They generally provide the same protection against bacteria as the natural skin if the foods are handled under sterile conditions
Brown and other scientists are looking for bacteria that are highly efficient in breaking down lignocellulose
Bacteria in giant panda digestive tracts are prime candidates. Not only do pandas digest a diet of bamboo
but have a short digestive tract that requires bacteria with unusually potent enzymes for breaking down lignocellulose.
Working with scientists at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Brown's team identified bacteria that break down lignocellulose into simple sugars which can be fermented into bioethanol.
They also found bacteria that can take those sugars and transform them into oils and fats for biodiesel production.
Brown said that either the bacteria themselves or the enzymes in them that actually do the work could be part of the industrial process.
They season the wood for barrels and dry it outside or indoors a step that exposes it to fungi and bacteria.
Estimates of the amount of missing data were based on 7539 peer-reviewed studies about animals fungi seed plants bacteria and various microscopic organisms.
Bovine TB is primarily a disease of cattle caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis. The disease is hugely expensive costing the Government over £91 million in England in 2010/11.
By combining the genomic sequences of the bacteria with information about when and where the sample was isolated
While we do not yet have sufficient data to be definitive it is clear that whole genome sequencing of the bacterium will play an important part in solving this puzzle.
Crop pests include fungi bacteria viruses insects nematodes viroids and oomycetes. The diversity of crop pests continues to expand
and successes. A proof of principleas a proof of principle Pakrasi and his colleagues plan to develop the synthetic biology tools needed to excise the nitrogen fixation system in one species of cyanobacterium (a phylum of green bacteria formerly considered to be algae)
and E coli bacteria have joined forces to turn tough waste plant material into isobutanol a biofuel that matches gasoline's properties better than ethanol.
James Liao's lab at the University of California-Los angeles provided E coli bacteria that had been engineered to convert sugars into isobutanol.
The harmonious coexistence of the fungi and bacteria with stable populations was a key success of the experiment.
Lin's team used game theory to analyze the relationship between the fungi and bacteria. Breaking cellulose down into sugar is hard work
Even so the bacteria didn't take over the colony because the fungi produce the sugars near their cell membranes
The researchers can control E coli's advantage by tweaking how quickly the bacteria grow. Minty and others in Lin's group are now trying to improve on their energy conversion rate
Moreover by engineering the bacteria differently they believe their system could produce a variety of petroleum-based chemicals in a sustainable way.
The research could aid in the development of new drugs that use a similar mechanism as melittin's to attack cancer and bacteria.
#MRSA strain in humans originally came from cattlea strain of bacteria that causes skin and soft tissue infections in humans originally came from cattle according to a study to be published in mbio the online open-access journal of the American Society for Microbiology.
The findings highlight the potential for cows to serve as a reservoir for bacteria with the capacity for pandemic spread in humans.
and plasmids are important in order for the bacterium to adapt to different host species says Fitzgerald.
which indicates that the bacteria acquired resistance after they crossed over into humans presumably through exposure to antibiotics prescribed for treating human infections.
Any number of factors could create these differences making pigs--but not cattle--a source of a drug-resistant bacterium.
Human cases of Lyme disease a bacterial illness that can cause serious neurological problems if left untreated are on the rise.
When those carbohydrates are consumed bacteria in the dental plaque on tooth surfaces produce acids says Christine Wu professor of pediatric dentistry
since milk is considered to be cavity-fighting acid production by plaque bacteria can be minimized by mixing it with cereal.
However only a very small number of plants most notably legumes (such as peas beans and lentils) have the ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere with the help of nitrogen fixing bacteria.
Professor Edward Cocking Director of The University of Nottingham's Centre for Crop Nitrogen fixation has developed a unique method of putting nitrogen-fixing bacteria into the cells of plant roots.
when he found a specific strain of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in sugar-cane which he discovered could intracellularly colonise all major crop plants.
It is a naturally occurring nitrogen fixing bacteria which takes up and uses nitrogen from the air.
Plant seeds are coated with these bacteria in order to create a symbiotic mutually beneficial relationship and naturally produce nitrogen.
A billion could benefita benign crystal protein produced naturally by bacteria and used as an organic pesticide could be a safe inexpensive treatment for parasitic worms in humans
These proteins are produced naturally in Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) a bacterium which is applied to crops as a natural insecticide on some organic farms
As shown for the first time in this paper Cry5b can also be expressed in a species of bacterium Bacillus subtilis which is closely related to Bacillus thuringiensis and
which is also related to bacteria which are present in some probiotics says Aroian. In the current research researchers showed that a small dose of Cry5b expressed in this bacterium can achieve a 93 percent elimination of hookworm parasites from infected hamsters.
That says Aroian is substantially better than current drugs. The scientific significance of the research he says is that bacteria similar to those that are food grade
--which are cheap and can readily be produced mass--can be engineered to produce molecules that can cure parasitic diseases.
A new study to be published in Nature's The ISME Journal reveals the profound effect it has on enriching soil with bacteria fungi and protozoa.
and the microbes in it were mostly bacteria However growing oat and pea in the same sample caused a huge shift towards protozoa and nematode worms.
(which include bacteria) and eukaryotes (which include humans plants and animals as well as fungi). After only four weeks of growth the soil surrounding wheat contained about 3%eukaryotes.
This limits scientists to analysing one taxonomic group at a time such as bacteria. It also means that everything present in that group is analysed rather than
Every gram of soil contains over 50000 species of bacteria so the task is enormous.
It is now possible to sequence RNA across kingdoms so a full snapshot can be taken of the active bacteria fungi protozoa and other microbes in the soil.
Seeds can be inoculated with bacteria before planting out just like humans taking a dose of friendly bacteria.
John Innes Centre scientists are already investigating the possibility of engineering cereal crops able to associate with the nitrogen-fixing bacteria normally associated with peas.
and texture while aiding immunity bone health and the growth and balance of important bacteria in the digestive track.
Microbiotas are friendly beneficial bacteria said Kelly A. Tappenden Ph d. Kraft Foods human nutrition endowed professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and editor-in-chief of the Journal of Parenteral
In recent years some studies have suggested that cranberries prevent UTIS by hindering bacteria from sticking to the walls of the urinary tract thanks to phytochemicals known as proanthocyanidins (PACS.
Yet the mechanisms by which cranberry materials may alter bacterial behaviour have not been understood fully. Now researchers in Mcgill University's Department of Chemical engineering are shedding light on the biological mechanisms by
Nathalie Tufenkji add to evidence of cranberries'effects on UTI-causing bacteria. The findings also point to the potential for cranberry derivatives to be used to prevent bacterial colonization in medical devices such as catheters.
In research results published online last month in the Canadian Journal of Microbiology Prof. Tufenkji and members of her laboratory report that cranberry powder can inhibit the ability of Proteus mirabilis a bacterium frequently implicated in complicated UTIS to swarm on agar plates
and swim within the agar. The experiments also show that increasing concentrations of cranberry powder reduce the bacteria's production of urease an enzyme that contributes to the virulence of infections.
These results build on previous work by the Mcgill lab showing that cranberry materials hinder movement of other bacteria involved in UTIS.
A genome-wide analysis of an uropathogenic E coli revealed that expression of the gene that encodes for the bacteria's flagellar filament was decreased in the presence of cranberry PACS.
The team's findings are significant because bacterial movement is a key mechanism for the spread of infection as infectious bacteria literally swim to disseminate in the urinary tract
and to escape the host immune response While the effects of cranberry in living organisms remain subject to further study our findings highlight the role that cranberry consumption might play in the prevention of chronic infections Tufenkji says.
The current rise of bacterial resistance to antibiotics underscores the importance of developing another approach.
and filling in uncharted branches in the bacterial and archaeal tree of life. In an international collaboration led by the U s. Department of energy Joint Genome Institute (DOE JGI) the most recent findings from exploring microbial dark matter were published online July 14 2013 in the journal Nature.
They observed certain traits in Archaea that previously only were seen in Bacteria and vice versa. One such trait involves an enzyme that bacteria commonly use for creating space within their protective cell wall
which is needed so the cell can for example expand during cell division. As it rather generically cleaves the protective bacterial cell envelope it needs to be regulated very tightly.
For the first time a group of Archaea was found to encode this potent enzyme and the authors hypothesize that Archaea may deploy it as a defense mechanism against attacking Bacteria.
The second contribution arising from the work was the correct reassignment or binning of data of some 340 million DNA fragments from other habitats to the proper lineage.
and are essential for studying bacterial and archaeal diversity and evolution Woyke said. It's a bit like looking at a family tree to figure out who your sisters
The Nature publication Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter builds upon a DOE JGI pilot project the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea GEBA:
http://www. jgi. doe. gov/programs/GEBA/)and closely articulates with other international efforts such as the Microbial Earth Project which aims to generate a comprehensive genome catalog of all archaeal and bacterial
One of these red clover is particularly important due to the symbiotic bacteria which live in its roots
#Whole chickens from farmers markets may have more pathogenic bacteriaraw whole chickens purchased from farmers markets throughout Pennsylvania contained significantly higher levels of bacteria that can cause foodborne illness compared to those purchased from grocery stores in the region
By comparison during the same period 20 percent of raw whole organic chickens purchased from grocery stores were found to contain Campylobacter bacteria and 28 percent tested positive for Salmonella.
Overall the chickens purchased at the farmers markets carried higher bacterial loads than the birds purchased at grocery stores.
The significantly higher bacteria levels in chickens sold at farmers markets prompted the researchers to look for a cause.
Bacteria that cause foodborne illness such as Campylobacter and Salmonella are destroyed by proper cooking of poultry products;
He believes that how bacteria which might carry resistant genes are transmitted to humans must be considered
#Workers at industrial farms carry drug-resistant bacteria associated with livestocka new study found drug-resistant bacteria associated with livestock in the noses of industrial livestock workers in North carolina but not in the noses of antibiotic-free livestock workers.
The drug-resistant bacteria examined were Staphylococcus aureus commonly known as Staph which include the well-known bug MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus).
and now North carolina making scientists concerned that these bacteria could follow a similar trajectory into the community.
Like most illnesses caused by bacteria S. aureus infections are treated with antibiotics. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention some Staph cannot be killed by antibiotics meaning they are resistant.
MRSA is a strain of Staph bacteria that is resistant to methicillin and certain first-line antibiotics called beta-lactams.
and for genetic markers considered to indicate that the bacteria may have come from livestock. This study shows that these livestock-associated strains are present among workers at industrial livestock operations
but when antibiotic resistant bacteria do cause infections they can be harder to treat. Researchers found that S. aureus that were multidrug-resistant were roughly twice as prevalent among individuals exposed to the industrial compared to the antibiotic-free livestock operation environment
We have been seeing an increase in the number of antibiotic resistant bacteria that cause pneumonia (also called BRD) in cattle said Brian Lubbers assistant professor in the diagnostic lab based at Kansas State university.
Many of these bacteria are resistant to not one but almost all of the antibiotics that we use to treat pneumonia in cattle.
They found that over that period a high percentage of M. haemolytica bacteria recovered from cattle lungs were resistant to several of the drugs typically used to treat that pathogen.
or more antimicrobials as the definition of multi-drug resistance 63 percent of the bacteria would be classified as multidrug resistant in 2011 compared with 46 percent in 2010 and 42 percent in 2009.
The questions of how these bacteria develop or where they come from how widespread they are and
UC Davis researchers analyzed the water samples for microbial and nutrient pollution including fecal indicator bacteria fecal coliform E coli nitrogen
and phosphorus. The scientists found that recreation sites were the cleanest with the lowest levels of fecal indicator bacteria.
They found no significant differences in fecal indicator bacteria between grazing lands and areas without recreation or grazing.
The study noted that several regional regulatory programs use different water quality standards for fecal bacteria.
Differences in the relative abundance of certain bacterial species in the rootworm gut help the adult rootworm beetles feed on soybean leaves
These bacteria perhaps. Controlling rootworms is an expensive concern faced by all Midwest corn growers said study co-author Joseph Spencer an insect behaviorist at the Illinois Natural history Survey (part of the Prairie Research Institute
Chu found significant and consistent differences in the relative abundance of various types of bacteria in the guts of rotation-resistant and nonresistant rootworms (see graphic.
and examined what type of bacteria was in the intestine through fecal samples and intestinal biopsies.
In the high-fructose group the researchers found that the type of intestinal bacteria hadn't changed
and consequently allowing the bacteria to leak out at a 30 percent higher rate Kavanagh said.
What we can say is added that high sugars caused bacteria to exit the intestines go into the blood stream
and bacteria using freshly cut plant material. While these fungus gardens are a source of food
and support from Roche Applied science's 10 Gigabase Grant Program to understand the unique roles of fungi and bacteria.
in fact the gardens are also home to a diversity of bacteria that may help boost the fungus's productivity.
and bacteria says Garret Suen co-author of the study and a UW-Madison assistant professor of bacteriology and Wisconsin Energy Institute researcher.
The researchers have a few leads in their investigation of the mysterious role of bacteria in leaf-cutter ant communities
In addition to providing nitrogen and key vitamins the bacteria appear to help the fungus access energy-rich cellulose by breaking apart other plant polymers that encase it such as hemicellulose.
Lambert said that another theory is that excess fat in the diet interferes with the body's ability to keep a bacterial component called endotoxin from entering the bloodstream through gaps between cells in the digestive system--gut barrier function
Madslien found a high prevalence of bacteria of the genus Bartonella spp. both in the moose's blood and in the keds themselves.
Whereas moose outside the distribution range of the ked were infected with only one type of Bartonella bacterium moose inside the distribution range were infected with two different Bartonella bacteria.
and that deer keds act as vectors for Bartonella bacteria infections. However it is not yet clear to what degree these bacteria can cause disease.
Measuring the stress hormone cortisol in the moose's coat was used as a method for appraising the long-term effect of the deer ked on the health
Successes and failures from the first billion acressince 1996 farmers worldwide have planted more than a billion acres (400 million hectares) of genetically modified corn and cotton that produce insecticidal proteins from the bacterium
We've also started exchanging ideas and information with scientists facing related challenges such as herbicide resistance in weeds and resistance to drugs in bacteria HIV and cancer.
Evolving diversity of microbial life in bird gutsgut bacteria are known to have a central role both in human and in animal health.
Animals acquire different bacteria as they age but how the microbial communities in the bodies of wild animals change over time is understood not well.
Wouter Van dongen and colleagues at the Vetmeduni Vienna have examined the gastrointestinal bacteria of chick and adult black-legged kittiwakes.
Surprisingly the microbial assemblages of chicks and adults generally differ greatly with only a few types of bacteria in common.
Gastrointestinal bacteria are important for digestion immune functions and general health. Wouter Van dongen and colleagues from the Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology of the Vetmeduni Vienna have collaborated with scientists from the Laboratoire Ãolution
& Diversit Biologique (EDB) Toulouse and from the US Geological Survey Anchorage to study the cloacal bacterial assemblies of black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla).
The bacteria in the cloaca are known to be similar to assemblages deeper within the gastrointestinal tract so the researchers examined samples from the cloaca of birds at different ages to look indirectly at gut bacteria.
Flushing bacteriato obtain bacterial samples the researchers flushed the birds'cloacae by gently infusing a salt solution into the cloacae and collecting the liquid.
The bacterial diversity in the cloaca of each bird could be estimated with the aid of molecular genetic techniques.
The scientists were able to identify different bacterial assemblages and thus to draw a clear picture of how bacterial communities in bird guts change as the birds age.
From a youthful hodgepodge to a stable communitythere turned out to be a great variety of bacterial species in the guts of kittiwake chicks
but the assortment in the adults was much less diverse. Astonishingly the sampled chicks and adults had only seven out of a total of 64 bacteria species in common
and some of the bacteria that were very common in adults were not present in chicks at all.
Wouter Van dongen says We were surprised very to find that the bacteria in chick gastrointestinal tracts are so different from those in adults.
Given that chicks share the nest with their parents and eat food that is regurgitated by the parents we expected the level of bacterial sharing to be a lot higher.
The scientists'findings suggest that young birds are susceptible to many species of bacteria that pass through their gut.
As the animals mature the number of bacterial species decreases. Particular groups of bacteria that stay ultimately form a stable community.
A number of causesit is known from other studies that the composition of gastrointestinal microbes changes according to the age of the host.
The differences may correlate with changes in the birds'gut chemistry over time or with changes in diet
or may result from competition between bacterial species. A more developed immune system in adults and the lack of mobility of the young could also play a part.
Further studies are needed to determine the causes and consequences of the variation in the bacterial assemblages in guts of wild birds.
or from bacteria biomarkers said Jaramillo. When intense volcanic activity produced huge quantities of carbon dioxide 120 million years ago in the mid-Cretaceous period yearly temperatures in the South American tropics rose 9
#Changing gut bacteria through diet affects brain functionucla researchers now have the first evidence that bacteria ingested in food can affect brain function in humans.
In an early proof-of-concept study of healthy women they found that women who regularly consumed beneficial bacteria known as probiotics through yogurt showed altered brain function both
The discovery that changing the bacterial environment or microbiota in the gut can affect the brain carries significant implications for future research that could point the way toward dietary
one group ate a specific yogurt containing a mix of several probiotics--bacteria thought to have a positive effect on the intestines--twice a day for four weeks;
The UCLA researchers are seeking to pinpoint particular chemicals produced by gut bacteria that may be triggering the signals to the brain.
Selecting the final list of new species from a wide representation of life forms such as bacteria fungi plants
and vegetables do not carry bacteria or viruses that can make us sick. But in California's Salinas Valley some more vigorous interventions are cutting into the last corners of wildlife habitat and potentially threatening water quality without evidence of food safety benefits.
Everyone knows that is a silly idea as it results in bacteria rapidly developing resistance. It is the same with these pesticides.
whether a naturally occurring soil bacterium referred to as UD1023 because it was characterized first at the University can create an iron barrier in rice roots that reduces arsenic uptake.
Bais first identified the bacterial species in soil samples taken from rice fields in California.
We have a bacterium that moves iron and we want to see if creating an iron shield around the rice roots will slow arsenic movement into other parts of the plant Bais said.
Coating seeds with bacteria is very easy. With this bacteria you could implement easy low-cost strategies that farmers could use that would reduce arsenic in the human food chain.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of Delaware. The original article was written by Juan C. Guerrero.
The wheat chromosome DNA is cloned in bacteria millions of bits of DNA which are sorted by robots
The four clones show certain resistance to the pathogens analysed such as the potato virus Y as well as the Pectobacterium atrosepticum bacteria
The research also characterised a new profile of Mycobacterium bovis bacterium (SB1982) which has never been reported before.
when sulfates in the oceans were decomposed by sulfur bacteria is believed to have played a significant role in several extinction events in particular the Great Dying at the end of the Permian period.
#Parents tend to share more bacteria with family dogs than childrenas much as dog owners love their children they tend to share more of themselves at least in terms of bacteria with their canine cohorts rather than their kids.
That is just one finding of a new study led by the University of Colorado Boulder that looked at the types
Identifying how such bacterial communities can be affected by environmental exposure may help scientists better understand how they can be manipulated to prevent
and all four paws were swabbed for bacteria in the absence of canine palms. One of the biggest surprises was that we could detect such a strong connection between their owners
If you want to share more of your skin bacteria with your spouse get a dog.
Proposed by British epidemiologist Richard Strachen in 1989 the hypothesis is that children who have had a lack of exposure to bacteria
In the new study the team found the composition of human bacteria is affected by factors like age
or gut bacteria likely because skin surfaces are less selective environments said Knight. Other paper co-authors included Christian Lauber Catherine Lozupone Gregory Humphrey Donna Berg-Lyons and Noah Fierer from CU-Boulder;
At the same time the pathogens in wastewater such as viruses fungi and bacteria could destroy the algae themselves
#Biofilm helps Salmonella survive hostile conditionsvirginia Tech scientists have provided new evidence that biofilms--bacteria that adhere to surfaces
One out of every six Americans becomes ill from eating contaminated food each year with over a million illnesses caused by Salmonella bacteria according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
in addition to protecting Salmonella from heat-processing and sanitizers such as bleach biofilms preserve the bacteria in extremely dry conditions
and again when the bacteria are subjected to normal digestive processes. The study is now online in the International Journal of Food Microbiology
Biofilms are an increasing problem in food processing plants serving as a potential source of contamination said Monica Ponder an assistant professor of Food Science and Technology in the College of Agriculture and Life sciences.
We have discovered that Salmonella in biofilms survive on dried foods much better than previously thought
which produce a biofilm protecting them from the detrimental environment. Researchers tested the resilience of the Salmonella biofilm by drying it
and storing it in dry milk powder for up to 30 days. At various points it was tested in a simulated gastrointestinal system.
but the biofilm Salmonella were more resilient than the free-floating cells treated to the same conditions.
The bacteria's stress response to the dry conditions also made it more likely to cause disease.
Biofilms allowed the Salmonella to survive the harsh acidic environment of the stomach increasing its chances of reaching the intestines where infection results in the symptoms associated with food poisoning.
and new strategies to reduce biofilm formation on equipment thus hopefully decreasing the likelihood of another outbreak.
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