These toxins were isolated from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt. These Bt corn hybrids have been adopted widely because they are exceptional for managing ECB--99.9 percent of larvae are expected to die
#Bacteria to aid sutainable sugarcane productionscientists have discovered a bacterium that could reduce the use of fertilizer in sugarcane production
and found a new bacterium Burkholderia australis that promotes plant growth through a process called nitrogen fixation.
Bacteria are used widely in sugar cane production as well as with other crops where they help to break down organic matter in the soil to make vital nutrients available to the growing plants
This variability means that the success of bacterial fertilizers might depend on developing tailor-made versions for different crop cultivars and environments.
and went looking for bacteria that were present in large numbers around the roots of thriving sugar cane plants.
While two of the most abundant bacteria did not have noticeable effects on plant growth Burkholderia australis was doing quite well in competition with other soil bacteria in the environment
The team tested the bacteria checking that they were happy living amongst the roots of growing sugarcane seedlings
Paungfoo-Lonhienne and colleagues are also looking for bacteria that break down waste produces from sugar cane processing
and bacteria that create a protective web of cellulose. With this in mind cellulose nanomaterials are inherently renewable sustainable biodegradable and carbon-neutral like the sources from
Whether from cows goats or sheep raw milk and milk products are a continuing source of bacterial infections that are especially dangerous to pregnant women fetuses the elderly young children
Infections by such bacteria can cause diarrhea fever cramps nausea and vomiting. Some infections can become systemic.
but Maldonado said that even in healthy herds there are other organisms that can cause serious bacterial infections in children and pregnant women.
In endorsing a raw-milk cheese ban the statement cited scientific evidence that Escherichia coli 0157 a pathogenic strain of the E coli bacteria that can cause particularly severe symptoms
In addition to many species of bacteria the list includes giardia rabies and norovirus. According to the U S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention norovirus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in the United states causing 19-21 million illnesses
Methane produced when ethanol ferments is degraded often by methanotrophic bacteria which also require oxygen. But fuel blends of 20 to 95 percent ethanol
We want the bacterial activity to eat these vapors before they reach us Alvarez said.
The bacteria will be there but they're not going to do you much good if they run out of oxygen.
The problem is bacteria that eat the methane use up all the oxygen and the ones you want to degrade benzene can't do their job
Alvarez said the paper's lead author Rice graduate student Jie Ma has done extensive work to characterize bacterial activity at spill sites.
Gabriel said by having that roadmap of the bacteria genome they will be certain there are no surprises in the Brazilian species
It is spread by a tiny insect called the Asian citrus psyllid that feeds on the trees leaving bacteria that starve the tree of nutrients.
To map the bacteria's DNA genome Gabriel's Brazilian colleagues first diced up and crushed tissue from the veins of infected citrus trees where the organism was concentrated most highly.
The team had to separate the tree DNA from that of the bacterium. DNA comprises four nucleotides
The Pandey lab also showed that G proteins function in soybean roots to affect formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules through a symbiotic relationship with certain beneficial bacteria.
As regards residues of the Type 3 the pesticide was decomposed by bacteria and the carbon contained therein was transported into the microbial biomass.
This bacterium can infect humans and has been found in humans in the studied region of Namwala.
Human tuberculosis is caused by bacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Sidney Malama's doctoral research shows that Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is the most prevalent tuberculosis bacterium in humans also occurs in cattle in Namwala.
In other words this bacterium is zoonotic. Malama has detected a large degree of genetic variation amongst M. tuberculosis in humans in this area of Zambia
and has also found that M. tuberculosis bacteria isolated from humans and cattle respectively are related.
The fact that this bacterium is found in cattle means that these animals can be a reservoir for human tuberculosis
and that humans can become infected with both M. bovis and M. tuberculosis by drinking unpasteurised milk
because some loci recommended by the European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for M. bovis are not suitable for genotyping the bacterium in Zambia.
and cattle and of M. bovis in humans cattle and Kafue lechwe in Namwala indicate that the same tuberculosis bacteria are circulating between humans and animals.
and this may suggest that the bacterium is transmitted between people and not just between cattle and humans.
In addition to causing direct injury to the plant feeding can also provide the opportunity for infection by rot-inducing bacteria and fungi.
Known as Bt corn because the proteins are derived from a bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis these plants have been grown widely by farmers.
and bacteria be sequenced to inform research on perennial plant growth ecosystem function and plant microbe interactions.
#New vaccine against lung diseases in goats and sheepan intranasal spray was developed using local isolated bacterium in Malaysia
and it was found to provide better protection against infections by Mannheimia haemolytica bacterium than imported vaccines.
or respiratory diseases of goats and sheep caused by bacteria. It was developed and produced using sophisticated recombinant technology
which unlike the imported vaccines has been demonstrated to provide protection against bacterium infection in the small ruminants like goats and sheep.
Therefore STVAC7 was developed using local isolated bacterium that was found to be able to provide protection against infections by Mannheimia haemolytica bacterium A2 A7 and A9.
Prof Zamri said the pneumonic diseases brought about by the bacterium usually caused a mortality rate of 30%during the rainy season
#Poultry probiotics coat clues to ability to battle bugsifr researchers have characterized the coat of a potential poultry probiotic giving the first clues of how it may be used to exclude pathogenic bacteria from chickens.
and Biological sciences Research Council found that the bacteria make coats for themselves that play important roles in colonization in this strain.
and help in the development of these bacteria as a way of combatting C. perfringens.
which are long sugar-containing molecules that many bacteria use to encapsulate themselves. This capsule may help the bacteria to cope with environmental stress or aid colonisation and adhesion.
Different bacterial strains have different EPS structures and understanding this is important as they represent a key way bacteria interact with the world around them.'
'Characterising the EPS structures in the L. johnsonii strain is the first step to explaining how it might outcompete C. perfringens.'
'said Dr Arjan Narbad. Previous studies had identified potential genes in L. johnsonii for producing EPS giving the researchers tools to probe how the bacteria synthesise these molecules.
Knocking out the whole cluster of EPS genes meant the bacteria produced no capsule. Further analysis of the genes by IFR Phd student Enes Dertli uncovered their potential roles in the capsule biosynthesis process
but more research is needed to fully understand the system and also how it is regulated. The structures of these two EPS molecules appear to be unique to this strain.
Structural features such as the phosphorylation patterns are likely to be a major influence on how well bacteria adhere.
Other structural modifications such as acetylation are thought to help protect the EPS from the enzymes produced by gut bacteria.
This strain of Lactobacillus johnsonii is now being taken through farm-scale trials to assess its potential use to combat pathogenic infections of poultry by bacteria such as C. perfringens.
Weakens the immune systemtick-bites in sheep may result in the disease tick-borne fever (TBF) induced by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum (A. ph). TBF causes high fever
It is estimated that approximately 300000 lambs are exposed to this bacteria each year However they do not necessarily die from the infection says tick researcher Lise Grã¸va at Bioforsk Organic at Tingvoll in Norway.
The direct cause of death due to TBF is often an acute pasteurella infection--a bacterial disease
It prevents new bacteria from entering the bloodstream. Bacteria can survive in the body for a long time
and can attack and cause disease if the immune system is weakened. There are no exact figures as to how many lives ticks take compared to predators.
Could infect humansthe A. ph bacteria can also infect humans through tick bites. However there is little knowledge of the occurrence and the consequences of this.
The bacterium is absorbed not through the gut and it will not survive freezing treatment or boiling.
Cultivating soil continuously for too long destroys the bacteria which convert the organic matter into nutrients says Mary Scholes who is a Professor in the School of Animal Plant and Environmental sciences at Wits University.
The results showed that a poorly understood phylum of bacteria Verrucomicrobia dominated the microbial communities in the soil.
which causes blood vessels to constrict during bacterial infections. At the same time mammals have evolved immune responses to venom which in some cases escalate into maladaptive allergic reactions.
#Buying breast milk online is likely to cause illness in infantsresults from a study led by researchers at Nationwide Children's Hospital found more than three-fourths of breast milk samples purchased over the Internet contained bacteria that can cause illness
We were surprised so many samples had such high bacterial counts and even fecal contamination in the milk most likely from poor hand hygiene.
Other harmful bacteria may have come from the use of either unclean containers or unsanitary breast milk pump parts.
Because the milk banks pasteurize their milk harmful bacteria are killed before the milk reaches an infant unlike milk purchased online.
Even before pasteurization the milk bank samples were less likely to contain several types of bacteria
and had lower bacterial growth in many instances. Shipping practices also played a role in the levels of bacteria in the milk purchased online.
The longer the shipping time the more contaminated the milk. Nineteen percent of sellers did not include dry ice
Researchers found particularly high levels of one or more types of bacteria in 17 percent of the samples.
but the types of bacteria found in the online samples contained bacteria that could cause illnesses known to be linked to contaminated breast milk.
and the milk is pasteurized limiting the risk of bacterial illness said Dr. Keim. Human breast milk can help strengthen the immune system
Milk sold online and contaminated with bacteria that causes illness can be particularly harmful for premature infants
life-threatening illnesstreating premature infants with probiotics the dietary supplements containing live bacteria that many adults take to help maintain their natural intestinal balance may be effective for preventing a common
The products tested in the study were two genetically different strains of bifidobacteria normal inhabitants of the gastroentestinal tract that inhibit the growth of harmful pathogens and bacteria:
Laboratory analysis of bacteria of fecal samples from the infants found that B. infantis was more effective at colonizing bifidobacteria the healthy bacteria in the newborns'gastrointestinal tracts than B. lactis.
In addition the harmful bacteria known as Î-Proteobacteria decreased in the breast milk-fed babies who received B. infantis.
#Salt-tolerant bacteria improve crop yieldsuzbek microbiologist Dilfuza Egamberdieva hopes to apply her new agricultural technique soon in Uzbekistan to boost the yield of economically important crops such as wheat cotton tomato and cucumber.
Egamberdieva group leader at the National University of Uzbekistan at Tashkent has isolated salt-tolerant bacterial strains that live in salt-degraded soils where they help the rooting process in plants.
After the selection of potentially root-colonizing bacteria she has tested them in experimental settings on plants'roots obtaining 10-15%yields increase.
and specific bacteria convert the atmospheric nitrogen absorbed by plants into a more usable form (ammonia).
Egamberdieva has been studying soil bacterial communities for more than 10 years. She has noticed that salty soils discourage bacterial growth
and stress plants at the same time. In addition as she has repeatedly proven salty soils often host bacteria that are noxious for humans.
In her investigation Egamberdieva has spotted beneficial soil salt-resistant bacteria that help plants grow better causing no harm to men.
These bacteria are found around the roots of plants. We found that bacteria from the Pseudomonas family in particular Pseudomonas extremorientalis are salt-resistant
and grow close to the roots where they compete with other bacteria for colonization. On the contrary pathogenic bacteria cannot actively colonize the plants'roots.
Here Pseudomonas produce antibiotics that plants use to defend themselves against fungi trigger the rooting process
and produce nodulation-promoting factors thus giving the vegetation better chances to fix nitrogen and grow bigger.
As an exchange for these favours plants secrete exudates useful for the bacteria. To better exploit these useful bacterial strains the Uzbek microbiologist has come up with a technique that allows the selective enrichment of Pseudomonas strains.
Using her technique which has already been patented Egamberdieva is able to isolate from the soil only beneficial root-stimulating bacteria.
We have completed already some experiments both in protected greenhouses and in open fields working in close contact with local farmers said Egamberdieva who is engaged also in promotion campaigns with the government and in outreach campaigns among farmers.
Crops treated with the bacterial fertilizers give yields 12-15%higher than normal when bacteria are administered to tomatoes and cucumber.
Soon Egamberdieva hopes she will be given the green light to test her findings on real fields
thus helping farmers achieve better products. Her research has been supported mostly by international organizations and funding agencies.
This insects alongside some fungi bacteria and viruses cause annual loses of between four and ten percent of all the stored grains worldwide mainly corn wheat sorghum rice and beans.
Many bacterial fungal and oomycete pathogens deliver protein effectors--molecules the pathogens secrete--into the cells of hosts to manipulate
and bacteria can help break down the rest but adds nitrogen shifts the ability of bacteria to compete
so we are hoping to find out more about the role of fungi in the decomposition of organic matter in soil.
and cell biology at Rice to make use of two tailored forms of E coli bacteria created by Rice graduate student Chen Ye.
when confronted with an invasive but beneficial bacteria known as rhizobia bacteria. When the bacteria interact correctly with a crop the bacteria receive some food from the plant and simultaneously produce nitrogen that most plants need.
In his study Stacey found that many other crops recognize the bacteria but do not attempt to interact closely with them.
The problem is that corn tomatoes and other crops have a different response and don't support an intimate interaction with the rhizobia
since these other plants recognize the bacteria. It's a good first step. When legumes like soybeans sense a signal from the bacteria they create nodules where the bacteria gather
and produce atmospheric nitrogen that the plants can then use to stimulate their growth. This reaction doesn't happen in other plants.
Meanwhile corn tomatoes and other crops are still trying to defend themselves against this bacteria.
when exposed to the chemical signal from the rhizobia bacteria. They found that the plants did receive the signal and like legumes inhibited the normal plant immune system.
However soybeans corn and these other plants don't complete the extra step of forming nodules to allow the bacteria to thrive.
The important finding was that these other plants didn't just ignore the rhizobia bacteria Stacey said.
and get them to activate a different mechanism that will produce the nodules that attract the bacteria instead of trying to fight them.
Clearly both native and exotic plants form intimate relationships with bacteria in the soil that facilitate the extraction and conversion of elements to biologically usable forms.
Since changes in the soil nitrogen cycle are driven by microbes could bacteria associated with invasive species not only be observed responsible for the changes in soil nutrient concentrations
Subsequent literature searches led to the discovery that sugar cane an agriculturally important crop is a nitrogen fixer that contains bacterial endophytes
whether the differences in soil nutrient concentrations found in an invaded prairie could be due to metabolic processes of the bacterial microbiome associated with the invasive grass
By isolating five bacterial strains of endophytes found inside S. halepense rhizomes (subterranean stems used for storage
By acquiring soil bacteria S. halepense increases the bioavailable nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil and has increased rhizome production and aboveground biomass
and ecosystem functions like nutrient cycling are connected more intimately to micro-scale influences than we might expect summarizes Rout Rout's fascination with bacterial endophytes continues;
The new findings indicate that the bacterial disease interferes with starch and sugar metabolism in young
and the bacteria are resistant to being grown in the laboratory the only option for halting transmission of citrus greening has been to apply chemical pesticides to control the insect that spreads the bacteria Dandekar said.
It is caused by three species of the Candidatus Liberibacter bacteria including Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus which is known by the acronym Calas.
These bacteria are carried from tree to tree by two species of the citrus psyllid a winged insect that is about one-eighth inch long
As the citrus psyllid feeds on a leaf it can pick up the bacteria from a diseased tree
and introduce the bacteria to a non-infected tree. These disease-causing bacteria reside in the tree's phloem--the vascular tissue that carries vital nutrients throughout the tree.
The disease affects most citrus species causing yellowing of shoots blotchy and mottled leaves lopsided and poorly colored fruit and loss of viable seeds.
However the citrus psyllid that transmits the bacteria was first found in California in 2008
Earlier sequencing of the Calas bacteria genome showed that there were no toxins or enzymes that would destroy plant cell walls
The researchers anticipate that these discoveries will lead the way to new tests for detecting the bacteria and thus the presence of HLB in orchard trees.
#Model to study human response to bacteria that cause peptic ulcers developedresearchers at the Virginia Bioinformatics Institute at Virginia Tech have developed a new large animal model to study how the immune system interacts with the stomach bacterium Helicobacter pylori the leading
Although the bacterium is found in more than half the world s population most people do not develop diseases.
In addition to its role as a pathogen the bacteria have beneficial effects preventing certain chronic inflammatory and metabolic diseases including Type 2 diabetes and obesity.
When bacteria reside within host cells the immune system typically recruits a type of white blood cell called T cells#in this case CD8+cytotoxic T cells#to destroy the infected cells.
Bt maize and resistance developmentgenetically engineered maize is created by introducing a gene into the plant genome that expresses a toxic protein from a bacterium i e.
MRSA bacteria are resistant to antimicrobial agents that are essential for treatment of treating life-threatening infections in humans.
The problem with people who are carrying MRSA is that the bacteria can spread at hospitals if not discovered in time.
FACTSMRSA bacteria MRSA is short for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. When bacteria are exposed to antimicrobial agents they protect themselves by developing resistance.
They do so by altering their DNA--either through mutation or by transferring resistance genes between bacteria.
It is therefore important to only use antimicrobial agents as required to prevent overuse. Staphylococci are bacteria found in humans animals and in our surrounding environment.
Staphylococcus aureus is part of the normal nasal and skin flora in approx. 50%of the population.
#Vaccinating cattle against E coli could cut human cases of infection by 85 percentvaccinating cattle against the E coli O157 bacterium could cut the number of human cases of the disease by 85%according to scientists.
The bacteria which cause severe gastrointestinal illness and even death in humans are spread by consuming contaminated food and water or by contact with livestock feces in the environment.
Cattle are the main reservoir for the bacterium. The vaccines that are available for cattle are used rarely
when the cattle are'super-shedding'--excreting extremely high numbers of bacteria in their feces for a limited period of time.
Vaccines against the bacteria exist that can reduce super-shedding. As a consequence the researchers predict that vaccinating cattle could reduce human cases by nearly 85 percent far higher than the 50 percent predicted by studies simply looking at the efficacy of current vaccines in cattle.
and applied to crop fields contains antibiotic-resistant bacteria resistance genes and about 75 percent of the antibiotics consumed by the animals.
American foulbrood is caused by the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae which affects the larval stage of honeybees.
and a carbo-loading bacteria may determine how well tropical forests can absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere according to a Princeton university-based study.
The legumes'secret is a process known as nitrogen fixation carried out in concert with infectious bacteria known as rhizobia
Legumes use secretions to invite rhizobia living in the soil to infect their roots and the bacteria signal back to initiate nodule growth.
The single-celled amoebas crawl through the soil eating bacteria until food becomes scarce. Then the amoebas gather by the tens of thousands to form a multicellular slug
All Dicty eat bacteria but some clones (genetically identical amoebas) also farm them --or at any rate they gather up the bacteria carry them to new sites and harvest them prudently.
The farmer clones also carry bacteria that secrete chemicals to fend off amoebae that don't bother to do their own farming.
Not only do these defensive companions inhibit the growth of nonfarmers they somehow stimulate the growth of the farmers.
I saw that some of them carried bacteria in their sorae which were supposed to be sterile.
A simple assay confirmed that the sorae from these clones seeded new patches of bacterial growth
while those from clones that did not have did bacteria not. It looked like the amoebas were carrying the bacteria around to make sure they would always have food.
But other scientists weren't convinced. After all the amoebas are grown on bacteria in the lab;
perhaps they had picked just up these bacteria by accident. At first it was an uphill battle Brock said.
But by isolating new clones from the wild that also carried edible bacteria in their sorae
and running the clones through assays that showed for example that farmers cleansed of bacteria would pick them up again the scientists eventually made their case.
As the researchers said in a Nature paper published in 2011 about a third of the wild clones carry seed and prudently harvest edible bacteria qualifying as farmers albeit primitive ones.
Amoebas carrying chemical weaponsbut the situation was actually more complex than this. Brock quickly realized that some of the bacteria found in association with the Dicty weren't edible.
I was sending the BACTERIAL DNA out to be sequenced and looking up the sequence when it came back.
Sometimes the bacteria were similar to human pathogens. Again it wasn't clear what was going on Brock said.
Were these bacteria parasites on the amoebas? Were they free riders the amoebas picked up accidentally
when they picked up the food bacteria? Were they pathogens that were making the amoebas sick?
But the amoebas carrying these bacteria seemed to be thriving rather than sick. And she also knew that in other systems farmers carry defensive symbionts.
Leafcutter ants for example carry bacteria that help prevent other fungi from contaminating their fungal gardens.
Could the inedible bacteria on the Dicty be defensive symbionts? Sure enough assays showed that when farmers carried certain nonedible strains nonfarmer spore production was reduced in some cases by more than half.
Supernatants (washings) from bacterial cultures had similar effects suggesting that the bacteria were secreting biomolecules that poisoned nonfarmers preventing them from eating the farmers'crops.
and the bacteria are cross feeding. They're probably providing something for those bacteria and the bacteria are providing something for them.
I'm currently trying to figure that out she said. Does it pay to farm?
The big question for the team all evolutionary biologists was why is farming evolutionarily stable among Dicty?
Farmers save roughly half the bacteria available to them forgoing considerable food to save some for dispersal at a new site.
#Bacteria enhance growth of fruit trees up to 40 percentimprovement in reforestation and agriculture is possible thanks to the work of scientists in the Center of Research
and bacteria to promote development and health in trees which have enabled them to accelerate growth of different species up to 40 percent.
He also explains that the beneficial bacteria are located in the immediate area surrounding the root
or rhizosphere and among these bacteria are classified a group as growth promoters which fulfill the function of helping the plant development
However not all bacteria or fungi perform with the same efficiency. For this reason a very important part of the research consisted in selecting the best strains specific for oaks pines mesquites acacias and fruit trees.
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