In safe environments the bumblebees subsequently chose to feed from flowers at random but in dangerous environments the bees specifically flew to flowers that were occupied by other bees.
and swine diets he said. The outcome is that the animals grow faster. At the same time if you use low doses of antibiotics extensively that poses selective pressure on bacteria in the digestive tract of these animals and results in antibiotic resistance.
The plan is to phase out antibiotics as a feed additive for growth promotion in United states in the next three years.
#How Brazilian cattle ranching policies can reduce deforestationthere is a higher cost to steaks and hamburgers than
Producing food--and beef in particular--is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions which are projected to grow as rising incomes in emerging economies lead to greater demands for meat.
But an encouraging new study by researchers at the University of California Berkeley and international collaborators finds that policies to support sustainable cattle ranching practices in Brazil could put a big dent in the beef and food industry's greenhouse
gas impact. The new study to be published Monday April 28 in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found that by subsidizing more productive use of pastureland
and amending the soil to unlock more nutrients. The authors noted that better land management could double productivity of pasturelands compared to conventional practices thereby reducing the pressure to cut down more trees.
Local changes global impactover the past several decades Brazil has risen to become the largest beef exporter in the world.
when it comes to the production of beef. While the growth of cattle ranching has been blamed for 75 to 80 percent of Brazil's deforested areas particularly in the Amazon rainforest the study authors emphasize that many factors beyond beef production cause deforestation.
These include mining logging and the production of other agricultural crops. The researchers point out that roughly 200 million acres of cattle pastureland could be used more efficiently either for higher yield cattle ranching
whether policies affecting beef production will impact deforestation. We're the first to look at Brazil's national policies in an international context by asking what would happen
Exploring options and tradeoffsbecause beef is such a greenhouse-gas intensive food the researchers looked for unintended impacts such as lowering beef prices to the point where people want to consume more
or raising beef prices to the point where beef production is increased elsewhere. We did find that there was some increase in beef consumption with the policies
but one of the big takeaways from this study is that the effect is overshadowed by other gains in reducing deforestation
The USDA recommends children age 4-8 get 1000 milligrams of calcium per day the equivalent of about 3. 5 8-ounce glasses of milk or 4. 5 ounces of cheese.
The study underscores the work of previous researchers who have shown that many African american children do not get the recommended levels of calcium in their diet.
Twenty percent of participating children consumed no milk in their diet whatsoever and 55 percent consumed less than one serving of milk per day.
What got us interested in this is the whole question of how the environment--including a person's diet--influences gene expression said Tosi.
#Increasing sugar concentration in tomato juice found by researchersto increase the sugar concentration and resulting marketability of tomato juice growers have used traditionally techniques such as subjecting plants to salt and water stresses.
In a new study published in Horttechnology Ken Takahata and Hiroyuki Miura from Tokyo University of Agriculture reported on a prototypic method known as basal wire coiling that shows potential as a simple and effective method for increasing the sugar concentration in tomato fruit juice.
We investigated whether coiling wire around the lower part of the plant stems to reduce the capacity of xylem to transport water to the shoot would result in low shoot moisture conditions
and increase the sugar concentration of fruit like salt and water stresses the authors said They noted that basal wire coiling is less complex than other treatments such as subjecting tomato plants to salt or water stress
which can require special equipment and techniques. Takahata and Miura's study involved coiling bonsai wire around the stems of tomato seedlings between the cotyledon node and the first leaf node.
The results suggested that the decrease in moisture content minor decrease in photosynthate production activated sugar translocation
and time for coiling plants with wire the optimum width of the wire coil optimal methods for nutrient
which have been shown to improve nutrient and water acquisition. The authors of a new study say that until now little research has been conducted on water requirements for sweet cherry.
of two sweet cherry cultivars to a variety of nutrient and water management strategies (Hortscience February 2014.
and hinders their ability to feed new research has shown. Biologists at Newcastle University UK have been exploring the potential of harmless plant volatiles as an alternative to pesticides in greenhouses.
Like other insect pests whitefly feed by pushing their long mouthpiece--or stylets--into the leaf until it reaches the plant's main source of nutrients travelling through the phloem.
The percentage of 4th-graders who were overweight or obese dropped from 56 percent to 38 percent over the course of the year.
In each district one school received the Shaping Healthy Choices Program over the course of the 2012-2013 school year
or drug abuse the condition--marked by scar tissue replacing healthy liver tissue--also can result from viral hepatitis obesity and diabetes as well as certain inherited diseases.
During liver cirrhosis Nrf2 should be induced by oxidative stress but for reasons unclear until this study this does not happen.
Somehow the protective mechanism mediated by Nrf2 is compromised by another factor other than Keap1 in liver cirrhosis. Adding to the mystery is the fact that drugs aimed at inhibiting Keap1 from chewing up Nrf2 have proven ineffective in a cirrhotic liver.
When Zhang and her colleagues studied tissue samples from a human cirrhotic liver they discovered the reason behind the inexplicably low Nrf2 levels in the face of rampant oxidative stress.
As liver cirrhosis progresses excessive inflammation triggers the garbage-mediated stress response and Hrd1 becomes very abundant
The study Hrd1 suppresses Nrf2-mediated cellular protection during liver cirrhosis is published in the April 1 issue of the journal Genes and Development.
if Europe were to decrease its consumption of meat and dairy products. It shows how much cutting down on meat
and dairy in our diets would reduce nitrogen air and water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions while freeing up large areas of farmland for other purposes such as food export or bioenergy.
It also considers the health benefits of reduced meat consumption. The full report is published next month.
Report lead author Henk Westhoek program manager for Agriculture and Food at PBL (The netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency) said The report shows that the nitrogen footprint of meat
and dairy is considerably higher than that from plant-based products. If all people within the EU would halve their meat
and dairy consumption this would reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture by 25 to 40%and nitrogen emissions by 40%.
The present study shows that there is huge power for pollution control in simply reducing our meat and dairy consumption.
Intensive farming often results in significant declines in soil organic carbon stocks as well as reducing the ability of soils to store water and nutrients and damaging soil structure which can lead to soil erosion.
For example 95%of allotment holders compost their allotment waste so they recycle nutrients and carbon back to their soil more effectively.
As global demand for beef and animal feed increased in the early 2000s annual deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon surged to more than 20000 km2 per year--prompting global outrage
leave the candy: The food environment of youth baseballâ#Take me out to the ballgameâ##doesnâ##t exactly conjure up images of apple slices and kale chips.
The researchers found that most snacks were high-calorie food items including French fries candy and cookies and most beverages were sugar-sweetened.
The confiscated goods also included more than 131000 litres of oil and vinegar. A forgery-proof label should
Silica particles are present in ketchup and orange juice among other products and iron oxide is permitted as a food additive E172.
for instance from exotic tomatoes or pineapples of which there are a great variety--but also from any other fruit or vegetable that is a part of our diet.
which gives off a rotten egg smell. Even a 1 percent trace of sulfur turns oil into what's known as sour crude
adds nutrients, so much morein the April issue of Food technology magazine published by the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) Senior Associate Editor Karen Nachay writes about rice becoming a trendy culinary selection of many restaurant menus
but also the go-to solution for consumers looking for gluten-and allergen-free choices rich in nutrients.
and beverage products with nutrients improve textural attributes replace common food allergens function in gluten-free formulations
The article highlighted food scientists using sprouted brown rice to increase protein in bars powdered shakes soups pastas ready-to-drink beverages cereals and sweet and savory snacks.
Rice is also being used to enrich diets with more fiber. The article online can be found at:
Nearly nine in 10 adults made a strong effort to consume more nutrients vitamins minerals herbs/botanicals
and include more fish oil/omega-3s in their diets. Maintaining a healthy digestive system and immune health also are top health priorities
and are often the first to try a new health food nutritional product or diet (Packaged Foods 2013c).
Almost half of America's 32 million moms who say they always buy health foods/drinks for their kids are looking for a wider range of healthy convenient kid-friendly foods/drinks with nutrient
Eighty percent of households now eat meatless meals for dinner on occasion and eggs are the most popular alternative followed by beans/lentils/legumes (FMI 2014).
Dairy-free milks including soy rice and almond ranked fifth and coconut water ranked eighth among the popular nonalcoholic beverage trends in restaurants for 2014.
Performance Nutrition: The explosive sports nutrition category targets not only athletes and body builders but recreational sports participants casual athletes and gym exercisers.
while adding specific real food components and nutrients to their diet (Hartman 2013a). Whole grains fiber and Vitamin d topped the list of ingredients that two-thirds of those trying to manage their weight added to the diet
while others added more calcium protein antioxidants or omega 3/fish oil. An estimated 60 percent of adults believe that protein works for weight loss (IFIC 2013a)
#Birthplace of the domesticated chili pepper identified in Mexicocentral-east Mexico gave birth to the domesticated chili pepper--now the world's most widely grown spice crop--reports an international team of researchers led by a plant scientist at the University of California Davis
whom a major global spice plant was domesticated. In fact this may be the only crop-origins research to have predicted ever the probable first cultivators of one of the world's most important food crops Nabhan said.
Corn stover--the stalks leaves and cobs in cornfields after harvest--has been considered a ready resource for cellulosic ethanol production.
The U s. Department of energy has provided more than $1 billion in federal funds to support research to develop cellulosic biofuels including ethanol made from corn stover.
whether a small amount of stover is removed or nearly all of it is stripped. If less residue is removed there is less decrease in soil carbon
Barnyard chickens living just a few hundred years ago looked far different from todays chickensancient DNA adds a twist to the story of how barnyard chickens came to be finds a study to be published April 21 in the journal Proceedings
Analyzing DNA from the bones of chickens that lived 200-2300 years ago in Europe researchers report that just a few hundred years ago domestic chickens may have looked far different from the chickens we know today.
The results suggest that some of the traits we associate with modern domestic chickens--such as their yellowish skin--only became widespread in the last 500 years much more recently than previously thought.
Chickens are descended from a wild bird called the Red Junglefowl that humans started raising roughly 4000-5000 years ago in South Asia.
To pinpoint the genetic changes that transformed this shy wild bird into the chickens we know today researchers analyzed DNA from the skeletal remains of 81 chickens retrieved from a dozen archeological sites across Europe dating from 200 to 2300 years old.
The researchers focused on two genes known to differ between domestic chickens and their wild counterparts:
Though the exact function of TSHR is unknown it may be linked to the domestic chicken's ability to lay eggs year-round--a trait that Red Junglefowl
When the team compared the ancient sequences to the DNA of modern chickens only one of the ancient chickens had the yellow skin so common in chickens today.
Similarly less than half of the ancient chickens had the version of the TSHR gene found worldwide in modern chickens.
The results suggest that these traits only became widespread within the last 500 years--thousands of years after the first barnyard chickens came to be.
and livestock we know today--dogs chickens horses cows--are probably radically different from the ones our great-great-grandparents knew he added. â#They are subjected to the whim of human fancy
Pursuing changing human diets away from food animal products--Rice acknowledged that this recommendation may be controversial
Certainly the consumption of meat would be a social barrier. Traditionally as countries increase their personal income meat
or protein consumption goes up. Because livestock production is a contributor to greenhouse gases he said it had to be put on the table.
On the other hand recent archeological studies of crop domestication have suggested a relatively slow spread and fixation of domestication traits.
#Surprising consequences of banning chocolate milkfor many children eating school lunch chocolate milk is a favorite choice.
and may even stop eating school meals says Andrew Hanks Phd. In a recent article published in PLOS ONE researchers for the Cornell Center for Behavioral Economics in Child Nutrition Programs (B. E. N. Center) reported results from data collected at 11
While this policy eliminated the added sugar in chocolate milk there were unexpected nutritional and economic backlashes.
Nutritionally after the milk substitution students on average consumed less sugar and fewer calories but also consumed less protein and calcium.
Additionally the ban may have been a factor in a 7%decrease in District's Lunch Program participation.
Removing flavored milk from cafeterias decreases added sugar yet the economic and nutritional costs warrant reconsidering a less restrictive policy.
She had this to say Given that the role of the federal school meal program is to provide nutritious meals to students who may otherwise have no access to healthy foods
unless you have a comprehensive plan in place to compensate for the lost nutrients when kids stop drinking milk altogether.
and Brand Lab Brian Wansink recommends There are other ways to encourage kids to select white milk without banning the chocolate.
and air stabilizing soil during heavy rains storing carbon and replenishing soil nutrients. In this latest study the researchers found that total global production of shade grown coffee has increased
and smell are par for the course for people who have undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery during
Respondents especially noted a change in the taste of chicken beef pork roast meat lamb or sausages while fish fast foods chocolate greasy foods pasta and rice were also high on the list.
Three out of every four (73 percent) patients noted that they had developed an aversion to specific foods after the surgery.
Meat products topped the list with one in every three patients steering away from chicken minced beef beef steak sausages lamb ham or bacon.
Starches such as pasta rice bread and pastry and dairy products such as cream ice cream cheese and eggs were a no-no for almost 12 percent of respondents.
and smell are very common after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass Graham summarizes the findings of the study which are in line with that of other ones done.
We created multivalent vaccines complex cocktails with several components we've identified as important to causing metritis.
Crops like alfalfa provide critical habitat for the Long-billed Curlew the largest shorebird in North america and a species of continental conservation concern.
and certain types of agriculture (e g. rice alfalfa) provide nearly all of the habitat used by millions of ducks geese shorebirds and other waterbirds every fall winter and spring.
about 93%were in the central and southern portions of the Central Valley concentrating in areas extensively flood irrigated for alfalfa
and irrigated pasture. Millions of migratory birds rely on the flooded agricultural fields each year. Conservation and agricultural groups can work together to benefit birds
if a program of economic incentives can be devised for farmers to maintain flooding of crops such as alfalfa
and irrigated pasture to the benefit of both farmers and curlews. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Point Blue Conservation Science.
#Pathogenic E coli binds to fresh vegetablesfood-poisoning outbreaks linked to disease-causing strains of the bacterium Escherichia coli are associated normally with tainted meat products.
as a result of strict control measures at all stages of the food chain from plough to plate they do still occur as was seen in 2013
Such a strong relationship to food has had a profound impact on human health by reshaping environmental biodiversity influencing the diets of neighbors and preserving elements of culture.
Over the course of nearly two decades Taylor and Anderson carefully and patiently measured the diversity of crops in the marketplace their availability over time the proportion of market space dedicated to each
One of our favorite dishes was Mofongo a meal composed of green plantain mashed to form a hollow ball that is then cooked with a filling inside.
and this is leading to increased formalization of the market with traditional medicines now found in powders liquids and creams.
Those who preferred farm-sourced material said this was expected because of higher quality from good crop husbandry increasing scarcity in the wild and for some a deliberate choice to conserve wild resources.
Many of the country's pasture soils have become enriched in cadmium. Grasses take up this toxic heavy metal
if cadmium concentrations rise to unsafe levels in meat and dairy products human health and New zealand's agricultural economy could be jeopardized.
Veggie is a deployable plant growth unit capable of producing salad-type crops to provide the crew with appetizing nutritious and safe fresh food
#Nutrient-rich forests absorb more carbonthe ability of forests to sequester carbon from the atmosphere depends on nutrients available in the forest soils shows new research from an international team of researchers including IIASA.
The study published in the journal Nature Climate Change showed that forests growing in fertile soils with ample nutrients are able to sequester about 30%of the carbon that they take up during photosynthesis. In contrast forests growing in nutrient-poor
-poor forests spend a lot of energy--carbon--through mechanisms to acquire nutrients from the soil whereas nutrient-rich forests can use that carbon to enhance biomass production.
Until now scientific models to predict forest carbon sequestration on a global scale had considered only the amount of nitrogen in the soil
or the ph of the soil which is related to the availability of nutrients. The new study includes both those factors as well as nitrogen availability in an analysis synthesizing data from 92 forests in different climate zones on the planet.
Tropical rainforests had the poorest nutrient availability and the lowest efficiency for carbon sequestration the researchers found.
For one thing plants in nutrient-poor soils devote more energy to locating nutrients. When plants are in nutrient poor conditions they send out more roots
and produce chemicals that can help dissolve nutrients from the soil. This takes energy though
Furthermore the study showed that nutrient-rich ecosystems also generally have more stable ground organic material
#Endemic in pork industry: Will new tests prevent it? Pork products cost about 10 percent more than they did last year according to the U s. Bureau of Labor Statistics
and economists expect the prices to continue rising because of diarrhea viruses currently devastating the pork industry.
That's why researchers at the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at Kansas State university have developed new tests they hope will mitigate the spread of these viruses.
Enteric disease in pigs has turned into a huge huge problem and we're developing all kinds of new tests to address the old problems
The researchers hope the tests will stop the spread of these diseases before they become endemic.
The plants were modified genetically to increase their production of starch and sugars which contributes to the increase in ethanol production.
and sugars in the tobacco leaf are in fact higher. Traditional tobacco growing allows the plant to develop
or animals solasenol (used to produce vitamins E and K) and xanthophylls (an additive in chicken feeds).
and developed a chemical defence mechanism designed to prevent vandalism--a self-defending surface composed of several sandwich-like layers of plastic.
and a bird that has claws on its wings and a stomach like a cow. The research published today in Current Biology the shows that Indonesia Australia
Skuas are migratory birds that feed essentially on penguin eggs and chicks as well as fish. These formidable predators which live for up to 25 to 30 years accumulate mercury in their tissues.
Scientists grow longer lasting saladresearchers at the University of Southampton have helped to produce salads with a longer shelf-life.
They worked with Vitacress one of the biggest producers of packaged salads to understand what keeps salad leaves fresh for longer.
and within Vitacress'own practises to produce salads with a longer shelf life. Before they reach our supermarkets baby salad leaves undergo rigorous processing that includes harvesting transportation washing sanitization removal of excess water and packaging.
Only the most robust leaves can survive this process without being bruised and damaged. This makes growing salad crops with'processable'leaves extremely important for the packaged salad industry as it reduces waste
and increases shelf life. Lead researcher on the project Professor Gail Taylor from the University of Southampton says:
Developing high quality nutritious sustainable salad leaves is really important for Vitacress; it's a key part of their business.
Professor Taylor and colleagues together with Vitacress used funding from an Industrial Partnership Award (IPA) from the Biotechnology and Biological sciences Research Council (BBSRC) to work out the genetics of processable salad leaves
so that this information could be used by industry in salad crop breeding programs. First they identified
what it was about certain salad leaves that gave them a longer shelf life. They found that smaller tougher leaves with lots of small cells packed closely together lasted longer.
In the course of the project the researchers also made the unexpected discovery that using less water
when growing salad improves its shelf-life which has added environmental benefits. We were able to show that
if you reduce water use in intensive salad production by about 20 percent you actually develop smaller tougher leaves with stiff cells walls
Ruminants produce more of the gas per amount of converted feed than other herbivores. The only other animal group that regularly ruminates like ruminants are camels.
However if one compares methane production with the amount of converted feed then it is the same in both groups.
Lower metabolism--less feed--less methanethe modified calculation of the methane budget may be important for those countries with lots of camels--like the dromedaries in the middle East and in Australia or the alpacas and llamas in various South american countries.
#Chips with olestra cause body toxins to dip, study findsaccording to a clinical trial led by University of Cincinnati researchers a snack food ingredient called olestra has been found to speed up the removal of toxins in the body.
Water is used also to dampen the ground to prevent the buildup and spread of dust.
Their next step was to add tomatidine to the diet of mice. They found that healthy mice supplemented with tomatidine grew bigger muscles became stronger
As the colony expands the layers form a biofilm that feeds and protects the organisms.
Milk cheese milk powder and environmental samples were collected from 10 dairies in eastern South dakota and three processing plants outside the state.
South dakota's dairy industry produces 1. 8 billion pounds of milk and 232 million pounds of cheese producing a total economic impact of $1. 28 billion a year.
Researchers at the U s. Department of energy's (DOE) Brookhaven National Laboratory who are co-authors on this paper conducted critical radiotracer studies that support the new theory that plant sugars play a dominant role in regulating branching
while working on her degree at the University of New Haven conducted an essential experiment to verify that sugars play a key role in apical dominance and the regulation of plant bud growth.
if sugars produced in leaves via photosynthesis move downward through plants in greater quantities when shoot tips are removed
To trace the sugars the scientists first had to add a radioactive tag to these molecules.
When they administered this labeled CO2 to plant leaves the plants incorporated the radioactive carbon into sugars via photosynthesis. The scientists then tracked the labeled sugars throughout the plant using detectors placed along the plant stem.
The time taken for the 11c-labeled sugars to move between two detectors on upper and lower regions of the stem was used to calculate sugar transport speeds.
The scientists also monitored how much sugar accumulated at different positions including where previously dormant buds began to sprout in response to clipping the plants'apical shoots.
We found that upon decapitation of the plant there is a rapid increase in sugar delivery to the buds
The sugars move about 100 times faster than auxin a plant hormone previously believed to regulate bud growth.
This finding supports the idea that sugar--not auxin--is the key signaling molecule for this immediate response to clipping.
The Brookhaven experiment further supports the idea that the demand for sugar in intact actively growing apical shoots limits the availability of this nutrient to the rest of the plant
His finding that sugars move at 150 cm per hour along the stem is amazing.
and sorghum--where because the buds and shoot tips are inaccessible without damaging the plant
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