Virus

Adenovirus (13)
Arbovirus (1)
Arenavirus (312)
Bacteriophages (5)
Hepatitis virus (8)
Plant virus (26)
Viroid (2)

Synopsis: Microorganisms: Virus:

A human disease that comes from wildlife, probably from a subgroup known as RNA VIRUSES. They're highly adaptable, jump species,

Their answers to the second have focused on zoonoses, particularly RNA VIRUSES. The prospect of a new viral pandemic, for these sober professionals, looms large.

and died when they were exposed to H5n1 bird flu, they didnt transmit the virus to other chickens they came into contact with.

H5n1 bird flu has been circulating in Asia and the Middle east, with occasional outbreaks in Europe, since 2003 and has killed

said this week it was raising its bird flu alert level after detecting H5n1 bird flu at poultry farms.

they infected 10 of them and 10 normal chickens with H5n1 bird flu. Like the normal chickens, the transgenic birds became sick with the virus,

Additionally Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus, or PED, is taking down piglets in 15 states. And as of now, there s no vaccine in the US just yet.

and who more frequently showed antibodies to the Hepatitis a virus, H. pylori bacteria and other microbes associated with poor hygiene practices#were far less likely to have allergies.

The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus or PEDV was assumed long to be spread only by direct contact

In most cases GMOS have been altered with DNA from another organism be it a bacterium plant virus or animal;

H7n9 appears to be more infectious than the H5n1 bird flu virus Webby said. When researchers infect ferrets with H5n1 they usually do not see transmission through airborne

or direct contact Webby said. One bit of good news is that H7n9 does not appear to spread between pigs.

As the researchers studied the H7n9 flu they found a previously unknown virus called H7n7.

In laboratory tests this H7n7 virus infected ferrets which are used often a model for human flu transmission.

H7n7 viruses have appeared in other parts of the world but the one the researchers found differed from those.

Both the H7n9 virus and the H7h7 virus belong to the H7 family of viruses. 6 Flu Vaccine Myths There are probably other viruses like H7n7 that are circulating in the poultry populations in China said study

If scientists saw changes in the H7n7's proteins for instance they could see if it wasâ becoming more dangerous to humans said Racaniello who was involved not in the new study.

While this is still less deadly than the previous avian flu outbreak in China six years ago he H5n1 bird flu virus eventually killed more than 300 people after spreading from China to other countries in 2006 he death rate for this new Chinese bird flu

Previously reports of infection with the H5n1 strain of bird flu were linked to poultry markets Webby said.

After biting ticks can take several hours to transmit Lyme disease said Laura Kramer the director of the Arbovirus Laboratory at the New york state Department of health's Wadsworth Center. 10.

The vast majority of bats do not carry the rabies virus Jemison said. I mean we're talking about a really tiny number of bats that become infected.

Campylobacter Clostridium botulinum Clostridium perfringens Escherichia coli (E coli) Giardia lamblia Hepatitis a Listeria noroviruses rotavirus Salmonella Shigella Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio vulnificus.

and RNA VIRUSES such as`Deformed Wing Virus'she adds. In some of our experiments we want to infect bees with pathogens to see

We are trying to harness the innate ability of that lactic acid bacteriophage to control unwanted lactic acid bacteria during ethanol fermentation.

Colony collapse may result in part from a plant virus that has started infecting bees scientists believe.

Bacteriophages are viruses that specifically attack bacteria. These phages as researchers call them have evolved alongside bacteria

Other work revealed that probiotics may enhance the effects of the vaccine against rotavirus vaccine the most common cause of severely dehydrating diarrhea in infants and children according to a 2008 study in the journal Vaccine.

#As Plant virus Jumps to Bees, Does it Cause Colony Collapse? Jeff Nesbit was the director of public affairs for two prominent federal science agencies.

In the new mbio study researchers explained that about 5 percent of known plant viruses like TRSV are transmitted by pollen

Until now none of these three West african countries had experienced ever an Ebola outbreak let alone cases involving a type of Ebola virus that had been found only in faraway Central africa.

Ebola virus: 5 Things You Should Know In a new article published today (July 31) in the journal PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases Bausch

The virus causing this outbreak is the deadliest type of Ebola virus. The Ebola virus has five species

and each species has caused outbreaks in different regions. Experts were surprised to see that instead of the Taã Forest Ebola virus which is found near Guinea it was the Zaire Ebola virus that is the culprit in the current outbreak.

This virus was previously found only in three countries in Central africa: the Democratic republic of the congo the Republic of the Congo and Gabon.

Zaire Ebola virus is the deadliest type of Ebola virus in previous outbreaks it has killed up to 90 percent of those it infected.

But how did the Zaire Ebola virus get to Guinea? Few people travel between those two regions

If Ebola virus was introduced into Guinea from afar the more likely traveler was a bat he said.

Even if the Ebola virus had been circulating in Guinea for some time animals carrying the virus or other pathogens are not usually in the vicinity of humans

This increases people's risk of exposure to Ebola virus in remote corners of the forest he added.

It is possible that drier conditions somehow influence the number or proportion of bats infected with the Ebola virus or the frequency of human contact with them.

a nucleopolyhedrovirus, which has been tested in Tanzania. The virus attacks the worms every year, but usually occurs too late in their outbreak cycle to prevent serious crop damage.

and the porcine circovirus type II Rollin thinks that Ebola Reston is to blame for the pigs'deaths

Nature Newsa new strain of swine flu-influenza A (H1n1)- is spreading around the globe. This timeline will be updated continually with key dates, drawing on authoritative information from the World health organization (WHO), the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other sources.

THE WHO defends itself against allegations it overhyped the dangers of H1n1 under pressure from vaccine manufacturers at a hearing of the Council of europe's health committee.

China's ministry of health confirms there have been 659 deaths from H1n1 in the country as of 2 january.

territories and communities have reported H1n1 cases, including at least 12,220 deaths. 8 december 2009: A review 2/b5106>in the BMJ warns that there is insufficient evidence for

China says it has dispatched monitoring teams to 12 regions after a high profile doctor suggested some cases of H1n1 might be being reported deliberately not.

THE WHO says H1n1 vaccines appear to have an excellent safety profile. None of the deaths investigated in those vaccinated have found a direct link to vaccination.

and overseas territories have confirmed laboratory cases of H1n1, with over 6, 000 recorded deaths. 30 october 2009:

Russian media reports the country's first H1n1 deaths. 25 october 2009: This week: vaccinations get underway in many European countries.

and Sao tome and principe issue first reports of H1n1 and Iceland, Sudan, and Trinidad and tobago reported their first deaths.

European Medicines Agency recommends approval of two H1n1 vaccines, from Novartis and Glaxosmithkline. 15 september 2009:

FDA approves four H1n1 vaccines, from CSL Limited, Medimmune LLC, Novartis, and Sanofi Pasteur. 10 september 2009:

Two papers published in the New england Journal of Medicine show two new vaccines against H1n1 are likely to be effective after just one dose (paper 1,

Novartis says a trial on 100 subjects shows its H1n1 vaccine is potentially protective for 80%of subjects after one dose and over 90%after two doses. 21 august 2009:

India confirms first death from H1n1, the victim being a 14-year old girl in the city of Pune.

Researchers from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention warn that pregnant women might be increased at risk for complications from pandemic H1n1 in a research paper in eventid=login>The Lancet (hithardbyswi. html>more on this story.

Confirmation of H1n1 as the cause comes 3 august. 22 july 2009: Two Australian companies say they have started human trials of their swine flu vaccines.

WHO changes reporting requirements for H1n1 and abandons issuing global tables with numbers of confirmed cases for all countries.

WHO antiviralresistance 20090708/en/index. html>says the three incidences of drug resistant H1n1 to date are sporadic cases of resistance.

At this time, there is no evidence to indicate the development of widespread antiviral resistance among pandemic H1n1 viruses.

Japan's health ministry reports that it too has detected a case of Tamiflu resistant H1n1.

Argentinian authorities report that a pig at a pig farm in Buenos aires province has tested positive for the novel H1n1 strain,

Chinese state news source Xinhua reports tests have begun on the first H1n1 vaccine developed in the country.

A woman in Scotland who died with H1n1 had underlying health conditions, according to the Scottish government.

H1n1 has reached Africa. THE WHO has 0603/en/index. html>confirmed a case in Egypt. Cases in Australia stand at 501, the largest number outside of The americas.

Medimmune, a biotechnology firm in Gaithersburg, Maryland, wins a $90 million contract from the federal government to begin developing a live attenuated vaccine for H1n1.

829 H1n1 cases have been reported in 40 countries, THE WHO has cautioned against complacency. This virus may have given us a grace period,

As of this morning, 33 countries have reported 5, 728 cases of H1n1 to THE WHO. 12 may 2009:

The CDC cid=mm58d0512a1e>notes that it is seeing some severe complications in cases of H1n1 in pregnant women,

or a family member will come down with H1n1 in the next year. 7 may 2009: Worldwide confirmed cases are now at 2, 371.6 May 2009:

Mexico's H1n1 shutdown should begin to ease tomorrow, with restaurants and cafes set to reopen.

Canadian authorities announce that H1n1 has been detected in a swine herd in Alberta. The pigs likely caught the virus from a Canadian who had visited recently Mexico,

As of this morning, 331 cases of H1n1 have been reported in 11 countries. According to the 0501/en/index. html>WHO, the worst outbreaks are still in Mexico (156 cases and nine deaths) and the United states (109 cases and one death.

The agency also announces it will refer to the virus not as swine flu but as influenza A (H1n1.

First swine-flu death outside Mexico reported as a baby dies in Texas. 161/nn200120/DE/Content/Service/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2009/082009. html>Germany joins European countries with H1n1

Seven countries are now reporting 0428/en/index. html>confirmed cases of H1n1 swine flu: the United states, Mexico, Canada, New zealand, the United kingdom, Israel and Spain.

Nature Newspublic-health experts are warning that a lack of surveillance may be allowing the 2009 pandemic H1n1 flu virus to go undetected in pigs.

The avian H5n1 flu virus leads to serious disease in poultry and causes huge economic losses,

the three most common endemic strains are H1n1, H1n2 and H3n2. Most expected that any new pandemic would involve the introduction of a viral subtype not previously seen in humans,

The emergence of the reassorted H1n1 pandemic virus which current research indicates noone has any immunity to, apart, perhaps,

and swine forms of H1n1 shared a common ancestor years before 1918. But he remains unconvinced by the series of genetic swaps proposed by the paper.

the pandemic H1n1 (swine flu virus currently circling the globe bears an uncanny resemblance to an influenza virus that wreaked havoc nearly a century ago,

People infected with the H1n1 swine flu virus who are otherwise healthy should not routinely be given antiviral drugs,

where oseltamivir (Tamiflu) is given routinely out to all those suspected of having contracted H1n1. Although those with uncomplicated illness should not get oseltamivir or zanamivir (Relenza),

which handles samples of H1n1 pandemic flu, and which earlier this year lost track of 22 vials containing harmless Ebola-virus genetic material.

Tracking systems for the most dangerous pathogens are more rigorous but could still be improved, the audit found.

This includes building a processing plant to produce an experimental biological control agent, a nucleopolyhedrovirus,

is caused by a morbillivirus a group of viruses that also includes measles. Clinical signs include fever, discharges from the eyes and nose, diarrhoea and dehydration.

The disease is caused by a virus called a morbillivirus a group that also includes the measles virus. Clinical signs include fever, discharges from the eyes and nose,

Ross River or chikungunya viruses. About 10 days later, they captured more than 90 mosquitoes, placed each one in a separate vial

The World health organization (WHO) announced on 10 august that the world is no longer experiencing an H1n1 influenza virus pandemic.

and that H1n1 would probably take on the behaviour of a seasonal flu virus. Margaret Chan,

) The Primate Research Institute of Kyoto University reported on its website on 11 november that the culprit was simian retrovirus-4 (SRV-4). The problem emerged

The H5n1 strain of influenza which raged through Southeast asia a decade ago and has killed hundreds of people to date remains a problem in some developing countries,

The birds carry a genetic tweak that diverts an enzyme crucial for transmitting the H5n1 strain.

H5n1 is endemic in at least five countries, and is particularly threatening in Egypt and Indonesia, says Capua.

H5n1 outbreaks are controlled by swiftly culling the animals. In poor countries, however, there are lots of small farms,

Instead, developing countries try to control H5n1 by vaccinating birds. This doesn't prevent them from silently acquiring mild forms of the disease and

The researchers infected decoy-carrying birds with H5n1 and housed them with uninfected birds, some with the transgene and some without.

The technique may become most useful not for preventing the spread of H5n1 but for using similar cassettes to create resistance to other common poultry diseases.

some of the most damaging diseases are Rift valley fever (Phlebovirus), which can sometimes cause a haemorrhagic fever,

and Bluetongue disease (Orbivirus). Whereas rich nations are controlling livestock diseases effectively, developing countries, including many in Africa

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria, and they are star players in the chain of events that led to this outbreak.

This is where bacteriophage come in. The bacterium in this outbreak, currently recognised as strain O104: H4, makes Shiga toxin,

Developers then used genetic control elements derived from pathogenic plant viruses such as the cauliflower mosaic virus to switch on the genes.

the golden mosaic virus. Approved on 15 september by the Brazilian National Technical Commission on Biosafety (CTNBIO),

000 hectares of land on which the golden mosaic virus is so prevalent that farmers cannot grow beans at all at present.

Pakistan and Afghanistan) where wild poliovirus (WPV) is endemic. India reported only one confirmed WPV case this year

Caution urged for mutant flu workwhy would scientists deliberately create a form of the H5n1 avian influenza virus that is probably highly transmissible in humans?

if the virus escaped from the lab. For the scientists who have created the mutated strains of the H5n1 virus,

found that just five mutations allowed avian H5n1 to spread easily among ferrets, which are a good proxy for how flu behaves in other mammals,

39 flu researchers declared a 60-day pause in the creation of lab mutant strains of the H5n1 avian flu virus. The hiatus,

And they all agree that the new research has done the world a service by showing that H5n1 seems capable of evolving the ability to spread rapidly among humans,

and international organizations to ramp up their funding of efforts to control outbreaks of the H5n1 virus in poultry,

Yet surveillance of H5n1 in poultry worldwide is patchy, particularly in poorer countries, where the virus is prevalent.

Last year, global surveillance resulted in partial sequences from just 160 H5n1 isolates being submitted to Genbank,

Genbankmoreover, if H5n1 surveillance in poultry is poor, the situation is far worse in pigs,

H5n1 infections in pigs are uncommon and cause only mild illness, creating little economic incentive to monitor them4.

Genbank contains partial sequences from just 24 pig H5n1 isolates. Yet pigs are a likely source of a human pandemic H5n1 virus

because they are susceptible to both human and avian viruses, creating opportunities for genetic reassortment in co-infected animals.

But even if a candidate pandemic H5n1 virus was detected in poultry, culling flocks to eliminate it would be no mean feat.

H5n1 has become endemic in many countries, including China, Vietnam, Indonesia, Bangladesh, India and Egypt,

The relative ease of making H5n1 transmissible between mammals in the lab should now prompt the world to address these glaring inadequacies in surveillance

H5n1 is far from being the only flu virus that poses a pandemic threat. But he believes that more extensive genetic surveillance could eventually pay off."

and public safety, relating to unpublished work on mutant, transmissible strains of the H5n1 Influenza a virus. See page 289 for more on the flu-virus debate. go. nature. com/pf7bwv20-24 february Marine scientists'responses to the Gulf of mexico oil spill in 2010 are discussed among topics at the Ocean Sciences Meeting in Salt lake city, Utah

The analysis covered all subtypes of flu virus, not just H5n1. That s important, says Malik Peiris, a flu virologist and surveillance expert at the University of Hong kong,

because"H5n1 is not the sole pandemic candidate, and low pathogenic viruses are just as likely, if not more likely,

The 2007 peak in avian viral sampling was largely the result of surveys of more than 100,000 wild birds to monitor for the arrival of H5n1 in the Americas1,

2. Also contributing was the sequencing of the H5n1 viral flare that moved from Asia into Europe and Africa in 2005 and 20063,4.

head of the Molecular genetics of RNA VIRUSES lab at the Pasteur institute in Paris. One reason is that many of the virus samples are sequenced in retrospective research studies.

the emergence of pandemic strains such as the 2009 H1n1 pandemic virus. The world is home to some 1 billion domestic pigs, almost half

The 2009 pandemic H1n1 virus, which is now endemic in pigs, is unusual in that it contains the triple reassortant internal gene (TRIG) cassette,

a highly conserved set of six genes that allows the virus to swap genes with flu viruses from other species much more freely than the seasonal H1n1 that circulated before 2009 (see Pandemic 2009 H1n1 virus gives wings to avian flu).

Seasonal H1n1 reassorted sparingly, but"we are noting lots of reassortment between the pandemic virus and endemic swine viruses, says Peiris.

Another pig virus that has the TRIG cassette, H3n2, infected 12 people in the United states in 2011."

because it contains a gene from the H1n1 pandemic strain that may increase transmissibility among humans.

3 9 august 2012h5n1 moratorium Researchers should continue a self-imposed moratorium on lab studies that give new properties to the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5n1, according to Anthony Fauci, director of the US National Institute

Rinderpest is as deadly to cattle as highly pathogenic H5n1 avian flu is to chickens. In past decades, outbreaks ripped through herds and wiped out up to 90%of animals, often leaving famine,

XMRV ruled out The retrovirus XMRV is linked not to chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS a definitive study that cost US$2. 3 Â million concluded on 18 Â September.

Need for flu surveillance reiteratedthe emergence of the H1n1 influenza virus that leapt from pigs to humans in 2009,

Like that responsible for the 2009 pandemic, the new strain, known as Sw/1204, is a'triple-reassortant'virus that is, one with genes from avian, swine and human flu.

and two H3n2 viruses isolated from pig abattoirs before the 2009 pandemic. Most of these viruses did not cause any signs of serious disease in ferrets.

but not transmissibility, in the pandemic H1n1 strain. NA315N has also been found before, but its role is less clear.

well-established avian flu virus H5n1 may help to target H7n9 surveillance and control efforts. The map shows human cases of H7n9 (blue circles) superimposed on a risk map developed for H5n1,

with light yellow representing lowest risk, and darker areas higher risk (risk-map source: ref. 1).(This is a large map

the H5n1 virus that has caused 622 confirmed cases and 371 deaths since 2003, may help inform analyses.

For H5n1, researchers integrate large data sets that combine information on many potentially important factors, such as poultry trade routes,

they add the distribution of H5n1 cases in poultry, and as well as positive H5n1 results from active surveillance in markets.

Marius Gilbert, a co-author of one such study published in PLOS Pathogens in 20111, and an expert in the epidemiology and ecology of avian flu viruses at the Free University of Brussels, says that

H5n1 risk maps are probably a good starting point for identifying areas most at risk. Indeed, when human cases of H7n9 are overlaid on a risk map that Marius

they seem to fall within the highest risk areas for H5n1. The map suggests that high-risk areas for H7n9 might include Shandong province

T. P. V. B. and M. G.,Universitã Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels.)The H7n9 virus has mutations that mean that it spreads from birds to humans more easily than does H5n1.

in just two weeks the number of H7n9 cases has exceeded the 45 H5n1 cases China has reported over the decade

Genetic analyses of the new virus show that it has several mutations making it more adapted to humans than is H5n1.

This looks very different from H5n1, says Farrar. We never saw this number of presumed avian/animal to human transmissions in such a short space of time.

In the case of H5n1, outbreaks in poultry precede human outbreaks and tell public health workers where the public health threat lies.

though it will be at least as challenging as H5n1

Organic pollutants poison the roof of the worldtoxic chemicals are accumulating in the ecosystems of The himalayas and the Tibetan plateau,

Unlike its cousin H5n1 which has killed millions of birds and several hundred people in Asia and elsewhere since 2003 H7n9 does not cause serious bird disease,

In the three human cases, the genes coding for the internal proteins seem to come from H9n2 viruses a class that is endemic in birds,

More specifically, the sequences appear similar to recent H9n2 viruses found in China and South korea.

This is in contrast to the 2009 H1n1 pandemic virus, which was a mix of viruses that infect birds, pigs and humans.

such as the H5n1 virus that has been ravaging poultry flocks in Asia since late 2002. Flu viruses that don t sicken birds can,

which would fit with a picture of a virus much like that of the novel coronavirus that emerged in the middle East last year  that can cause severe disease.

A highly pathogenic virus such as H5n1 is easy to spot because it wipes out flocks,

Polio in Somalia Somalia has recorded its first case of wild poliovirus since March 2007 the World health organization said on 11 Â May.

The only other countries that have recorded wild poliovirus cases in 2013 are Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria,

and H5n1. gm. asm. org21-23 may The Pasteur institute in Paris hosts an international symposium on HIV research,

marking 30 Â years since the first reports of a retrovirus associated with AIDS. www. 30yearshiv. org

Deadly pig virus slips through US bordersthe pathogen, a type of coronavirus called porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV),

The animals responded by making antibodies that blocked that virus but aided infection with the swine flu H1n1,

In the study, H1n1 infected more cells and caused more severe pneumonia in vaccinated piglets than unvaccinated ones.

But some of those antibodies also targeted the stem of H1n1 s haemagglutinin protein, helping that virus fuse to cell membranes.

That made H1n1 more efficient at infecting pigs and causing disease. The finding may give some vaccine developers pause.

and have found evidence that it developed in parallel with a similar bird flu, H7n7, which can infect mammals1.

Although there is no evidence that this H7n7 strain will infect humans, the authors of a study published today in Nature1 say that their finding reinforces the idea that H7 avian viruses are constantly mixing

This raises the threat that H7n7 will reassort and become able to spread to humans.

they found H7n9 and H7n7 to be hybrids of wild Eurasian waterfowl strains, such as H7n3 and H11n9.

The scientists think that those viruses swapped genes in domestic ducks before spreading to chickens, where they traded genes with a common chicken virus, H9n2.

So far, the latest H7n7 strain has infected not a human. But Guan and his team found that ferrets could become infected with the virus

Coronavirus clues Scientists have an early lead in the search for animal sources of the Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-Cov),

by adding an antibody to fight rotavirus originally found in llamas in the rice genome.

Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in young children and infants, killing more than 520,000 people each year,

The team fed Mucorice-ARP1 to mice they subsequently infected with rotavirus, and found these mice had significantly less virus than mice fed normal rice.

when they are at their most vulnerable to rotavirus, say the researchers. But it had not yet been tested on humans,

since 2009 that rotavirus vaccines be included in national immunisation programmes. But studies have shown since that these vaccines are less effective in developing countries than in industrialised countries,

when rotavirus infection is most likely to prove fatal. The research team found that Mucorice-ARP1 is most effective

Iturriza-Gomara says the rice could also prove useful during rotavirus outbreaks by lowering transmission rates.

Previous clinical trials in Bangladesh have established already that the antibody arp1 can protect against rotavirus.

says Mathuram Santosham, a leading rotavirus researcher at Johns hopkins university, United states, substantially more research is needed to understand the potential impact of this intervention in humans.

including rotavirus vaccines, oral rehydration solution and zinc supplementation, Santosham says. We must ensure that all the currently available tools are made available to every child in the world

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