugar? More bird genomes were sequenced and still no sweet receptor.
and became highly specialized nectar feeders. A doctoral student in organismic and evolutionary biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology she is a member of the lab of Scott Edwards Professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Curator of Ornithology in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
After cloning the genes for taste receptors from chickens swifts and hummingbirds--a three-year process--Baldwin needed to test what the proteins expressed by these genes were responding to.
Together they showed that in chickens and swifts the receptor responds strongly to amino acids--the umami flavors--but in hummingbirds only weakly.
Toda mixed and matched different subunits of the chicken and hummingbird taste receptors into hybrid chimeras to understand which parts of the gene were involved in this change in function.
Amino acids and sugars look very different structurally so in order to recognize them and sense them in the environment you need acompletely different lock and key.
but they siphoned up both the sweet nectar and one artificial sweetener that evoked a response in the cell-culture assay unlike aspartame and its ilk.
It's not nectar with its nutritional value but it's still sweet. That gave us the link between the receptor
and behavior Liberles said. This dramatic change in the evolution of a new behavior is a really powerful example of how you can explain evolution on a molecular level.
Consistent with the observations in other countries Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) is the virus most strongly affected by the spread of Varroa throughout New zealand.
#Adherence to diet can be measured from bloodnew results from the Nordic SYSDIET study show that it's possible to assess dietary compliance from a blood sample.
This is especially useful in controlled dietary intervention studies investigating the health benefits of specific diets.
and coworkers the researchers were able to identify the study participants with the greatest apparent compliance to a healthy Nordic diet by testing for a set of diet-related biomarkers in the blood.
The beneficial effects of the diet on cardiometabolic risk factors such as elevated blood pressure and blood lipids were also greatest in this group.
or nutrient that are measurable in bodily tissues and fluids such as blood. In the SYSDIET study the intervention group was advised to follow a healthy Nordic diet rich in berries vegetables fatty fish canola oil and whole grains.
Several blood biomarkers were assessed to reflect the consumption of different key components of the diet such as serum alpha linoleic acid as a biomarker of canola oil consumption EPA and DHA reflecting fatty
High-fat dairy intake which should be low in the healthy Nordic diet was reflected by serum pentadecanoic acid.
when investigating the health effects of whole diets it's useful to measure multiple biomarkers reflecting the intake of different components of the diet.
and help to better evaluate the impact of the diet. In addition informing participants that compliance will be assessed by dietary biomarkers might further motivate them to adhere to study diets.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of Eastern Finland. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
#Turning waste from rice, parsley and other foods into biodegradable plasticyour chairs synthetic rugs and plastic bags could one day be made out of cocoa rice
They mixed the acid with parsley and spinach stems and husks from rice and cocoa pods.
Then they poured the resulting solutions into lab dishes. When tested the films that formed showed a promising range of traits from brittle and rigid to soft and stretchable--similar to commercial plastics.
and area of a fire's spread can be predicted days in advance. That will open doors to scientific advances in everything from firefighting technologies to firefighting resource logistics
and spread but they can come back there on day two and it will light and spread he says.
This situation is termed marginal burning. I began to study why the prescribed fire spreads. Under what conditions does it spread
We found that one of the most sensitive elements that is required for fire to spread is wind
A Kansas State university human nutritionist says to reach that amount you need to focus on lunch.
Procter emphasizes lunch as the most important meal for fruit and vegetable consumption and says that
if these nutritious components aren't included in lunch it is very hard to reach the recommended five servings a day of fruits and vegetables.
The Sun is in the disk of the galaxy where the vast majority of the Milky way's young stars are located.
Because of this motion within the disk the stars are considered to be well mixed--like a tossed salad.
Therefore you don't expect to see for example a whole tomato in your salad --or many stars that have similar abundances in close proximity to each other explains Hinkel.
However what Hinkel found is that the nearby'solar salad'is comprised of lettuce at the bottom chunks of tomato in the middle (where the middle of the galactic plane is) then lettuce again on top.
In other words the solar neighborhood does not appear to be mixed a salad; it's a layered salad.
Given all of the motion in the galaxy this was unexpected a very result. But it's also very exciting says Hinkel.
and causing a drastic change in the ability of ecosystems to produce food--specifically meat.
and people who have ranches are producing predominantly meat to make a profit. But in the U s. many people who own ranches don't actually raise cattle.
New results pave the way for closed loop biofuel refinerieswhile the powerful solvents known as ionic liquids show great promise for liberating fermentable sugars from lignocellulose
The cellulosic sugars stored in the biomass of grasses and other non-food crops and in agricultural waste can be used to make advanced biofuels that could substantially reduce the use of the fossil fuels responsible for the release of nearly 9 billion metric tons of excess carbon into the atmosphere each year.
This means economic technologies must be developed for extracting fermentable sugars from cellulosic biomass and synthesizing them into fuels and other valuable chemical products.
A major challenge has been that unlike the simple sugars in corn grain the complex polysaccharides in biomass are embedded deeply within a tough woody material called lignin.
Researchers at JBEI have been cost-effectively deconstructing biomass into fuel sugars by pre-treating the biomass with ionic liquids--salts that are composed entirely of paired ions
The ionic liquids that have emerged from this JBEI effort as a benchmark for biomass processing are based imidazolium molten salts
After 73 hours of incubation with these new bionic liquids sugar yields were between 90-and 95-percent for glucose and between 70-and 75-percent for xylose.
This diet consists of mothers'own breast milk or donor human milk as well as a fortifier consisting of protein
Since November 2013 the NICU at Texas Children's Hospital has changed its protocol to add this cream supplement to the diet of infants who weigh less than 1500 grams.
Texas Children's was the first hospital in the world to add human milk-based cream to the diets of very low birth weight infants.
In addition to adding cream to the diets of premature infants since 2009 Texas Children's has reduced significantly its rates of necrotizing enterocolitis one of the most devastating
and nutrients out of the host plants dodder uses an appendage called a haustorium to penetrate the plant.
#Bloodsucking parasitic eyeworm a culprit to 2010 quail decline, researchers believein the summer of 2010 the Rolling Plains of West Texas expected a bumper crop of quail.
Now as part of the largest quail disease study ever undertaken in the U s. scientists at The Institute of Environmental and Human Health at Texas Tech University believe they have found a major culprit.
The study part of multi-million-dollar Operation Idiopathic Decline and funded by the private Rolling Plains Quail Research Foundation is titled Evidence of an Oxispirura petrowi Epizootic in Northern bobwhites
Rick Snipes president of The Rolling Plains Quail Research Foundation said he was impressed with the researchers'findings.
and release eggs. In the paper Live Eyeworm (Oxyspirura petrowi) extraction in-vitro culture and Transfer for Experimental Studies published in the Journal of Parasitology Kendall describes how these parasitic nematodes ingest blood from the quail
and feed predominantly in ducts behind the eye where they can cause severe inflammation and edema from their feeding activities.
We did a size comparison Kendall said If these parasites were in a human and you compared the size of the quail eye to the human eye it would be like having a worm about the size of a toothpick behind your eye.
Now imagine having up to 40 or 50 of them in there and we have seen this in the wild.
There's no way for the quail to get these parasites out once they invade the eye.
and insect numbers for the quail to eat and for a time quail numbers swelled.
and many communities depend on the economic boost quail hunting brings. It was very green and lush
and we had a lot of quail he said. Then we didn't have any quail when we approached October 1.
We do not believe it had anything to do with habitat. Habitat in 2010 was the best we had seen in many years.
We think infection with these eyeworms can negatively impact vision of quail. These birds need to be 100 percent performance ready to get away from a Cooper's hawk.
If you are a quail in the wild and if you have vision impairment it could negatively impact your ability to get away from a predator.
which in turn created a quail population boom. But there was a catch. Kendall believes that by eating crickets infected with eyeworms quail were actually swallowing a poisoned pill.
Eggs from eyeworms in quail would be left behind in the birds'feces which in turn would be eaten by more crickets.
Maybe this might provide more interpretation of why we have such large cyclic crashes of quail.
One thing we do know is that there have been increased reports of quail flying into objects such as barns and houses.
Or is it their ability to hoist water hundreds of feet into the air supplying the green solar-powered sugar factories in those leaves?
and biomass energy plants to create a new safe and sustainable source of nutrients for agriculture.
and digestate can be useful nutrient sources for crops in conditions low in nutrients. Ash is rich in micro and macro-nutrients.
Anaerobic digestate is a rich source of trace metals and nitrogen. The research also involves partnering with industry partners to ensure the resulting product meets the requirements of farmers and bioenergy producers.
It also has various commercial applications serving as building material laminates and particleboard and in the manufacture of beverages paper charcoal and vinegar.
when cut among other novelties could be making an appearance on grocery shelves. The simple avoidance of introducing foreign genes makes genetically edited crops more natural than transgenic crops obtained by inserting foreign genes said Chidananda Nagamangala Kanchiswamy of Istituto Agrario San Michele in Italy.
but also an influx of nutrients Rebozo said. The plants respond well to that in terms of flowering and the number of seeds they set the next year.
and significantly alter the cycling of carbon and nutrients in woodland ecosystems according to a new study.
and nutrients from wood in forests and their responses to changes in microclimate driven by fragmentation
#Ecology could break deadlock between grouse shooting, hen harrier conservation on UK moorlandsas another grouse shooting season begins research out today in The british Ecological Society's Journal of Applied Ecology shows ecology could help break the decades-long deadlock
between grouse shooters and conservationists seeking to protect hen harriers on UK moorlands. Led by Professor Steve Redpath of the University of Aberdeen the study involved grouse managers and conservationists as well as ecologists.
Using science as a way to seek solutions to the conflict the grouse managers and conservationists together agreed key questions they wanted the research to answer.
The ecologists then developed a model to explore a possible compromise solution. The model showed that at certain population densities harriers can coexist with profitable grouse shooting.
According to Redpath: The model suggested that across the grouse moors of England there was room for 70 pairs of hen harriers at relatively low cost for grouse shooting.
This could be achieved using a simple approach where when harriers breed at levels that have a significant economic impact on grouse shoots the excess chicks would be removed from the grouse moors reared in captivity
and then released into the wild elsewhere. Similar schemes are used in continental Europe where harriers breeding in crops are threatened by harvesting.
The next step is for grouse managers and conservationists to use the results of the model to agree on an acceptable number of harriers
and then test the idea in a field trial. The standoff between grouse managers and hen harrier conservationists is one of the UK's most bitter and contentious wildlife conflicts.
Grouse managers want to maximize the number of birds available for shooting and see any predation by hen harriers as a threat.
Hen harriers eat grouse and are killed illegally so despite being protected legally the birds have disappeared all but on moorland managed for intensive grouse shooting.
There were no breeding harriers in England in 2013. Grouse moor management has benefits for biodiversity and for communities.
Ravens are opportunistic foragers eating just about anything including carrion. In addition they tend to be highly intelligent birds that adapt quickly to changing environments
and eggs and hawks are predominantly predators of adults these landscape changes could shift ecosystem dynamics.
Predation risk would now likely be greater for sage-grouse eggs and young and correspondingly lower for adult sage-grouse and other prey species. This adds new insights for ecosystem managers who seek to understand the complex relationships between ravens hawks sage-grouse populations and habitat changes.
either with corn barley wheat soybeans rice beans acai seed brown sugar or starch syrup she says.
The added unwanted grain fillers generate different levels of sugars than the natural ingredients so they are easy to identify she explains.
The level of infection was determined by the number of nematode eggs per gram of the animal's feces.
an adult female sheep with the maximum egg count of 2000 eggs per gram of feces might lose as little as 2 percent or as much as 20 percent of her body weight.
and can impede the absorption of nutrients. Therefore tolerance to nematode infection could result from an ability to make up for the lost nutrition
or better able to assimilate protein and other useful nutrients from the limited forage. Tolerant animals might invest energy in gut repair
If the availability of nutrients even just during the first few months of life impacts lifelong parasite tolerance simple nutritional supplements could be an effective way to promote tolerance in people.
and director of the Lactation Program at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and the invited guest editor of the August 2014 issue of the journal published by the National Association of Neonatal Nurses.
An internationally prominent lactation expert Spatz leads a robust breastfeeding and Lactation Program at CHOP.
CHOP is already on the cutting edge of human milk science and lactation services with a state-of-the-art Human Milk Management Center and round-the-clock support from nurses and international board-certified lactation consultants
At CHOP more than four out of five infants discharged from the Hospital's intensive care units are receiving human milk.
This week CHOP announced plans to launch a nonprofit milk bank with the Human Milk Banking Association of North america within a year an onsite resource not commonly offered within a U s. children's hospital.
In the special issue Spatz and her colleagues from CHOP and other institutions cover a variety of topics on the provision of human milk in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) including original research articles ethical rationales
of CHOP's Lactation Team and the Human Milk Management Center and Spatz argues that under the best interest principle the infant's best interest not parental authority should have priority in guiding infant feeding practices particularly for critically ill babies in the NICU.
and colleagues describes the CHOP experience in developing its Human Milk Management Center. This centralized facility optimizes the provision of human milk for the most vulnerable infants allowing staff to analyze human milk fortifying milk under clean conditions
Frequent fire favors quick germination and spread of forbs and grasses. Most grasslands in California are not native.
Vaccines however may only prevent the spread of the disease rather than help those who have contracted already the infection because of how quickly the disease progresses.
but they did not increase (biomagnify) significantly in caribou compared to their diet. The concentrations were even lower in wolves suggesting sufficient metabolism of CUPS in both animals to prevent significant biomagnification.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of all available clinical trials found that people felt 31 per cent fuller after eating on average 160 grams of dietary pulses compared with a control diet according to senior author
or displace animal protein as well as bad fats such as trans fat in a dish or meal.
Although the analysis found pulses had little impact on second meal food intake the amount of food someone eats at his
or her next meal these findings support longer term clinical trials that have shown a weight loss benefit of dietary pulses.
Consumers valued such factors as so sweetâ#no sugar added and bold and intense blueberry flavor the highest.
which makes it difficult to control the spread of this MRSA type. LA-MRSA ST398 is zoonotic
We still don't know which specific genetic factors in this MRSA type facilitate the spread from animals to humans.
and getting personalized feedback on diet have been linked to greater weight loss but can be hard to sustain over time say the researchers.
and information might help people stick to a healthy diet. They used 450 photos of food/drink uploaded onto the Eatery app by 333 unique users in Europe and the US.
This app enables users to rate their meals on a basic sliding'healthiness'scale from'fit'(healthy) to'fat'(unhealthy)
and to rate the photos of other app users in the same way in a bid to help them improve the quality of their diet.
Three public health students all of whom had completed course work in dietary assessment were asked to rate the same pictures using a more complex scale based on a set of nutritional standards--the 2010 US Dietary Guidelines--with points
These guidelines aim to reduce dietary intake of foods high in salt saturated and trans fats sugar
and the'eat less of'foods such as processed and fast foods and sugar sweetened drinks a lower healthiness score.
We are analyzing acetogenins in soursop pulp frozen for over a year in ice cream made with yogurt.
In a second stage of the investigation at the Technological Institute of Tepic the acetogenins in juice and fruit nectar will be treated with ultrasound then isolated and purified;
lez indicates that once the results are obtained the process could lead to the development of products derived from the soursop as ice cream yogurt juice or puree;
The National Science and Technology Award in Food annually recognizes students and researchers from across the country in search of technological functional and nutritional development of domestic foodstuffs.
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