It causes damage both directly through feeding and indirectly through the transmission of plant viruses and has wreaked havoc on vegetable and cotton production in all of China s provinces except Tibet.
The country was hit hard by another avian-flu virus, H5n1, a decade ago, and suffered enormous economic losses and more than 60 Â human deaths.
H5n1, by contrast, is lethal to birds, making outbreaks easier to spot and control. And despite extensive sampling of farms, wholesale markets and other parts of the poultry supply chain, the only strong link to H7n9 found so far is live-bird markets.
A study published today in Nature1 reconstructs the origins of Influenza a virus and traces its evolution and flow through different animal hosts over two centuries."
The analysis also reveals a shared ancestor for almost all avian flu strains and an H7n7 virus that struck down horses and mules throughout North america in 1872.
Canine parvovirus, probably caught from a domestic dog, caused the wolf population to fall from around 50 to 14 in the early 1980s.
Turns out that these chickens have a high incidence of a particular retrovirus called EAV-HP. Retroviruses are a type of virus that integrates its own genetic data into the host in an unusual order.
and then into protein retroviruses operate backwards retroviruses have RNA which they use to make DNA
HIV is probably the best-known retrovirus. This EAV-HP retrovirus is responsible for inserting that weird gene the one that turns the chicken eggs blue.
Specifically it changes the chemistry of the eggshell so that it can take in biliverdin a bile pigment from the chicken's uterus.
For more severe side effects such as seizures or that rotavirus-caused bowel blockage the odds go down to one in tens of thousands.
Some babies get mild vomiting and diarrhea after the DTAP and rotavirus vaccines. We fully acknowledge that what doctors call mild vomiting
or she will have to rely on other kids being vaccinated to protect him from that disease. 1 in 20000 to 1 in 100000 babies who get the rotavirus vaccine get a serious bowel blockage for
When the poliovirus was passaged through the monkeys or grown on the monkey kidney cells for production extrane g
Then in 2012 healthcare workers across the U s. reported 309 human cases of influenza A (H3n2) variant also known as H3n2v.
The H1n1 flu that reached pandemic proportions in 2009 first spent some time circulating among pigs in Asia Europe and North america.
Public health departments should monitor pigs closely for Influenza a viruses the study authors wrote in their paper
Vampire bats transmit rabies virus throughout Latin america causing thousands of livestock deaths each year as well as occasional human fatalities.
Developing effective control strategies for vampire bat-transmitted rabies virus in Latin america requires an understanding of the mechanisms that have allowed the highly virulent pathogen to persist
and the most successful models demonstrated that a single isolated vampire bat colony cannot maintain the rabies virus over time Frequent movement of infectious bats between colonies is needed to keep the rabies virus at levels consistent with the field observations.
or haphazardly implemented are unlikely to eliminate VBRV (vampire bat-transmitted rabies virus) the researchers said. While programs targeting specific colonies may limit local spillover from bats to humans
The bat study's other main finding is that the vast majority of rabies virus exposures among vampire bats--in
and sustain the virus. The probability of a vampire bat developing a lethal infection upon exposure to rabies is around 10 percent much lower than the 50-to-90 percent mortality rate seen in previous experimental challenges studies that involved inoculating vampire bats with rabies virus
The method published under the title Transmitting Plant viruses Using Whiteflies is applicable to such at-risk crops as tomatoes and common bean plants.
and her colleagues write that numerous genera of whitefly-transmitted plant viruses (such as Begomovirus Carlavirus Crinivirus Ipomovirus Torradovirus) are part of an emerging and economically significant group of pathogens affecting important food
and Iowa to trace the likely origin of the emergent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) to a strain from the Anhui province in China.
and has many similarities with transmissible gastroenteritis virus of swine said Meng who is a faculty member in the Department of Biomedical sciences and Pathobiology.
There is currently no vaccine against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the United states . Although some vaccines are in use in Asia we do not know
whether they would work against the U s. strains of the virus. The researchers determined not only that the three U s. strains of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus are most closely related to the Chinese strains of the virus
and Genotyping of Emergent Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus Strains in the United states abstract in the Oct 15 issue of the American Academy of Microbiology's journal mbio.
and Chinese virus strains coincides with a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus outbreak in China back in December of 2010.
whether the U s. strains of the virus diverged in China or in the United states. The sudden emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
which belongs to the coronavirus family has caused economic and public health concerns in the United states. The ongoing outbreaks of Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in humans from countries in
or near the Arabian peninsula and the historical deadly nature of the 2002 outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus create further anxiety about the emergency of PEDV in the United states due to the lack of scientific information about the origin
and evolution of this emerging coronavirus wrote Dr. Yao-Wei Huang the first author of the paper
and a former research assistant professor at the veterinary college who is now a professor at Zhejiang University
They did however come across additional evidence that the U s. strains share several genetic features with a bat coronavirus--findings which point to an evolutionary origin from bats and the potential for cross-species transmission.
#Influenza virus in wild birds in Norwayducks and gulls are the natural hosts of Influenza a virus.
Ragnhild Tønnessen's Phd research project has characterised Influenza a viruses in gulls and ducks in Norway.
Her discoveries may lead to a better understanding of the epidemiology and host adaptation of Influenza a virus.
Wild birds particularly ducks and gulls are the natural hosts for Influenza a viruses which can cause disease in animals and humans.
Influenza a viruses can be divided into subtypes of which the majority have been found in wild birds. Most subtypes of Influenza a virus cause subclinical infections in wild birds.
Infections in domestic chickens most commonly result in mild disease. In rare cases if introduced from wild birds to poultry some viruses of the H5
One example of this is the highly pathogenic H5n1 virus in Southeast asia known to cause#oebird flu#.
#Due to the outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5n1 in Southeast asia a programme to monitor influenza viruses in wild birds in Norway was initiated in 2005.
Many different subtypes of the Influenza a virus were detected but not the highly pathogenic H5n1 virus. The complete genetic material from a total of five influenza viruses from mallard and common gull were sequenced and characterized.
The results showed that the genes of the Norwegian viruses resembled the genes found in influenza viruses from other wild birds in Europe.
and she discovered that more than 70%of the adult birds had developed antibodies against Influenza a virus. The majority of the kittiwakes had antibodies against an influenza virus subtype typically found in gulls namely H16.
Ragnhild Tønnessen defended her doctoral research on 27th august 2013 at the Norwegian School of Veterinary Science with a thesis entitled Epidemiology and Host Adaptation of Influenza a viruses in Gulls#.
Crop pests include fungi bacteria viruses insects nematodes viroids and oomycetes. The diversity of crop pests continues to expand
From these samples the researchers isolated several influenza viruses and genetically sequenced those of the H7n9 subtype as well as related H7n7 and H9n2 viruses.
Within ducks and later within chickens various strains of avian H7n9 H7n7 and H9n2 influenza exchanged genes with one another in different combinations.
which revealed the genetic cause of the blue coloured egg shell--surprisingly--an ancient harmless retrovirus in the domestic chicken.
A retrovirus is a virus that unlike most cellular organisms carries its genetic blueprint in the form of ribonucleic acid (RNA.
This makes it possible for genetic material from a retrovirus to become permanently incorporated into the DNA of an infected cell.
In this case the retrovirus'effect was to trigger an accumulation of a green-blue bile pigment called biliverdin in the eggshell as the egg develops in the hen.
An unexpected find was the unique integration sites for the retrovirus in South american/European and Asian chickens.
and diversity of species. It's quite remarkable--retroviruses are considered generally to integrate at random locations in the genome
and so the chance of a retrovirus integrating at more or less the same location in two chicken populations is extremely low.
It's therefore entirely possible that retroviruses could be playing a part in the diversity of egg colour
Focusing on the avian flu virus strain H5n1 research published today in the journal PLOS ONE identifies key stages in the poultry trade chain which lead to its transmission to other birds animals and humans.
The H5n1 avian flu strain has been responsible for the deaths of millions of poultry as well as 375 confirmed human deaths.
We identified poultry transportation slaughter preparation and consumption as critical control points in response to HPAI H5n1 outbreaks in Vietnam.
The research was conducted as part of a three year interdisciplinary study of the impact of H5n1 on mechanisms of transmission local livelihoods and food security.
which make use of so-called entomopathogenic viruses that are harmful to insects in particular the baculovirus.
And the winner is#the granulosis virus or granulovirus which appears to be the most widespread.
%Slow action#Pulverised on the surface of potatoes or the eggs of the invasive species the granulovirus contaminates the larvae through ingestion.
Another advantage of baculoviruses is that they are innocuous to man vertebrae and plants. Moreover each viral strain attacks a very limited number of insect species. This host specificity means that the Guatemalan potato moth can be targeted
highly pathogenic avian influenza H5n1. Among other commonalities both viruses have a clinical picture that includes bilateral pneumonia acute respiratory distress syndrome
The possibility that H7n9 might infect pigs is particularly troubling as swine are considered a mixing vessel for viruses--a breeding ground for novel viral reassortants like the 2009 H1n1 pandemic influenza strain commonly known as swine flu.
The analysis of these novel H7n9 influenza virus isolates showed that that the six internal genes were derived from avian H9n2 viruses
This strain known as H3n2 spread around the globe and eventually killed an estimated 1 million people.
A new study from MIT reveals that there are many strains of H3n2 circulating in birds
There are indeed examples of H3n2 that we need to be concerned about says Sasisekharan who is also a member of MIT's Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research.
Strains of H3n2 have been circulating in humans since the 1968 pandemic but they have evolved to a less dangerous form that produces a nasty seasonal flu.
However H3n2 strains are also circulating in pigs and birds. Sasisekharan and his colleagues wanted to determine the risk of H3n2 strains reemerging in humans
whose immune systems would no longer recognize the more dangerous forms of H3n2. This type of event has a recent precedent:
In 2009 a strain of H1n1 emerged that was very similar to the virus that caused a 1918 pandemic that killed 50 million to 100 million people.
We asked if that could happen with H3 Sasisekharan says. You would think it's more readily possible with H3
Genetic similaritiesin the new study the researchers compared the 1968 H3n2 strain and about 1100 H3 strains now circulating in pigs
and the increased spread of Cassava Brown Streak Disease or CBSD warning that the rapidly proliferating plant virus could cause a 50 percent drop in production of a crop that provides a significant source of food and income for 300 million Africans.
The recent human cases of H7n9 avian influenza demonstrate the importance of adopting the lessons learned from H5n1 avian influenza.
The studies on H5n1 found that despite shifts in government policies towards support for large scale industrial poultry production small scale production still needs support as it is a major source of income for women and the rural poor.
The team conducting studies on the effectiveness of control measures against H5n1 found that there were significant deficiencies in biosecurity practices in most of the farms studied especially but not only small scale farms.
The various studies also found that with H5n1 control wide area culling in which all poultry in a large zone around known infected flocks are culled had very severe effects on livelihoods because of the level of disruption
The studies conducted by APEIR did find some additional influenza virus subtypes other than H5n1 viruses
and trials with collaborators at Monash and James Cook Universities in 2011 showed that Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes were unable to spread the dengue virus.
#Hepatitis a virus discovered to cloak itself in membranes hijacked from infected cellsviruses have historically been classified into one of two types--those with an outer lipid-containing envelope and those without an envelope.
For the first time researchers at the University of North carolina have discovered that Hepatitis a virus a common cause of enterically-transmitted hepatitis takes on characteristics of both virus types depending on
In a paper published online in Nature on March 31 Dr. Lemon's team discovered that Hepatitis a virus does not have an envelope
What we have discovered is that a virus that has been considered classically to be enveloped'non'that is Hepatitis a virus actually hijacks membranes from the cells it grows in to wrap itself in an envelope.
Dr. Lemon believes the dual nature of Hepatitis a virus allows it to use the advantages of both virus types to enhance its survivability.
What Hepatitis a virus has done and we don't totally understand how it has accomplished this is to have the advantage of existing as a virus with no envelope
While no other virus has been shown to exhibit this particular behavior Dr. Lemon said that it is likely that Hepatitis a virus is not unique in its dual nature.
or the 2009 H1n1 swine flu outbreak that killed 280000 worldwide developed when viruses from humans and animals exchanged genes to create a new virus in a process called reassortment.
the seasonal H3n2 human flu and the H5n1 strain of bird flu that has crossed occasionally over into humans.
Currently H5n1 has a 60 percent mortality rate in humans but is known not to spread between humans frequently.
But they did note that diet affected the transport of bacteriophages--viruses that invade bacteria--in field runoff.
However attempts to domesticate wild-growing plants have a downside as it could make the plants more susceptible to any number of plant viruses.
Malmstrom said that plant virus ecology and the study of viral interactions between wild-growing plants and agricultural crops is an expanding field.
Most of what is known about plant viruses comes from studies of crops. To understand the complete ecology of viruses researchers are now studying these tiny organisms in nature too.
The mysteries of how plant viruses can play a role in ecosystem properties and processes in natural ecosystems are emerging more slowly Malmstrom said.
and plants but a study of plant viruses in the wild may point to a more cooperative benevolent role of the microbe according to a Penn State virologist.
Indeed one plant virus that was found frequently in the forest was also found in nearby melon crops.
but a genetically altered version of the plant might provide a relatively inexpensive cure for the deadly rabies virus.
In a new research report appearing in The FASEB Journal scientists produced a monoclonal antibody in transgenic tobacco plants that was shown to neutralize the rabies virus.
The antibody was shown also to be active in neutralizing a broad panel of rabies viruses and the exact antibody docking site on the viral envelope was identified using certain chimeric rabies viruses.
Although treatable by antibodies if caught in time rabies is said bad news Gerald Weissmann M d. Editor-In-chief of The FASEB Journal.
As their next task his team wants to retrieve simple and well characterised DNA VIRUSES such as the elephant herpes virus.
#How deadly MERS virus enters human cellscornell University researchers have uncovered details of how the deadly Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-Cov) enters host cells and offer possible new avenues
Coronaviruses have a spike protein that is activated by a protease and mediates membrane fusion and entry into a host cell.
This is the first characterization of a natural coronavirus with a spike protein containing two furin cleavage sites said Millet the paper's first author.
This study shows how flexible coronaviruses are in terms of cleavage activation strategies said Millet. They are extremely adaptable.
Pellett adds that Further scientific significance arises from the discovery of 12 new herpesviruses and identification of some new wrinkles in our understanding of herpesvirus diversity and evolution.
and subtypes of EEHVS are ancient viruses that evolved separately from all other known subfamilies of mammalian herpesviruses within the ancestor of modern elephants beginning about 100 million years ago.
#Maternal breast milk is risk factor for cytomegalovirus transmission in premature infantspremature infants especially those born with very low-birth-weight (VLBW) are particularly vulnerable to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection because of their immature immune systems.
Crop pests include fungi bacteria viruses insects nematodes viroids and oomycetes. The research published in the journal Global Ecology
One promising Ebola vaccine is based on a human rabies virus vaccine and is developed by Thomas Jefferson University in collaboration with the National institutes of health (NIH).
and used if another filovirus strain started to spread. The researchers also plan to develop the vaccine into the type of antibody serum therapy used in the first U s. recipients in a platform that could deliver at least 2000 doses of potentially lifesaving serum per month.
It includes the Zaire strain of Ebola virus that is currently spreading across West Africa as well as the Sudan strain and the Marburg virus a virus in the same family as Ebola
which showed good protection in nonhuman primates against the Zaire Ebola virus. Currently the vaccine is being developed with the help of Peter Jahrling at the Integrated Research Facility at the NIH
The experimental therapy that humanitarian aid workers Kent Brantly and Nancy Writebol received was purified based on a monoclonal antibodies from mice genetically engineered to produce humanlike antibodies against the Ebola virus.
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine deltacoronavirus both of which were detected in China in the same time frame prior to the U s. Both porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
#Developing better vaccine for mutating virus in cowsbovine viral diarrhea virus infections result in one of the most costly diseases among cattle with losses in U s. herds estimated at $2 billion per year according to professor Christopher
Unlike H5n1 the other virulent form of avian influenza to emerge in recent years H7n9 produces little signs of illness in birds
and goat species. Lentiviruses are viruses responsible for slow infections that damage the immune system and which cause a range of clinical symptoms (nervous pulmonary arthritic and mammary).
The target cells of these lentiviruses are the macrophages. These cells are capable of modifying their genetic expression depending on the external stimuli they are exposed to
which have opposite restrictive capacities over lentiviruses. Furthermore it was observed that the infection induces M2 polarisation
and economists expect the prices to continue rising because of diarrhea viruses currently devastating the pork industry.
of which have entered the United states for the first time--porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and delta coronavirus. Swine specialists and molecular diagnosticians at the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory have developed tests to detect which virus is infecting the pigs.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus has killed already an estimated 6 million pigs. The Kansas State university laboratory is one of only four in the United states with the new tests to identify these diseases.
#Stricter controls of wastewater reuse on crops needed to meet WHO guidelineswastewater used to irrigate agricultural crops in countries where water is scarce may contribute to significant public health risks such as diarrheal disease in children from rotavirus.
and a probabilistic rotavirus disease burden model for their consumptionâ#recently appeared in the electronic version of the journal Risk Analysis published by the Society for Risk Analysis. The researchers first determined the volume of water retained by three commonly grown Asian vegetables
and then used a statistical model to estimate rotavirus disease burdens associated with wastewater irrigation. Rotavirus is associated with diarrheal disease in children
and was chosen as the focus of the study because diarrheal disease is associated with 74 percent of wastewater-related deaths 90 percent
The probability of rotavirus infection is affected by uncertainty in virus concentration and variation in vegetable consumption.
The rotavirus infection rates were based on data from an infectivity trial in adults but rotavirus primarily affects children.
Lower doses induce infectivity in children faster than adults so the estimated disease burdens from the researchersâ##statistical model may underestimate the actual risk to children.
Collecting rotavirus infectivity data for children would improve the accuracy of risk assessments of the threat.
and RNA VIRUSES they note. Their paper Arranging the bouquet of disease: Floral traits and the transmission of plant and animal pathogens was featured in the publisher's News Round up of most newsworthy research.
The team analyzed a dataset with more than 80000 gene sequences representing the global diversity of the Influenza a virus
The Influenza a virus is subdivided into 17 so-called HA subtypes--H1 through H17--and 10 subtypes of NA N1-N10.
These mix and match for example H1n1 H7n9 with the greatest diversity seen in birds. Using the new family tree of the flu virus as a map showed
and sequenced the RNA genome of Barley Stripe Mosaic virus (BSMV) in a 750-year-old barley grain found at a site near the River Nile in modern-day Egypt.
Using the new medieval RNA to calibrate estimates of the rate of mutations the researchers were able to trace the evolution of the Barley Stripe Mosaic virus to a probable origin of around 2000 years ago but potentially much further back to the domestication
The medieval RNA from Qasr Ibrim gives us a vital clue to unlock the real age of the Barley Stripe Mosaic virus.
#Pathogenic plant virus jumps to honeybees, may explain bee population declinea viral pathogen that typically infects plants has been found in honeybees
Notably about 5%of known plant viruses are transmitted pollen and thus potential sources of host-jumping viruses.
RNA VIRUSES tend to be particularly dangerous because they lack the 3'-5'proofreading function which edits out errors in replicated genomes.
One consequence of such high replication rates are populations of RNA VIRUSES thought to exist as quasispecies clouds of genetically related variants that appear to work together to determine the pathology of their hosts.
These sources of genetic diversity coupled with large population sizes further facilitate the adaption of RNA VIRUSES to new selective conditions such as those imposed by novel hosts.
Thus RNA VIRUSES are a likely source of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases explain these researchers. Toxic viral cocktails appear to have a strong link with honey bee Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) a mysterious malady that abruptly wiped out entire hives across the United states
including the Lyme spirochete, West Nile virus, and Hanta viruses. Recent studies suggest that contact with nature can have positive effects on our mental health.
Consider the epidemiology that was going on in China at the time and compare it with H5n1
The H5n1 is one of these highly virulent forms. If it has that extra amino acid,
So with the H5n1 you see a lot of disease in your birds and you know the virus is there.
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