where testing will begin this summer on sheep and goats on both dairy and meat farms,
such as chickens and pigs, for antibodies that signal the presence of pathogens. Both methods put people at risk of exposure to the viruses.
Goldammer says the fires were started by negligent behaviour on the part of members of the public, who lit barbecues and fireworks in forested areas.
The meat-centric view of early modern humans stems partly from the fact that meat-eating leaves a more indelible mark in the archaeological record than omnivory,
After all, humans, ancient or modern, just aren't equipped to live on a diet of meat alone.
If you get that much meat in your diet not balanced out with other nutrients, you get protein poisoning,
Transgenic chickens curb bird flu transmission: Nature Newsresearchers have made genetically modified chickens that can't infect other birds with bird flu.
The H5n1 strain of influenza which raged through Southeast asia a decade ago and has killed hundreds of people to date remains a problem in some developing countries,
We have more ambitious objectives in terms of getting full flu resistance before we would propose to put these chickens into true production,
even if the GM chickens carried full resistance to influenza, there are political and economic hurdles to their widespread commercial use not least the public's aversion to GM food.
The chickens were modified by a team led by Helen Sang, a geneticist at the Roslin Institute of the University of Edinburgh, UK.
The researchers modified the chickens by injecting a lentivirus carrying the cassette into clusters of cells on top of egg yolks.
These animals can be crossbred to produce chickens that carry the cassette in every cell. The researchers infected decoy-carrying birds with H5n1
owing to increasingly intensive farming practices and the world's growing taste for meat and other animal products.
owing to increasingly intensive farming practices and the world's growing taste for meat and other animal products.
Pathogenic E coli are passed typically to humans from ruminant animals (cows or sheep) via faecal contamination in the food chain or through consumption of raw milk or meat products.
The tensions have been fuelled by high prices for commodities such as soya beans and beef, which have driven up demand for arable land
despite a gut that is better suited to eating meat, finds an analysis published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences1.
A broad survey of animal gut microbes found that pandas'microorganisms resembled those of black bears, polar bears and other meat-eaters3.
as well as fruit, fish, meat and resin. He says the DNA approach offers great promise for advances in terms of analysing amphora contents from archaeologically documented wrecks,
when the team removed the most common ingredients that shared the least flavour compounds (beef, ginger, pork, cayenne, chicken and onion) from the analysis,
the treatment uses viruses to deliver a healthy version of the gene to patients'liver cells.
chickens and turkeys a ban that it had ordered already in 2008, but revoked after protests from farmers,
On 4 Â January, the agency said that it would prohibit certain uses of cephalosporins in farm animals including cattle, pigs, chickens and turkeys,
In animals not listed in the FDA order, such as ducks or rabbits, vets will have more discretion to use the drugs.
Beef producers have been alarmed particularly that the 2010 assessment put the cumulative risk of foot-and-mouth disease escaping from the NBAF over the facility s projected 50-year lifespan at 70%(see Fear factor.
sugar cane and beef. These standards focus on everything from soil management to workers'rights, and include limits on deforestation.
but consumers and environmentalists have contributed also by pressuring major food suppliers to sign moratoria on the purchase of soya and beef from recently cleared land.
Moreover, the pork industry often doesn t want the negative image of having swine flu detected in its farms.
including the Truong Son muntjac deer (Muntiacus truongsonensis) and the Annamite striped rabbit (Nesolagus timinsi),
which can cause kidney and liver damage and bladder cancer. Medicinal use of the herb probably explains high rates of bladder cancer in Taiwan,
Bovine TB disguised by liver flukebovine tuberculosis (btb) could be spreading across Britain because the most widely used test for the disease is ineffective
when cattle are infected with a common liver parasite. The liver fluke Fasciola hepatica was known already to affect the standard skin test for btb,
when they were infected with liver fluke2. The United states, Canada and Australia have eradicated btb, but Britain and Ireland have struggled to control it.
whether the animals were kept for meat, dairying or other uses. Evershed and Dunne hoped to overcome these problems by examining fat residues left on the pottery shards.
and enforcement agencies or whether it will sow doubts and ambiguities that may undercut compliance.
The public perception is of small-town universities just doing meat-and-potatoes production agriculture. But we have some of the top agricultural-science universities in the world.
Demand for livestock products such as meat and milk is rising across the globe and could offer poor farmers a route out of poverty as markets expand,
reducing milk and meat production in cattle by 8%.In addition, 27%of livestock in developing countries showed signs of current
and European and Asian countries are on the alert to deal with outbreaks that could cost their pork industries billions of dollars.
In 1957, the virus jumped to Portugal after pigs near Lisbon s airport were fed infected human food scraps (the virus particles can survive meat curing processes.
if it includes contaminated pork products. Swill feeding, in which pigs are fed scraps of human food waste,
The FAO warns that continued spread of African swine fever could be very costly Russia does not export its pork,
and quarantine that could disrupt Russia s billion-dollar pork industry. Meanwhile, backyard farmers often do not report suspected cases for fear of losing their livelihood."
Meat from animals fed on GM CROPS would not need to be labelled. Bob Goldberg, a plant geneticist at the University of California, Los angeles, says the proposition is"anti-science,
Rinderpest is as deadly to cattle as highly pathogenic H5n1 avian flu is to chickens. In past decades, outbreaks ripped through herds and wiped out up to 90%of animals, often leaving famine,
including chickens engineered to be resistant to the bird-flu virus. A BBSRC spokesperson told Nature:"
Adam Quinney, a beef farmer and vice-president of the National farmers union in Stoneleigh which is lobbying for the cull,
which genes were involved in the selection of desired traits such as a longer spine to give more bacon on different continents."
It has long been known that bumblebees build up a positive electrical charge as they rapidly flap their wings;
Higher consumption of meat and diary products, especially in developed countries, has increased substantially global nitrogen pollution."
density in 2010), pigs (B), chickens (C) and ducks (D) in China and Asia in general.
An international team of researchers compiled maps for Nature showing the population densities of chickens, pigs, ducks and humans in many parts of China and throughout Asia.
They calculate that 131 million people, 241 million domestic chickens, 47 million domestic ducks and 22 million pigs live within a 50-kilometre radius of each of the 60 H7n9 human cases that had occurred up to 16 april.
humans can be exposed to POPS by eating meat and fish. And the mountain communities are hit hardest,
the H7n9 virus was found in chickens, pigeons and ducks in live bird markets in Shanghai and Hangzhou making markets the leading suspected source.
Researchers know that H7 flu viruses mainly infect wild birds such as ducks, geese, waders and gulls,
"It s likely wild ducks and geese that are carrying it, he suggests. But this H7n9 virus has not yet been detected in wild birds in the area."
Goulson's review also cites earlier studies suggesting that grain-eating birds such as partridges may be dying after eating as few as five seeds treated with neonicotinoids.
How the chicken lost its penisthe case of the missing bird penis is a longstanding mystery in evolutionary biology.
Male chickens, which possess only a rudimentary phallic nub, pump their sperm into females using a'cloacal kiss'a move that presses together the male and female cloacas,
a developmental biologist at the University of Florida in Gainesville, looked for differences between developing duck and chicken embryos.
They found that chickens initially form penises similar to those of ducks but that on about the ninth day of development, the nascent chicken penis called a genital tubercle stops growing
and begins to shrink.""We expected to find some critical outgrowth factor was missing, says Cohn,
but the team discovered that many of the same genes that drive penis growth in ducks continued to be expressed strongly in chickens.
Chickens showed increased levels of Bmp4 a protein that promotes cell death near the tip of the tubercle."
Researchers were able to stave off genital cell death in chickens by treating one side of the tubercle with Noggin, a protein that blocks Bmp activity.
Treating one side of growing duck tubercles with Bmp4 resulted in localized cell death and penis shrinkage, mimicking normal genital development in male chickens.
The results suggest that genital growth in birds is controlled by a common programme that has been customized by evolutionary tweaks in Bmp signalling
But the data do not explain why chickens shed their penises. Cohn suggests that phalluses may have been lost as a secondary consequence of evolution in other body parts such as limbs and teeth, the development
female chickens and other birds may have selected males with smaller penises in part to escape forced copulation.
but that undercuts the market for timber that is sustainably produced, says Doug Boucher, head of the tropical-forestry programme for the Union of Concerned Scientists in Cambridge, Massachusetts."
since 1982, causing substantial economic losses to pork producers. The virus can spread quickly by a faecal-oral route
The US Department of agriculture (USDA) had tried to keep PEDV and other diseases out of the country by restricting imports of pigs and pork products from certain nations, such as China.
the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at Iowa State university in Ames confirmed that PEDV had infected pigs in Iowa, the leading producer of US pork.
US Department of agriculture"It s a real threat, says Lisa  Becton, a veterinary surgeon and director of swine health information at the National Pork Board, an industry group in Des Â
The National Pork Board has approved $800, 000 to fund research and education. But PEDV must first be grown in labs a notoriously difficult exercise
which swap genes to form versions that can spread to chickens and to humans. Better surveillance of Chinese bird populations is needed to monitor the emergence of dangerous viruses such as H7n9,
The researchers collected throat and intestinal swabs from 1, 341 birds, including chickens, ducks, geese, pigeons, partridges and quails, plus 1, 006 water and faecal samples from bird markets.
The scientists think that those viruses swapped genes in domestic ducks before spreading to chickens, where they traded genes with a common chicken virus, H9n2.
That improved the viruses'ability to spread in chickens, which live in close contact with humans.
They fathered twice as many lambs as those with two copies of the short-horned allele,
Scotland imports most of its red meat, but the authors say that the country does not have adequate surveillance in place to determine
"Meat sale and meat trade across borders is making it harder to control antibiotic-resistant pathogens at a local scale
and India are driving a global increase in meat consumption, cancelling out decreases elsewhere, according to a comprehensive study of global food consumption.
at trophic level 1. Rabbits, which eat plants, occupy level 2. Foxes, which eat herbivores,
driven largely by more meat consumption in India and China. Over 50 years, an increase in fat and meat consumption has moved us further up the food web
with the global median human trophic level increasing 3%or about 0. 06 during the period."
"A change by 0. 1 means you are eating considerably more meat or animal-based foods, says Kastner.
However, places such as Iceland, Mongolia and Mauritania, where traditional diets are mostly based on meat, fish or dairy, have seen their trophic levels decline as they diversified their daily fare.
the environmental impact of producing meat in terms of everything from carbon emissions to water use is typically many times larger than that of producing vegetable foods.
Rabbit rescue China s moon rover has run into major trouble, according to a report on 25 january from state-run news agency Xinhua.
The Yutu (Jade Rabbit) rover experienced a"mechanical control abnormality as it prepared to hibernate over its second lunar night (roughly equivalent to 14 days On earth)
"Eating meat is hazardous on all fronts, says David Mattson, an ecologist at Yale university in New haven, Connecticut.
A reliance on meat heightens the risk that adult bears will come into contact with humans,
when researching a vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus  1 (HIV-1) by spiking rabbit blood samples with antibodies.
Yutu (Jade Rabbit, pictured), may yet be saved. The Chinese space agency initially said on 12 Â February that efforts to rouse the rover had failed after it experienced mechanical problems in late January before going into hibernation ahead of a two-week lunar night.
At higher elevations, reduced air density would make it harder to create lift with each wing beat,
The next day I found a rabbit in a snare I set the day before (don't worry hippies it snapped its neck
Instead I took a leg off the rabbit and walked up to the big boy I thought was the alpha male
Prickly hedges rise intermittently on either side of us making driving feel like a game of chicken in Grand Theft Auto.
The male red-billed buffalo weaver is the only species of bird we know of that exhibits orgasm-like behavior according to Tim Birkhead a professor in Sheffield University's Department of Animal and Plant sciences.
The buffalo weaver a native of Sub-saharan africa has a fake penis--it has no sperm duct
but when Birkhead and his colleagues manually stimulated a buffalo weaver's mock member the bird had seemed
As Birkhead described to me via email the bird shudders its wings and clenches its feet as it ejaculates--who knows
Modern Farmer Just needs a space rabbit and a space Elmer Fudd lol. I read The High Frontier:
Human Colonies in Space by Gerald O'neill (Very Good Book) and it had talked about using Rabbits in space as the prime candidate for meat.
It's a catch-22 a classic chicken-and-egg problem: Which will come first the $100-million lidar order from a car company?
Congrats, Your Chicken Has A Virushere in the U s. our eggs mostly come in two colors:
The Araucana chicken from Chile and the Dongxiang and Lushi chickens from China (none of which are particularly common in North america) are known to lay pale-blue eggs.
This is rare for a chicken; while bird eggs can come in all sorts of colors and patterns chicken eggs are almost always white or brown.
Turns out that these chickens have a high incidence of a particular retrovirus called EAV-HP. Retroviruses are a type of virus that integrates its own genetic data into the host in an unusual order.
so that it can take in biliverdin a bile pigment from the chicken's uterus. Weird! And not necessarily harmful;
A chicken is a chicken after all...The virus itself may not be there anymore -but the changed genes simply have been passed down from bird to bird-essentially creating a new breed.
Fenton Blue chickens originally from England Lay blue eggs. Humans have mutated never. All bones found have EXACTLY the same as we have...
the medical techniques described in their report Surgical Management of an Epidemic of Penile Amputations in Siam techniques which they recommend except in cases where the amputated penis had been eaten partially by a duck.
and chickens low doses of antibiotics to make them grow faster. This is unnecessarily and should stop the CDC says.
Maybe its time for in vitro meat t
#Gray matter: The Fire Birdoil and water don't mix: it's an old saying but it's never more true than
but it doesn't catch fire in a deep fryer because it never approaches the approximately 800°F required.
Even if you drop a match in the fryer the heat is conducted away from the flame
The recommended oil temperature for a deep fryer is 350°well above the boiling point of water.
So even if it's tempting to buy one of the many cheap turkey deep-fryers this time of year you can add death by incineration to the other main reason not to:
grilled chicken can also sometimes catch fire. WARNING! This demonstration will burn your house down--seriously.
If you want to fry a turkey read the fryer's instructions and do not try to re-create this effect at home under any circumstances.
'To obtain realy juicy meat you need to boil it. Slow! But we all learn to like the crisp outside of meat.
That's why we incinerate our animals. And as a bonus the contrast makes us beleive the inside is juicy. that sounds like total bull ive had boiled chicken
and its the most disgusting thing you can do to fowl short of rubbing it on your toilet.
The meat becomes flavorlessm and the skin like snot. Now i dont know ive never tried
but the best way to cook it is in the oven for 20 mins a pound at 325 degrees Celsius@Lookitmeagain you are right searing meat isn't searing in the juices as the food network would like you to believe (enter conspiracy of making us eat more carcinogens) J/kthe
best way to cook meat is to bring it up to temperature slowly...low and slow.@
Reading the october 24th blog about the quail-hollow-farm-dinner one would really think there could be a bad-food-conspiracy.@
We use only peanut oil in our inside deep fryer as well much safer. Has anyone here ever had a good deep fried turkey other than Tomgray?
If turkey fryers had broader stands and had thermostats that would probably prevent many of the conflagrations on Thanksgiving.
Fried meat tastes much better due to Maiilard reactions. Get Harold Mcgee's book On Food
And Cooking ISBN 0684800012 and read up on various topics about myoglobin denaturation and meat doneness frying turkey etc..
Checkout Camp Chef's cast iron Ultimate Turkey Roaster which produces a much better overall turkey cooking result without the danger of frying yourself your children your pets or anything else other than the turkey.
You do not waste oil or the leg and wing meat (no need to stop and relight the burner.
but the roaster eliminates so much of the danger and cleanup that I can actually enjoy beers with the guests.
#Can Artificial Meat Save The World? On an ordinary spring morning in Columbia Missouri Ethan Brown stands in the middle of an ordinary kitchen tearing apart a chicken fajita strip.
âÂ# The meat Brown is pulling apart looks normal enough: beige flesh that separates into long strands.
But the meat Brown is fiddling with and Prusha is frying is far from ordinary.
It s actually not meat at all. Brown is the CEO of Beyond Meat a four-year-old company that manufactures a meat substitute made mainly from soy and pea proteins and amaranth.
Mock meat is not a new idea. Grocery stores are based full of plant substitutes the Boca and Gardenburgers of the world not to mention Asian staples like tofu and seitan.
What sets Beyond Meat apart is how startlingly meat-like its product is. The âÂ#Âoechickenã¢Â# strips have the distinct fibrous structure of poultry
and they deliver a similar nutritional profile. Each serving has about the same amount of protein as an equivalent portion of chicken but with zero cholesterol or saturated and trans fats.
To Brown there is little difference between his product and the real thing. Factory-farmed chickens aren treated t really as animals he says;
they re machines that transform vegetable inputs into chicken breasts. Beyond Meat simply uses a more efficient production system.
Where one pound of cooked boneless chicken requires 7. 5 pounds of dry feed and 30 liters of water the same amount of Beyond Meat requires only 1. 1 pound of ingredients and two liters of water.
The ability to efficiently create meat or something sufficiently meat-like will become progressively more important in coming years
because humanity may be reaching a point when there s not enough animal protein to go around. The United nations expects the global population to grow from the current 7. 2 billion to 9. 6 billion by 2050.
Also as countries such as China and India continue to develop their populations are adopting more Western diets.
Worldwide the amount of meat eaten per person nearly doubled from 1961 to 2007 and the UN projects it will double again by 2050.
In other words the planet needs to rethink how it gets its meat. Brown is addressing the issue by supplying a near-perfect meat analogue
but he is not alone in reinventing animal products. Just across town Modern Meadow uses 3-D printers and tissue engineering to grow meat in a lab. The company already has a refrigerator full of lab-grown beef and pork;
in fact the company s cofounder Gabor Forgacs fried and ate a piece of engineered pork onstage at a 2011 TED talk.
Another scientist Mark Post at Maastricht University in The netherlands is also using tissue engineering to produce meat in a lab. In August he served an entire lab-grown burger to two diners on a London stage
as a curious but skeptical crowd looked on. Staring at the bucketful of precooked strips it s hard to imagine a future in which meat is by necessity not meat.
Or in which meat is grown in a manufacturing facility instead of a field or feedlot. But that future is fast approaching
and here in the heart of Big Ag country both Beyond Meat and Modern Meadow are confronting it head on.
Each year Americans eat more than 200 pounds of meat per person and mid-Missouri is as good a place as any to see what it takes to satisfy that appetite.
Columbia sits dead center in the state so approaching on I-70 from either direction means driving about two hours past huge tracts of farmland soy corn
and wheat fields and herds of grazing cattle. Giant truck stops glow on the horizon and mile-long trains tug boxcars loaded with grain to places as far away as Mexico and California.
About 80 percent of the world s farmland is used to support the meat and poultry industries and much of that goes to growing animal feed.
For example a single pound of cooked beef a family meal s worth of hamburgers requires 298 square feet of land 27 pounds of feed and 211 gallons of water.
Supplying meat not only devours resources but also creates waste. That same pound of hamburger requires more than 4000 Btus of fossil-fuel energy to get to the dinner table;
To understand how humans developed such a reliance on meat it s useful to start at the beginning.
The primary reason for the change according to a seminal 1995 study by evolutionary anthropologist Leslie Aiello then of the University college London is that our ancestors started eating meat a compact high-energy source of calories.
With meat hominids did need not to maintain a large energy-intense digestive system. Instead they could divert energy elsewhere namely to power big energy-hungry brains.
As time progressed meat became culturally important too. Hunting fostered cooperation; cooking and eating the kill brought communities together over shared rituals as it still does in backyard barbecues.
Neal Barnard a nutrition author and physician at George washington University argues that today the cultural appeal of meat trumps any physiological benefits.
âÂ#Âoewe have known for a long time that people who don t eat meat are thinner and healthier and live longer than people who doã¢Â# he says.
Nutritionally meat is a good source of protein iron and Vitamin b12 but Barnard says those nutrients are easily available from other sources that aren t also heavy in saturated fats.
âÂ#Âoefor the millennia of our sojourn On earth we have been getting more than enough protein from entirely plant-based sources.
And yet to most people meat tastes good. Studies suggest that eating meat activates the brain s pleasure center in much the same way chocolate does.
Even many vegetarians say bacon smells great when it s cooking. For whatever reason most people simply love to eat meat myself included.
And that makes recreating it whether from vegetables or cells in a lab exceedingly difficult.
In the mid-1980s a food scientist named Fu-hung Hsieh moved to Columbia Missouri to start a food engineering program at the University of Missouri.
âÂ#Âoesome people say extrusion cooking is an art formã¢Â# says Harold Huff a meat-loving Missouri native who works with Hsieh as a senior research specialist.
Around 1989 Hsieh and Huff took an interest in using the extruder to make the first realistic meat analogue.
âÂ#Âoewe wanted it to tear apart like chicken it was all just about initial appearance.
and had become frustrated by his colleagues ignorance of meat s role in climate change.
âÂ#  To the ridicule of old friends who joked that he was moving to the country to start a tofu factory he started poring over journal articles and casting around for meat analogues to market
Brown licensed the veggie chicken and began fine-tuning it with the scientists for mass consumption.
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