The researchers introduced resistance genes against two different antibiotics into nuclear genomes of the tobacco species Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana glauca
Afterwards Nicotiana glauca was grafted onto Nicotiana tabacum or the other way round. After fusion had occurred the scientists excised tissue at the contact zone
#Experts urge government to publish draft regulations on plain tobacco packagingthe UK parliament has voted overwhelmingly to support the introduction of plain packaging for cigarettes
and other tobacco products--and the Public health Minister announced that she hoped to publish draft regulations for consultation before the end of April.
Most smokers start in childhood and exposure to tobacco marketing is known to increase this risk.
and tobacco products through their packaging is therefore a necessary and logical step to protect public health
The review also found no reason why plain packaging would increase the level of illicit trade in tobacco
#Rising tobacco epidemic in Asia linked to elevated risk of deatha new study estimates that tobacco smoking has been linked to approximately 2 million deaths among adult men
Roughly 60 percent of the world's population lives in Asia where approximately half of men are tobacco smokers.
and institutes in the U s. Asia and Europe credit this rise in smoking among Asians to aggressive product marketing by tobacco companies and a lack of education about health issues related to tobacco.
Men who had smoked ever tobacco were approximately 50 percent more likely to die from respiratory diseases than those who had smoked not.
Approximately 16.7 percent of lung cancer deaths in East Asian women at least 45 years old were attributable to tobacco smoking in 2004
Tobacco smoking has reached now epidemic proportions in Asia and it is likely with the maturation of this epidemic
and the lack of effective tobacco control efforts smokers will continue to face an increased risk of death from cancer and other diseases.
study from the Institute for Global Tobacco Control at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public health.
Tobacco-related research and tobacco control efforts in the United states have focused generally on cigarettes but other forms of tobacco products and tobacco use are common in many countries including the U s. Waterpipe cafes-also known as hookah bars-have grown in popularity in the U s. and worldwide particularly among young adults.
For their study researchers surveyed seven waterpipe cafes in Baltimore Maryland from December 2011 to August 2012.
There is a mistaken notion that tobacco smoking in a waterpipe is safer than cigarettes said Patrick Breysse Phd professor in the Department of Environmental Health Sciences and the study's senior author.
and tobacco control policies need to be strengthened to include water pipes said Christine Torrey BA senior research specialist in the Department of Environmental Health Sciences and the study's lead author.
fun image of hookah smoking ignore health harmseducational campaigns meant to dissuade college students from initiating hookah tobacco smoking may be more successful
if they combat positive perceptions of hookah use as attractive and romantic rather than focusing solely on the harmful components of hookah tobacco smoke a new University of Pittsburgh School of medicine study found.
which university students first smoke tobacco from a hookah also known as a water pipe in an effort to determine the driving factors behind the decision.
& Tobacco Research and is online now. Because hookah tobacco smoking exposes the user to substantial amounts of toxicants such as carbon monoxide nicotine carcinogens
and tar initiation of this behavior is of concern. It was surprising to learn that college students even
when they were aware of the health dangers associated with hookah tobacco smoking at baseline still went on to use a hookah for the first time said lead author Jaime Sidani Ph d. M p h. senior research specialist in the Program for Research on Media
This suggests that countering positive attitudes may be at least as effective as emphasizing harm in preventing initiation of hookah tobacco smoking.
During that time 13 percent of the students initiated hookah tobacco use. The students were more likely to initiate hookah use
Hookah tobacco smoking does not seem to be hampered by many of the negative social stigmas of cigarette smoking said Dr. Sidani.
Senior author Brian Primack M d. Ph d. director of PROMH added that regulation of hookah tobacco smoking
of the globe pointing to the success of tobacco control efforts. However rates continue to increase among older women in many countries indicating a need for more concentrated efforts to initiate
or expand comprehensive tobacco control programs across the globe to curtail future tobacco-related lung cancer deaths.
Because the tobacco epidemic among women has varied globally researchers led by Lindsey Torre documented and compared contemporary trends in lung cancer mortality to identify opportunities for intervention.
and probably reflects both successful tobacco control efforts and increased awareness about the health hazards of smoking said Torre.
The greatest opportunity we have right now for slowing a tobacco-fueled epidemic is in those countries where smoking among women is rare such as Africa and most of Asia.
And while decreasing lung cancer death rates are encouraging many countries have yet to implement the kinds of comprehensive tobacco control measures that have led to drops in other countries.
#Water pipe smoking causes significant exposure to nicotine, cancer-causing agentsyoung adults who smoked water pipes in hookah bars had elevated levels of nicotine cotinine tobacco-related cancer-causing agents
This study reports systemic intake of tobacco-specific nitrosamines and VOCS after a typical water pipe-smoking session in a hookah bar setting
and the Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education at the University of California San francisco. After a single evening of water pipe smoking in a hookah bar young men and women had in their urine a 73-fold increase
twofold increase in NNAL a breakdown product of a tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK which can cause lung and pancreatic cancers;
which helped researchers estimate the clearance of the tobacco-related chemicals of interest. The study participants spent on average 74 minutes smoking water pipes
and smoked an average 0. 6 bowls of water pipe tobacco per person. The researchers found that the elevated levels of nicotine cotinine
Our study provides evidence that water pipe smoking leads to significant intake of tobacco-related addictive and harmful substances
#Many smokers still surprised by facts about tobaccos dangersa new study in the American Journal of Preventive medicine finds that many smokers still find accurate and detailed facts about the dangers of tobacco both new and motivating
During this delay tobacco marketing continues to make tobacco use seem like a normal important part of everyday behavior the authors wrote.
This study suggests that the longer we wait to give smokers this information about the tobacco industry's lies the more smokers will continue to consume tobacco noted Thrasher. 1404 smokers ranging in age from18 to 64 years old
Prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke on inhibition controlindividuals prenatally exposed to tobacco smoke exhibited weaker response in some regions of the brain
Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure is a risk factor for adverse physical and mental outcomes in children.
since birth to examine the effect of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure on neural activity implicated in externalizing disorders such as ADHD with measures of inhibitory control.
Individuals prenatally exposed to tobacco smoke exhibited less activity in regions of the brain in response to a task that measured inhibitory control vs. neutral stimuli.
The group prenatally exposed to tobacco smoke also exhibited more lifetime ADHD symptoms. Therefore our findings strengthen the importance of smoking cessation programs for pregnant women
and women planning to become pregnant to minimize prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke by the offspring researchers noted.
The devices which are rapidly gaining a foothold in popular culture particularly among youth are marketed as a healthier alternative to tobacco smoking as an effective tool to stop smoking
or harming the nation's tobacco control efforts the authors analyzed 84 research studies on e-cigarettes and other related scientific materials.
They concluded that e-cigarettes should be prohibited wherever tobacco cigarettes are prohibited and should be subject to the same marketing restrictions as conventional cigarettes.
E-liquids are flavored including tobacco menthol coffee candy fruit and alcohol flavorings. Despite many unanswered questions about e-cigarette safety the impact on public health and whether the products are effective at reducing tobacco smoking e-cigarettes have penetrated swiftly the marketplace in the United states and abroad in both awareness and use.
Sold by the major multinational tobacco and other companies the devices are marketed aggressively in print television
and the Internet with messages similar to cigarette marketing in the 1950s and 1960s even in the U s. and other countries that have banned long advertising for cigarettes and other tobacco products.
In one indication of the swiftness by which the devices have been embraced in the U s. youth ever use of the devices rose from 3. 3 percent in 2011 to 6. 8 percent the following year;
if a smoker maintains an even low-level tobacco cigarette addiction for many years instead of quitting.
Other unhealthy behaviors or conditions--alcohol binge drinking tobacco use and obesity/being overweight--appear to cluster differently among college students depending on their race the scientists found.
For example tobacco use and alcohol binge drinking seem to go hand in hand for all subgroups except black students.
For black students tobacco use co-occurred with being overweight/obese. Tobacco use and obesity are two health issues that have been vying in the last five years for first place as the major health problem in the United states said Joseph Kang lead author of the study and assistant professor in preventive medicine-biostatistics at Feinberg.
It's frightening that those behaviors seem to cooccur in black students. Native americans were the only racial group in
which there were students who engaged in all five unhealthy behaviors/conditions (alcohol binge drinking tobacco use insufficient fruit
and even more frightening than the profile for tobacco use and obesity in black students Kang said.
Cigarette butts and other tobacco product waste are the items that are picked most commonly up during urban
Tobacco waste products contain the same toxins nicotine pesticides and carcinogens found in cigarettes and cigars and can contaminate the environment and water sources.
This excludes the weight of remnant butt tobacco discarded packages lighters and matches and other tobacco products such as cigars and smokeless tobacco.
and Slaughter ask for new environmental interventions and partnerships between tobacco control and environmental groups. They propose litigation to hold the tobacco industry legally responsible for cleanup
or to take back all discarded tobacco waste products. Tobacco waste products are ubiquitous environmentally hazardous and a significant community nuisance says Novotny.
With two-thirds of all smoked cigarettes numbering in the trillions globally being discarded into the environment each year it is critical to consider the potential toxicity and remediation of these waste products.
#Combination of alcohol, tobacco increases risk of esophageal cancerthe rate of developing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) nearly doubles in those who both smoke
and tobacco this research is the first meta-analysis to look at the interaction between alcohol
and tobacco in the risk of ESCC a class of esophageal cancer that begins in the flat cells lining the esophagus.
and tobacco play an important role in the development of esophageal cancer the combination of their use markedly increases their potency as carcinogens.
or cohort studies of ESCC that assessed the effects of tobaccos and/or alcohol. A synergy factor was calculated from each study to estimate the interaction on a multiplicative scale between tobacco
and alcohol on the outcome of ESCC Our systematic review confirmed the expected exposure-dependent relationship of both alcohol
and tobacco with the risk of ESCC as alcohol use and tobacco use were both independent risk factors for the development of ESCC stated Dr. Prabhu.
#Regulating legal marijuana could be guided by lessons from alcohol, tobacco, study saysas U s. policymakers consider ways to ease prohibitions on marijuana the public health approaches used to regulate alcohol
and tobacco over the past century may provide valuable lessons according to new RAND Corporation research.
and tobacco may provide guidance to policymakers concerned about the public health consequences of legalizing marijuana.
The lessons from the many decades of regulating alcohol and tobacco should offer some guidance to policymakers who are contemplating alternatives to marijuana prohibition
Based on the national experience with alcohol and tobacco it seems prudent from a public health perspective to open up the marijuana market slowly with tight controls to test the waters
and tobacco that also may be appropriate for regulation of marijuana. Those include keeping prices artificially high to curb use adopting a state-run monopoly on sales
while the most masculine teenage boys are more likely to use chewing tobacco and to smoke cigars compared with their gender-nonconforming peers.
Though there is nothing inherently masculine about chewing tobacco or inherently feminine about using a tanning booth these industries have convinced some teens that these behaviors are a way to express their masculinity
Tobacco use indoor tanning and physical inactivity--all risk factors for cancer--are highly prevalent among young people in America.
Boys are more likely to chew tobacco and smoke cigars while girls are more likely to use tanning beds
and play preferences in childhood were almost 80%more likely to use chewing tobacco and 55%more likely to smoke cigars than boys who described themselves as the least masculine.
and chewing tobacco is rugged or manly.''Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Harvard School of Public health.
#Genetically modified tobacco plants as an alternative for producing bioethanoltobacco a high-density crop which is mown several times throughout its cycle can produce as much as 160 tonnes of fresh matter per hectare
As Jon Veramendi head of the plant Agrobiotechnology research group explained tobacco plants as a source of biomass for producing bioethanol could be an alternative to traditional tobacco growing
In the course of the research which has been echoed by the journal Molecular Breeding tobacco plants of the Virginia Gold
As Prof Veramendi explained what has been done now is fieldwork with these two tobacco cultivars and it has been found that the starch
and sugars in the tobacco leaf are in fact higher. Traditional tobacco growing allows the plant to develop
and the leaves to grow and get bigger as the nicotine is synthesised when the plant is more mature.
the tobacco plants are sown very close to each other and various mowings are made throughout the cycle. When the plant has grown to a height of about 50 cm it is cut
What is more when the tobacco is integrated into a biorefinery it is possible to extract interesting by-products like proteins (they constitute up to 30%of the dry weight of the plant
Over the last ten years the surface area devoted to tobacco growing has been cut in Europe by 45%.
%In Spain the main tobacco-growing area is followed Extremadura by Andalusia. The researchers consider that one of the alternatives to the traditional use of tobacco could be to produce biofuel.
From now on high-density cultivation tests will need to be carried out to see whether the results obtained in the fieldwork where the cultivated surfaces are very small are confirmed.
#Graphic photos on tobacco packs save lives: WHO reportlarge graphic health warnings on tobacco packets in China would increase awareness about the harms of smoking help to cut smoking rates
and in doing so save lives according to global studies. These are the key findings from a new report Tobacco health warnings in China--Evidence of effectiveness
and implications for action from the World health organization (WHO) and the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (ITC Project) released today.
This new report presents a very compelling case for the introduction of large pictorial --or'graphic'--health warnings on all tobacco packages in China Dr Bernhard Schwartlã¤nder WHO Representative in China said.
The average smoker in China smokes 15-17 cigarettes per day. This means the average smoker is exposed to a health warning more than 6200 times in one year simply through the act of getting each cigarette from the pack.
The report also highlights how introduction of large pictorial warning labels on tobacco packets and full implementation of THE WHO FCTC would help reduce the growing burden of non-communicable disease in China.
Tobacco-related noncommunicable diseases pose a serious threat to the health and life of the Chinese people also creating a heavy burden on socioeconomic development said Dr Liang Xiaofeng Deputy Director of the Chinese Center for disease control and Prevention.
Educating people about the harm of tobacco through graphic warnings on cigarette packages would be one of the most direct and effective ways to reduce tobacco use Dr Liang added.
Stronger warning labels on tobacco packages are also likely to be popular with the public according to Dr Wang Ke'an Director of the Thinktank Research center for Health Development.
and back of the pack to honour its commitment to THE WHO FCTC to achieve the goals of the China National Tobacco Control Plan
THE WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control FCTC) calls for warning labels covering 50%or more of the tobacco pack.
It is estimated that tobacco use kills more than 1 million people every year in China which will increase to 3 million each year by 2050
The importance of strengthening tobacco pack warning labels in China also needs to be seen in the context of the Government's plans to introduce a national law making public places smoke-free:
by improving public awareness of tobacco harms stronger tobacco pack warnings would help to reinforce this policy said THE WHO's Dr Schwartlã¤nder.
and truly time for China to kick its tobacco habit. Indeed the country's future economic and social prosperity depends on it.
now influenced by tobacco marketingmore than 15 years ago many states and tobacco manufacturers established restrictions to prevent youth exposure to the marketing of nicotine products.
This follows regulations imposed 50 years ago that banned cigarette ads from TV. Despite these continued efforts a new study by Dartmouth researchers reveals that not only are exposed young people to tobacco marketing they are influenced by it.
According to a study published in the Journal of Adolescent Health exposure to direct marketing is associated with increased use of tobacco.
For several years the emphasis in the tobacco industry has been on direct marketing especially to young people who are highly price sensitive
whether exposure to tobacco coupons and websites would increase the chances that a young person would start to smoke.
and exposure to tobacco websites were associated with increased chances of smoking initiation and current smoking said Soneji.
Overall 12 percent of 15-to-17-year olds and 26 percent of 18-to-23-year olds were exposed to either form of direct-to-consumer tobacco marketing.
Since younger consumers are more price sensitive to the high cost of tobacco products a web ad offering a coupon could be perceived very favorably.
Tobacco manufacturers'websites where coupons are downloaded require visitors to prove they are not underage by inputting driver's license or social security numbers.
#Deaths from ischemic stroke due to tobacco smoking in China, India, Russia more than for all the worlds other countries combinednew research published in Global Heart (the journal of the World Heart Federation) shows that deaths from ischaemic
stroke (IS) due to tobacco use in China India and Russia together are higher than the total for all the world's other countries combined.
but also provides additional analysis on the effects of tobacco consumption an important modifiable risk factor for IS.
In both 1990 and 2010 the top ranked countries for IS deaths that could be attributed to tobacco consumption were China Russia and India.
Tobacco control policies that target both smoking initiation and smoking cessation can play an important role in the prevention of IS.
Of all the deaths from is attributed to tobacco consumption in 187 countries included in the GBD 2010 study in 1990 China accounted for 26%Russia for 10%India for 7%the United states for 5
%and Japan for 4%.In 2010 the countries with the most IS deaths attributable to tobacco were China (29%155332 deaths) Russia (12%62 110 deaths) India (11%56 670 deaths)
Worryingly the estimated IS deaths attributable to tobacco consumption in China Russia and India had increased in the 20-year period.
Even though the United states and Japan had improved between 1990 and 2010 they were ranked still sixth and fifth in 2010 with 2. 6%and 3. 4%of all IS deaths attributable to tobacco consumption.
The United kingdom was in 18th position in 2010 with an estimated 5515 deaths from IS due to tobacco smoking
Dr Bennett underlines the major importance of tobacco smoking as a risk factor for stroke highlighting a recent study by Peters et al. showing that the risk for IS was around 50%higher in smokers (men and women) versus nonsmokers.
Meaningful implementation of THE WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) is a top priority not only for reducing IS burden but also the burden from other chronic noncommunicable diseases.
#Dwindling visibility of tobacco in prime time US TV linked to fall in smoking ratesthe dwindling visibility of tobacco products in prime time US TV drama programs may be linked to a fall in smoking prevalence of up to
two packs of cigarettes per adult a year suggests research published online in the journal Tobacco Control.
and coded 1838 hours of popular U s. prime-time dramas broadcast between 1955 and 2010 to gauge the impact of the depiction of tobacco products on smokers.
The results showed that the depiction of tobacco products including smoking purchasing and handling has fallen since 1961 in line with the decline in cigarette consumption.
TV tobacco use fell from 4. 96 instances per hour of programming (excluding advertising) in 1961 to 0. 29 instances per hour in 2010.
After taking account of changes in cigarette prices and other influential factors the authors calculated that one less tobacco event per episode hour across two years of programming significantly predicted an annual fall of nearly two packs
The price of tobacco is known to influence tobacco consumption. And the authors therefore compared the effects of price and TV depiction of tobacco on consumption.
They estimated that the declining visibility of tobacco on TV had half as large an impact in curbing consumption as price.
But importantly the findings also suggested that continuing TV depiction of tobacco use may have hindered an even faster decline of the leading cause of preventable death in the United states. The findings are consistent with other research showing that exposure to tobacco cues prompts
cravings for cigarettes in adult smokers say the authors. The depiction of smoking in other screen media such as cable TV and Youtube should be studied further in the United states
Some believe e-cigarettes are less harmful than smoking tobacco since e-cigarette vapor doesn't contain the chemicals found in tobacco smoke.
But we don't know a lot about the safety of these products and long-term health risks from using e-cigarettes will not be known for many years.
Many will use e-cigarettes where smoking tobacco is allowed not and smoke tobacco at other times.
Since stopping smoking completely is the only way to limit the health consequences of smoking we need to know
No one can say that they are safer than other tobacco products (such as non-combusted tobacco products.
These theoretical benefits will be awarded to someone who uses e-cigarettes to completely quit smoking all products that burn tobacco--cigarettes cigars cigarillos and pipes.
We know that these products help people successfully quit tobacco. Until we know more about e-cigarettes these medicinal NRT products combined with help from quit counselors
#Tobacco promotions still reaching youthteens and young adults who are exposed to marketing materials for tobacco products such as coupons
and websites were far more likely to begin smoking or to be current smokers than those not exposed finds a new study in the Journal of Adolescent Health.
The U s. government has made efforts over time to limit tobacco advertising. In the 1960s health concerns about tobacco prompted Congress to ban cigarette ads on television and radio.
In 2010 the FDA prohibited tobacco company sponsorship of sporting and entertainment events and tobacco sales to children younger than 18 among other measures to further regulate tobacco.
Soneji's research team explored whether exposure to coupons and promotional websites would increase the chances of a youngster starting to smoke
and/or being a current smoker. We found that both direct mail coupons and exposure to tobacco websites were associated with increased chances of smoking initiation and current smoking.
He emphasized that the study isn't showing causation but rather a striking degree of association.
Overall 12 percent of 15-to-17-year olds and 26 percent of 18-to-23-year olds were exposed to either form of direct-to-consumer tobacco marketing coupons received via US mail
Stricter better enforced regulation on the recipients of direct-to-consumer tobacco marketing could reduce youth smoking.
Much remains to be done with regards to enforcement of FDA powers to control tobacco marketing
or access to websites that promote the use of tobacco the only product available that kills those who use it as directed.
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