He's also a director of research at the University of California Davis Seed Biotechnology Center. Van Deynze studies hot peppers in part because he enjoys eating them.
Capsaicin synthase (CS) is only found in the fruit not the seeds. So if you ike the author here hought that peppers held the spice in their seeds you would be wrong.
The real hottest part of a pepper is in the white tissue that holds the seeds (known as the placenta.
CS biosynthesizes the capsaisin and the Capsicum genus is the only one that evolved to biosynthesize capsaicinoids.
Zhang who worked at a cacao research center in Peru for a decade decided to use the seed coat of the cacao bean to extract the DNA needed to make a positive identification of the plant's origins.
which large numbers of Elm rootstocks and seeds were imported from several different countries. The study was published in the open access journal Zookeys.
or start growing as new plants from seeds when conditions are right. To compile the plant trait data for their study the researchers spent hundreds of hours scouring
Yet a drawback to using these hybrids has been the high cost of purchasing the seeds
just as well as Bt hybrids so the decline in ECB populations provides an opportunity for growers to generate greater profits by planting high-yielding non-Bt seed
which is much cheaper than Bt seed. Secondarily planting more non-Bt corn will reduce the potential for ECB to develop resistance to Bt toxins as corn rootworms have done in about a dozen states so far.
Agoutis eat tree seeds. Ocelots eat agoutis said Patrick Jansen research associate at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and assistant professor at Wageningen University.
Scientists compared daily activity patterns of agoutis between parts of forest with contrasting abundance of palm seeds.
Next Jansen will examine what the differences in predation risk mean for seed dispersal by agoutis which bury seeds as food reserves in numerous scattered caches.
These seeds may germinate and establish a new tree. Hungry agoutis plant trees but may never see the fruit of their labor--a fascinating feedback loop.
Taxonomy and nine new combinationsthe sweet-gum family Altingiaceae is a small group of wind-pollinated trees that produce hard woody fruits that contain numerous seeds.
and species that depend on forest-dependent animals for seed dispersal. If left undisturbed secondary forests may regain levels of tree diversity similar to those of mature forests
--but only when the surrounding landscape includes natural seed sources like protected parkland patches of old forest
and seed size and production defense against pests and pathogens and response to abiotic stresses such as drought and ozone Pandey said.
when G proteins quantities were elevated in Camelina sativa the plant produced more seeds which were also bigger in size.
Camelina seeds have very high oil content leading researchers at the Danforth Center to focus on Camelina to develop biodiesel and other industrial products.
Discoveries about the impact of G proteins on seed production and size were published in the September 2013 issue ofplant Biotechnology Journal.
or pruning the seeds arriving from the adjoining forests thrive in the conditions provided by the pine trees.
#Nutritional information on oilseed crop for use in pig dietslong considered a weed in North america Camelina sativa is valued increasingly as an oilseed crop.
When oil is extracted from the camelina seeds using either solvent extraction or expeller pressing the oil is used then in fuel production.
Camelina seeds and expellers have been evaluated for use in poultry and dairy cattle diets but to our knowledge the nutritional values of these ingredients have not been studied in pigs he said.
They tested camelina seeds from two different sources as well as camelina expellers from three different sources.
Digestibility values in both sources of camelina seeds were less than in canola meal. Stein said that the variation in digestibility among the sources of camelina expellers might be due to genetic differences between the seeds or differences in the oil extraction procedures.
However amino acid digestibility in two of the sources of camelina expellers was comparable to that of canola meal
The perfect bee would produce a lot of seeds and visit a lot of flowers even in poor weather--and there would be a lot of them Burrack says.
Another surprise was that primates with higher prevalence of fruit in their diets were historically among the most poorly studied meaning we still have a lot to learn about their importance as consumers and seed dispersers.
#Protecting vital crops in Chinaevidence of disease in oilseed rape crops across China and how it may spread has been mapped by researchers led by the University of Hertfordshire--providing new strategic information on crop protection to the Chinese government.
Oilseed rape is prone to phoma stem canker also known as blackleg disease caused by two Leptosphaeria species. The more damaging pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans (L. maculans) has been spreading globally in oilseed rape crops over the last thirty years causing widespread losses
In China phoma stem canker on oilseed rape has not generally been a serious problem
However as China began to import millions of tons of oilseed rape to crush for cooking oil the route opened for L. maculans to spread via contaminated seed between countries.
This put China the world's biggest producer of rapeseed at risk of this highly infectious crop pathogen.
Phoma stem canker is responsible for losses worth more than £1200 million in oilseed rape crops across the world.
A widespread survey by Chinese collaborators of winter oilseed rape crops in central China and spring oilseed crops in north China found no evidence of L. maculans.
However the survey did confirm that the less damaging L. biglobosa is widespread across China
The researchers modelled the potential spread of the destructive L. maculans pathogen across the oilseed rape crops in China--with predicted rates of spread of up to seventy kilometers per year
and having a devastating effect on oilseed rape production. Professor Fitt continued: Reducing the risk of phoma stem canker in oilseed rape crops in China is a priority for Chinese government and industry.
There is a pressing need to decrease the amounts of crop debris a potent source of pathogen inoculum in seed imports.
And a number of the recommendations about preventing severe epidemics of phoma stem canker have already been taken up.
Short term strategies for the Chinese government include training farmers to recognise the symptoms of the disease to import oilseed rape through Chinese ports in regions where little oilseed rape is grown to test for the pathogen on imported seed
and importing rapeseed oil rather than importing the seed and crushing this locally. Longer-term strategies focus on introducing genes to the Chinese oilseed rape plants to build disease resistance.
The paper Leptosphaeria spp. phoma stem canker and potential spread of L. maculans on oilseed rape crops in China is published in Plant pathology.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of Hertfordshire. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
#Nut consumption linked to reduced death rate, study suggestsin the largest study of its kind people who ate a daily handful of nuts were 20 percent less likely to die from any cause over a 30-year period than were those who didn't consume nuts say scientists from Dana-Farber Cancer
Their report published in the New england Journal of Medicine contains further good news. The regular nut-eaters were found to be more slender than those who didn't eat nuts a finding that should alleviate the widespread worry that eating a lot of nuts will lead to overweight.
Several previous studies have found an association between increasing nut consumption and a lower risk of diseases such as heart disease type 2 diabetes colon cancer gallstones and diverticulitis.
Higher nut consumption also has been linked to reductions in cholesterol levels oxidative stress inflammation adiposity and insulin resistance.
But no previous research studies had looked in such detail at various levels of nut consumption
nonetheless the findings are strongly consistent with a wealth of existing observational and clinical trial data to support health benefits of nut consumption on many chronic diseases.
The study is supported by a research grant from the International Tree Nut Council Nutrition Research & Education Foundation and the National institutes of health grants UM1 CA167552 P01 CA87969 R01 HL60712 R01ca124908 P50
Small quantities of'Carotex-312'seed are available for research purposes from Crosby at the Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center at Texas A&m University.
If the vc system is switched on'during early infection of ash leaves then the spores (ascospores) responsible for infection might antagonise one other
Tall rice or barley varieties buckle over too easily under the load of their heavy panicles or ears.
Dr. Gee however has applied now successfully microct to visualize silicified conifer seed cones as old as 150 million years without cutting sawing
Because each specimen is precious the main goal of this research was to study the internal structure of fossil conifer seed cones without destroying
In the study Gee demonstrates how this technique allows the observation of internal features such as seeds vascular tissue and cone scales.
or tissues such as a row of seeds within a cone the natural pattern of growth was evident.
And someone with a fruit allergy may be allergic to the seeds but not the pulp.
because their seeds never get there. These recovering forests are often far from old-growth forests
This means forest animals cannot move seeds between the two forests.##Phil Martin added#oewe suggest that
when conservationists aim to restore tropical forests they should help dispersal of seeds from undisturbed to regrowing areas by planting trees throughout the wider landscape.#
A lot of plants that use the duff layer as a germination medium or a seed bank will no longer be around says Gorres.
and sunlight may not be the only contributors to a plant's success. Ants in their role as seed dispersers may play an equally important part in determining
when ephemerals drop seeds; A. rudis begins foraging too late to disperse the seeds of the early flowering plants.
Phenology is the study of seasonal life cycle events such as bird and butterfly migrations seed-setting by plants and the emergence of animals--including ants--from winter dormancy.
Seasonal cues include daylight and temperature. Successful species interactions require that the species involved share the same cue said Warren. The cold-adapted A. picea ant species shares temperature cues with Anemone americana a common early spring wildflower that drops
seeds in early spring and the ants pick up and disperse the seeds. However A. americana drops its seeds weeks before A. rudis begins foraging
so that the dispersal mutualism fails and the seeds remain beneath the parent plants. All ecological communities are based on interactions between species said Warren. Climate change is disrupting phenological synchrony.
While much climate-change research focuses on how climate change directly affects species this research suggests that by disrupting the synchrony between species it has an important indirect effects on species. Local
-and regional-scale transplant experiments have indicated that A. americana survives and reproduces better in southeastern habitats than Asarum arifolium yet A. arifolium is thriving
At both sites the later-blooming A. arifolium offspring were dispersed in a manner that suggested that ants picked up its seeds.
The seed dispersal mutualism recovered however in the northern site where A. picea have not been displaced.
but also increases the risk of damage from grazing animals and seed-eating insects. To investigate how pollinators
but on the other hand it is damaged more frequently by grazing animals and seed predators. In field experiments the scientists have shown that grazing pressure
From 1950 to 2000 there was a noticeable rise in the cultivation of winter wheat rye and winter barley in Germany
In nature oil storage is the job of seeds where the energy-dense compounds provide nourishment for developing plant embryos.
what happens in seeds but we tried to look also at different genes and enzymes said Xu.
Pumping up the factors that normally increase oil production in seeds had no effect on oil production in leaves
These droplets were somewhat similar to those found in seeds only much much larger. It was as if many small oil droplets like those found in seeds had fused together to form huge globules Xu said.
Bigger droplets may seem better but they're not explained Xu. Oil in these oversized droplets is broken easily down by other enzymes in the cells.
In seeds he said oil droplets are coated with a protein called oleosin which prevents the droplets from fusing together keeping them smaller
and fruit-Incorporate more vegetarian sources of iron such as legumes tofu nuts seeds and whole grains-Consume high-fat dairy instead of low-fat dairy-Take a regular women's multivitaminapproximately 40 percent of infertility issues are attributed to men according to the American Society for Reproductive Medicine.
Intake of fruit vegetables nuts seeds pasta poultry and vegetable oil was related to a lower mortality risk
It appears that the intake of some food groups is more beneficial (fruits legumes nuts seeds pasta poultry vegetable oil) or more detrimental (soft drinks butter margarine cake cookies) with respect to mortality risk
Thus our work supports the commercial development of buffaloberry chokecherry and sea buckthorn berries. According to the study:
In wild strawberries it also serves to lure the animals which the plant exploits to spread its seeds.
When birds and small mammals feed on the fruit they subsequently excrete the indigestible seeds elsewhere
The yellow achenes embedded in its surface are the true fruits each consisting of a single seed and a hard outer coat.
When the seeds are ripe the Anr gene is turned off. This makes precursors of proanthocyanidins available for use in the production of anthocyanins the red pigments that give the mature fruit its alluring Color in their new study Thilo Fischer
or Okeechobee gourd an endangered wild relative of squash that grows only on the shores of Lake Okeechobee;
but that it is also capable of passing them on to the next generation via seeds.
Using a sophisticated series of intricate experiments involving growing seedlings from surface sterilized seeds in nitrogen-deprived
The disease affects most citrus species causing yellowing of shoots blotchy and mottled leaves lopsided and poorly colored fruit and loss of viable seeds.
In regulated field experiments the hybrids containing the overexpressed gene produced 48 percent to 125 percent more seeds per plant than did hybrid plants with no modified genes.
They also had higher concentrations of a key amino acid greater photosynthetic rates and better fledgling seed growth than controls#all presumed signs of better fitness in evolutionary terms.#
if a gene gives you a lot more seeds per plant compared to controls it s likely to increase the plants fitness
a sterile stalk that holds aloft a sorus a tiny sphere that releases spores that become single amoebae again.
Use of pyrethrins derived from chrysanthemum flowers and the related synthetic pyrethroids has been on the increase during the last decade.
The researchers used advanced technologies of light scanning electron and polarizing microscopy to develop a more detailed picture of the Archaeanthus flowers fruits and seeds and compare them with the flowers fruits and seeds of contemporary plants.
and seeds not previously detailed that were more similar to those of the tulip tree line of evolution than to the magnolias Dilcher said.
#Climate change may speed up forests life cyclesmany climate studies have predicted that tree species will respond to global warming by migrating via seed dispersal to cooler climates.
Spirits from various combinations of rye corn wheat malted barley and--more recent additions to the whiskey repertoire--oat and millet are added to the barrels.
Rather the battle involves nightmares like Palmer amaranth pigweed which has been termed the master blueprint for the perfect weed.
Under good conditions Palmer amaranth grows an inch or more a day to heights approaching 10 feet with a stem tough enough to damage farm equipment.
They also are turning to herbicides that have residual activity in the soil preventing weed seeds from growing into a new generation of weeds.
or bury viable seeds deep below the soil surface. Herbicides however remain the most effective tools for managing weeds in terms of overall control and for cost efficiency Young emphasized.
And they include crop seeds with genetic traits that enable farmers to apply herbicides to their fields without harming the crops.
As flowering in bamboos is such a rare event spreading by seed takes a very long time
of which have large territories may play in forest regeneration through digesting and passing seeds from fruits.
and their capacity for ingesting large numbers of fruits we consider it likely that crocodilians function as significant seed dispersal agents in many freshwater ecosystems.
Cycads that are living today have large heavy seeds with a fleshy outer coating that suggests they rely on large bodied fruit-eating animals to disperse their seeds.
The ecological distribution pattern of many living cycads today suggests they have limited and ineffectual seed dispersal.
These patterns suggest that few to none of the seeds are being dispersed large distances away from parent plants one of the longstanding tenets of the advantages of seed dispersal.
whether the seed dispersal and seedling distribution pattern of M. miquelii might indicate that it is maladapted to its current dispersers.
But when it comes to plants there is a bit of a subconscious assumption that the purpose of seed dispersal is to simply spread seeds as far and as evenly as possible across the broadest possible area.
The large heavy and poisonous seeds surrounded by a fleshy and nontoxic fruit-like layer seem well adapted to being swallowed occasionally whole en masse by megafauna
which would then pass the many seeds simultaneously at a new location: the genesis of a new grove.
Female cycads produce one to two cones that contain multiple large seeds each covered with a thin outer fleshy sarcotesta.
By tagging ten large seeds from the single cone of 12 plants with a small steel bolt the authors were able to track how many of the seeds were removed from the parent cycad
and how far the seeds were dispersed. They found that within three months virtually all of the seeds had eaten their sarcostesta--primarily by brushtailed opposums
which scrape the flesh off and discard the large seeds. Camera traps at two fruiting females and hair traps baited with seeds confirmed the disperser identity.
However almost all (97%)of the tagged seeds that the authors recovered had been moved less than one meter away;
only a few were moved beyond the vicinity of the parent plant and in all cases they were found less than 5 meters away.
Moreover although most of the seeds ended up under the parent cycad almost no seedlings were found within a 1. 5 m radius of adult cycads suggesting that most seeds within the vicinity of the parent perish.
These patterns suggest that despite their large seed size the primary dispersers of these cycads today are bodied smaller animals;
these animals do not spread the seeds far and wide nor take them to potentially new colonizable habitats.
Yet these plants seem to be doing well by sprouting up near the adults and forming mono-dominant stands.
Since their potential Australian prehistoric megafaunal dispersers became extinct around 45000 years ago why haven't Australian cycads begun to evolve smaller seeds that would be dispersed more readily by flying birds or possums for example over the interim?
so it's plausible that cycad seed dispersal ecology and colony forming behavior may be extremely ancient
and seed yields over the tree's lifetime according to a new study. The study which appears today in the Journal of Ecology is the first of its kind to use
or two seeds that--with tender care and an abundance of patience--can develop into the corms from
Any seeds that Chanel and Mortimer produce from their cross-continent union will help further conservation efforts for this bizarre majestic and threatened plant Taber said.
and health that they could be considered in legal disputes--as is white pine nut availability now--about
Increases in berry production in Yellowstone may also provide a buffer against other ecosystem shifts the researchers noted--whitebark pine nut production a favored bear food may be facing pressure from climate change.
Grizzly bear survival declined during years of low nut production. Livestock grazing in grizzly bear habitat adjacent to the national park and bison herbivory in the park likely also contribute to high foraging pressure on shrubs
because breeders and seed companies want to be able to alter plant architecture to optimise the performance of crops.
Applied to the cells of plants (intracellular) via the seed it provides every cell in the plant with the ability to fix nitrogen.
Plant seeds are coated with these bacteria in order to create a symbiotic mutually beneficial relationship and naturally produce nitrogen.
The fruit and seeds of the oil palm are the source of nearly one-half of the supply of edible vegetable oil worldwide
and land usethe discovery of the Shell gene and its two naturally occurring mutations highlight new molecular strategies to identify seeds
Seed producers can now use the genetic marker for the Shell gene to distinguish the three fruit forms in the nursery long before they are field-planted.
The authors warn that such plantations greatly reduce areas available for seed dispersing wildlife. Another emerging problem for Central africa's forests is the migration of large numbers of people into remote forests around the new plantations
They add that efficiently managed multiple-use landscapes--combining protected areas alongside logging concessions--can maintain the seed-dispersing species
The removal of seed-dispersing megafauna such as elephants and apes could reduce the ability of forests to sequester carbon.
Their floral sweethearts produce significantly fewer seeds a new study finds. The study to be published by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences focused on the interactions between bumblebees and larkspur wildflowers in Colorado's Rocky mountains.
We found that these wildflowers produce one-third fewer seeds in the absence of just one bumblebee species says Emory University ecologist Berry Brosi who led the study.
Larkspurs produced about one-third fewer seeds when one of the bumblebee species was removed compared to the larkspurs in the control groups.
The best seed needs to be combined with the best agronomic practices to get the full potential benefits.
Seeds can be inoculated with bacteria before planting out just like humans taking a dose of friendly bacteria.
In rice the syndrome includes loss of shattering (the seeds don't break off the central grain stalk before harvest) increase in seed size
and loss of dormancy (the seeds all germinate at once and can be harvested at once). Do the same genetic mutations underlie the emergence of these traits in both the Asian
and seeds whereas others bore through stems and fruits. Larvae of some species are known as cutworms
However it has also been suggested that species characteristics are less important as determinants of plant establishment success than other factors such as seed availability or environmental characteristics like dense vegetation.
They varied the introduced seed number and manipulated soil disturbance. Then they observed carefully which of the sown plant species established in the field.
At the same time the scientists conducted several greenhouse experiments to assess as accurately as possible the characteristics of each species--from seed mass
The winners are defended well against herbivoresthe Bernese plant scientists could show that at the beginning of the experiment mainly species with a high seed mass germinated in the grasslands.
In addition a high number of seeds sown increased early establishment success . However the importance of factors changed during the course of the study.
or ingredients especially those high in dietary fiber cereals and plant extracts nuts and seeds.
By combining this trait with other plant traits such as improved disease resistance the researchers expect that there is potential to produce improved seeds for agriculture.
but with a mechanism they had never been able to observe according to Dr. Hays Rye Texas A&m Agrilife Research biochemist.
and how they interact with each other in a complicated network said Rye who also is associate professor of biochemistry and biophysics at Texas A&m.
Rye explained that individual amino acids get linked together like beads on a string as a protein is made in the cell.
Rye said researchers have been trying to understand this process for more than 50 years but in a living cell the process is complicated by the presence of many proteins in a concentrated environment.
and just sort of buzz along inside a cell driving a protein folding reaction every few seconds Rye said.
They are bound together like a three-dimensional jigsaw puzzle Rye explained. And the proteins--those little beads on the string that are designed to fold up like origami--are folded to position all these beads in three-dimensional space to perfectly wrap around those molecules
or folds incorrectly it turns into an aggregate which Rye described as white goo that looks kind of like a mayonnaise like crud in the test tube.
Rye's team focused on a key molecular chaperone--the HSP60. They're called HSP for'heat shock protein
and unfold Rye said. The cell is built to respond by making more of the chaperones to try
and literally puts it inside a little'box'Rye said. He added that the mystery had long been how the folding worked
Rye and the team zeroed in on a chemically modified mutant that in other experiments had seemed to stall at an important step in the process that the machine goes through to start the folding action.
and view a structure as a three-dimensional model Rye said. What the team saw was this:
Rye collaborated on the research with Dong-Hua Chen and Wah Chiu at the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston Damian Madan and Zohn Lin at Princeton university Jeremy Weaver at Texas A&m
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