Farmers also help spread the disease by planting new fields with infected stem cuttings. Scientists note that
while it would take several years for the disease to spread across the continent via whiteflies alone infected stem cuttings could spark outbreaks in new areas overnight.
The Chicago Wilderness 2004 Woodland Audit found that in the Chicagoland area alone more than 26 million stems of European buckthorn exist with a density of 558 stems per acre.
#Identification of stem cells two separate roles raises possibility of therapies that could inhibit fat formation,
The findings are published in the April 27 online edition of Stem Cells and Development. The Wake Forest Baptist researchers proved that pericytes stem cells associated with blood vessels contain two sub-types with completely different roles:
Type 1 which forms only fat cells and Type 2 which forms only muscle cells. We found that Type 1 contributes to fat accumulation in the skeletal muscle under pathogenic conditions
but will consume aquatic plants tubers grasses and small invertebrates such as insect larvae worms and snails when fruits are said scarce Dr. Keuroghlian.
#Early dialogue between parents, children stems teen smokingearly substantive dialogue between parents and their grade-school age children about the ills of tobacco and alcohol use can be more powerful in shaping teen behavior
and specializes in consumer misbehavior a branch of marketing that attempts to change undesirable or risky behavior.
The team tested a wide variety of sources of biomass--leaves stems flowers seeds and legumes--with particular interest in those with high protein content
and number of tubers as well as by their resistance to the usual diseases of this crop.
The varieties imported from Peru have a very low productivity in our latitudes both in size and the number of tubers.
For example tunas and marlins are both fast-swimming marine fishes with large streamlined bodies yet they appear on very different branches of the tree.
They separated them into their different fractions (leaves stems cobs grain) to determine season-long nutrient accumulation utilization and movement.
Corn stover consists of the stem leaves and husk of the corn plant remaining after ears of corn are harvested.
The study published in the current edition of the journal Science examines how Ug99--new virulent forms of stem rust first found in Uganda in 1999--could continue its movement across Africa the Middle east and Southwest asia.
Spending on stem rust research has been inadequate for some time and increased research investment must be sustained over the long haul
Among plants the lack of genomic data from lineages which split away from the main evolutionary branch early on has prevented researchers from reconstructing patterns of genome evolution.
Deep inside your brain a legion of stem cells lies ready to turn into new brain
and keeps them in their stem-cell state. In a paper published online in Nature Neuroscience the U-M team shows that a particular protein called FIP200 governs this cleaning process in neural stem cells in mice.
Without FIP200 these crucial stem cells suffer damage from their own waste products --and their ability to turn into other types of cells diminishes.
It is the first time that this cellular self-cleaning process called autophagy has been shown to be important to neural stem cells.
The findings may help explain why aging brains and nervous systems are more prone to disease
or permanent damage as a slowing rate of self-cleaning autophagy hampers the body's ability to deploy stem cells to replace damaged or diseased cells.
and colleagues from around the world discuss the growing evidence that autophagy is crucial to many types of tissue stem cells
and embryonic stem cells as well as cancer stem cells. As stem cell-based treatments continue to develop the authors say it will be increasingly important to understand the role of autophagy in preserving stem cells'health
and ability to become different types of cells. The process of generating new neurons from neural stem cells
and the importance of that process is understood pretty well but the mechanism at the molecular level has not been clear says Jun-Lin Guan Ph d. the senior author of the FIP200 paper
and the organizing author of the autophagy and stem cells review article. Here we show that autophagy is crucial for maintenance of neural stem cells and differentiation and show the mechanism by
which it happens. Through autophagy he says neural stem cells can regulate levels of reactive oxygen species--sometimes known as free radicals--that can build up in the low-oxygen environment of the brain regions where neural stem cells reside.
Abnormally higher levels of ROS can cause neural stem cells to start differentiating Guan is a professor in the Molecular Medicine & Genetics division of the U-M Department of Internal medicine and in the Department of Cell & Developmental Biology.
A long path to discoverythe new discovery made after 15 years of research with funding from the National institutes of health shows the importance of investment in lab science--and the role of serendipity in research.
Several years ago Guan's team stumbled upon clues that FIP200 might be important in neural stem cells when studying an entirely different phenomenon.
when an observant postdoctoral fellow noticed that the mice experienced rapid shrinkage of the brain regions where neural stem cells reside.
what we were actually intending to study says Guan as it suggested that without FIP200 something was causing damage to the home of neural stem cells that normally replace nerve cells during injury or aging.
In 2010 they worked with other U-M scientists to show FIP200's importance to another type of stem cell those that generate blood cells.
In that case deleting the gene that encodes FIP200 leads to an increased proliferation and ultimate depletion of such cells called hematopoietic stem cells.
But with neural stem cells they report in the new paper deleting the FIP200 gene led neural stem cells to die
It's clear that autophagy is going to be important in various types of stem cells says Guan pointing to the new paper in Autophagy that lays out
what's currently known about the process in hematopoietic neural cancer cardiac and mesenchymal (bone and connective tissue) stem cells.
Guan's own research is now exploring the downstream effects of defects in neural stem cell autophagy--for instance how communication between neural stem cells
The team is also looking at the role of autophagy in breast cancer stem cells because of intriguing findings about the impact of FIP200 deletion on the activity of the p53 tumor suppressor gene
In addition they will study the importance of p53 and p62 another key protein component for autophagy to neural stem cell self-renewal and differentiation in relation to FIP200.
This gives the company a completely consistent repeatable industrial process to produce tailored oil at scale Sugar from traditional sources such as sugarcane
The company's first fit-for-purpose commercial-scale production plant is under construction with their partner Bunge next to a sugarcane mill in Brazil.
Cellulose makes up tree trunks and branches corn stalks and cotton fibers and it is the main component of paper and cardboard.
People eat cellulose in dietary fiber the indigestible material in fruits and vegetables. Cows horses and termites can digest the cellulose in grass hay and wood.
Nests of Megachile are constructed often within hollow twigs or other similarly constricted natural cavities but some species including members of the subgenus Megachiloides excavate burrows in the ground.
because they use the long stalks for roofing thatch and other applications. However where millet is cultivated intensively dwarf millet allows farmers to harvest the grain with mechanical threshers.
Ranchers like dwarf millet as a forage plant because it has a high leaf-to-stem ratio Devos said.
and bioethanol (obtained from monoculture of palm oil sugar cane maize etc.)have presented problems that make them less attractive.
Severe infestations can cause tuber yield losses of up to 80 percent. Now however U s. Department of agriculture (USDA) and cooperating scientists are evaluating new ways to control G. pallida using naturally occurring chemicals called egg-hatching factors.
and production has the potential to be 20 times more efficient than making ethanol from corn and sugar cane.
To capture the build up of pressure observed in actual maple stems we must also include the freezing process as well as multiple freeze/thaw cycles.
Why does a light snow cover around the trunk have such a big influence on stem pressures?
which allows potato plants to develop tubers during the long days of spring and summer in northern latitudes.
Naturally occurring near the Equator Andean potatoes develop tubers on days which are relatively shorter than those in high latitude summer.
and short nights native South american potato varieties would only begin making tubers in autumn when the days last 12 hours or less.
However modern potato varieties show a wide variation in the timing of tuber formation with early varieties starting as early as April.
The mutations in the newly discovered regulator of tuber formation allow potatoes to escape the original short day regulation mechanism suited to the Andes
The authors also describe a variety of mutations in the tuber formation regulator gene which occur in different combinations in modern potato cultivars giving rise to early medium
University of Arizona geneticists have discovered the oldest known genetic branch of the human Y chromosome--the hereditary factor determining male sex.
because previously the most diverged branches of the Y chromosome were found in traditional hunter-gatherer populations such as Pygmies
whether it's switchgrass remnants of corn stalks fast-growing trees or algae. The traditional strategy had been a multistep approach involving sample dissolution and chromatographic analysis
and colleagues have identified a special population of adult stem cells in bone marrow that have the natural ability to migrate to the intestine
Because these therapies aren't always effective scientists hope to use stem cells to develop an injectable cell therapy to treat IBD.
The new research complements a 2012 report by Almeida-Porada's team that identified stem cells in cord blood that are involved in blood vessel formation
In the current study the team used cell markers to identify a population of stem cells in human bone marrow with the highest potential to migrate to the intestine
At 75 days post-gestation the researchers found that most of the transplanted cells were positioned in the crypt area replenishing the stem cells in the intestine.
Macroscopic remains of maize (kernels leaves stalks and cobs) were rare. However the team looked deeper and found an abundance of microscopic evidence of maize in various forms in the excavations.
By placing electrodes in the stems of petunias the researchers showed that when a bee lands the flower's potential changes
Researchers from the Australian National University found that in the long-lived eucalyptus tree (Eucalyptus melliodora) somatic mutation is also responsible for their interesting ability to produce some branches with leaves that are predated readily
The tree investigated had one branch which was untouched by insects when the rest of the tree was defoliated completely.
Biochar is a plant byproduct similar to charcoal that can be made from lumber waste dried corn stalks and other plant residues.
Using computer models Moreira found that from 1975 to 2007 ethanol production from sugar cane in Brazil resulted in a net-negative capture of 1. 5 metric tons of CO2 per cubic meter of ethanol produced.
We also enclosed tree stems in chambers and the results were surprising. About 80 per cent of all methane emissions was venting through the trees.
One strategy that trees use to cope in waterlogged soil is to enlarge porous structures known as lenticels in their stems to allow air to enter
Both Forcella and Redmond were able to document pinyon pine masting years by counting small concave blemishes known as abscission scars on individual tree branches that appeared after the cones have been dropped she said.
Since each year in the life of a pinyon pine tree is marked by a whorl--a single circle of branches extending around a tree trunk--the researchers were able to bracket pinyon pine reproductive activity in the nine study areas for the 1969-1978 decade
what biologists call the hairs that can be found on many plant leaves and stems.
Plant growth and development depend on structures called meristems--reservoirs in plants that consist of the plant version of stem cells.
Jackson's team has taken an interest in how quantitative variation in the pathways that regulate plant stem cells contribute to a plant's growth and yield.
Our simple hypothesis was that an increase in the size of the inflorescence meristem--the stem-cell reservoir that gives rise to flowers
In corn reproduction male flowers at the top of the plants distribute pollen grains two at a time through individual tubes to tiny cobs on the stalks covered by strands known as silks in a process known as double fertilization.
The ORNL research team measured more than 11000 proteins in different parts of poplar including mature leaves young leaves roots and stems.
and specifically so we can start to figure out for instance how the protein machinery in a leaf differs from the ones in the trunk Hettich said.
and sugarcane that is better suited to drought intense sunlight heat and low nitrogen. Researchers have been trying to find the underlying genetics of Kranz anatomy
and anatomy Slewinski recognized that the bundle sheath cells in leaves of C4 plants were similar to endodermal cells that surrounded vascular tissue in roots and stems.
The bad reputation given to goats stems from one of its main virtues: it has an extraordinary capacity to adapt to the most difficult of environmental conditions in places where other domestic livestock species would not survive.
Biologist Ramakrishna Wusirika and his team made their anticancer cocktail with blobs of rice stem-cells called calli
and grassland-dwelling herbivore with the trunk-like snout--living in a network of remote national parks spanning the Peru-Bolivia border.
The changes suggest dieback of branches and tree falls especially among the older larger more vulnerable canopy trees that blanket the forest.
Her research also showed that the people who would have benefitted from the shaman's knowledge practiced small-scale farming of maize manioc and arrowroot and collected palm nuts tree fruits and wild tubers.
Miscanthus efficiently moved nitrogen from leaves to root and rhizome systems after the growing season where it could be used again the next year David said.
Its stem is already ten centimeters in diameter. Whereas in normal tobacco plants the leaves which grow from the bottom of the stem soon turn yellow
and drop off the IME plant's leaves stay healthy and green. This is why the scientists have christened their modified plant species forever young.
If you try to make a tree of population histories within a species there's always the possibility that you've got genes flowing from one branch to another Pritchard said.
The resulting graph looks less like tree branches and more like a tangled shrub or mass of vines.
The trunk of the shrub represents the major relationships between the groups and the largest branches represent distinct populations as they develop over time from left to right on the graph.
But those tangled vines that crisscross the branches are the key showing migration events where a previously separate population mixed with another rejoining to form a new group at a later point in time.
Pritchard and Pickrell tested the model using DNA from 55 human populations and 82 dog breeds and already found some interesting results.
and sugarcane are able to withstand drought heat nitrogen and carbon dioxide limitations better than C3 crops such as rice wheat barley and oats due to their ability to efficiently make use of carbon dioxide
Vidaliaâ sweet onion is a dry bulb onion grown in Georgia as a cool-season (winter) crop.
and nearly ubiquitous infections of Asian elephants that are shed occasionally in trunk washes and saliva of most healthy asymptomatic adult animals.
Among land-use types researchers also found sugarcane in the soils of the Everglades Agricultural area near Lake Okeechobee and wetlands stored the most soil carbon
and windy--did areas with more beetle-killed trees show signs of more ecologically severe fires such as more deeply burned trunks
and French scientists studied the white truffle Tuber borchii. It is native to Europe but has been introduced recently in New zealand and Argentina.
because the compounds we investigated are only found in the white truffle Tuber borchii. For this reason in the future they plan to study compounds which are found in the PÃ rigord
or other livestock in severely affected marshes can reduce the stem density of phragmites cover by about half in around three weeks said Brian R. Silliman lead author of the new study and Rachel Carson associate professor of marine conservation
when the city of Houston called for ideas about how to get rid of an estimated 5. 6 million cubic yards of fallen trees broken branches
In his trunk a luggage-sized air-sampling instrument sniffs the outside air through a small tube to measure the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane.
The instrument in the trunk quickly detects a large plume of methane emanating from the landfill.
By modifying the gene expressions responsible for the branch growth during the first year of woody species researchers of the Centre for Plant Biotechnology
However some lateral buds sprout during the same season such as poplar trees other salicaceae species and many tropical species. This way a syleptic branching can increase de amount of branches leaf
and the corn stalks were bending almost double. From the perspective of an animal living in the corn we thought'That's got to have a big effect.'
Last summer they also measured the amount of grass both in terms of the density of stalks as well as above-and belowground biomass of samples.
Without this gene it would be more like sugar cane where it is a mess in the nucleus
or ten tubers an infected plant generates only four or five and of a smaller size than usual.
When studying the case we saw that in the mountainous area of â#ofre de Perote wild tubers are present
or stayed in the tubers making the damages greater relates the scientist at INECOL. From the laboratory phase spent we went to the countryside where fungi were were tested until we found one that worked and
and intensive farmlands consisting of single crops such as sugar cane or pineapple with no adjoining forest areas.
#Combining antibodies, iron nanoparticles and magnets steers stem cells to injured organsresearchers at the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute infused antibody-studded iron nanoparticles into the bloodstream to treat
The combined nanoparticle enabled precise localization of the body's own stem cells to the injured heart muscle.
The study addresses a central challenge in stem cell therapeutics: how to achieve targeted interactions between stem cells and injured cells.
Although stem cells can be a potent weapon in the fight against certain diseases simply infusing a patient with stem cells is no guarantee the stem cells will be able to travel to the injured area and work collaboratively with the cells already there.
Infusing stem cells into arteries in order to regenerate injured heart muscle can be said inefficient Eduardo Marbã¡n MD Phd director of the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute who led the research team.
Because the heart is continuously pumping the stem cells can be pushed out of the heart chamber before they even get a chance to begin to heal the injury.
In an attempt to target healing stem cells to the site of the injury researchers coated iron nanoparticles with two kinds of antibodies proteins that recognize
and bind specifically to stem cells and to injured cells in the body. After the nanoparticles were infused into the bloodstream they successfully tracked to the injured area and initiated healing.
The Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute has been at the forefront of developing investigational stem cell treatments for heart attack patients.
which a patient's own heart tissue was used to grow specialized heart stem cells. The specialized cells were injected then back into the patient's heart in an effort to repair
Results published in The Lancet in 2012 showed that one year after receiving the stem cell treatment heart attack patients demonstrated a significant reduction in the size of the scar left on the heart muscle.
which heart attack patients are being infused with allogeneic stem cells which are derived from donor-quality hearts.
The process to grow cardiac-derived stem cells was developed by Dr. Marbã¡n when he was on the faculty of Johns hopkins university.
and vascular disease patients with appropriate stem cell clinical trials being conducted at Cedars-Sinai and other institutions.
and believe it stems from random spatial processes including seed dispersal by animals. The stochastic spatial processes interfere with the classic ecological theory of predictable dependence resulting in de facto independence.
or vertical profile when a pulse interacts with leafy tree tops versus woody branches and trunks or the ground.
Saccharum arundinaceum is a relative of sugar cane and can survive very low temperatures and Prunus ferganensis the crop wild relative of peach is tolerant to drought conditions.
As a second step scientists are poised to release a stem-boring weevil that will join Zygogramma.
To address that question Youngsteadt examined more than 300 museum specimens of red maple branches collected between 1895 and 2011 in rural areas of North carolina South carolina
analysis showsa new analysis suggests the planet can produce much more land-plant biomass--the total material in leaves stems roots fruits grains
or the stem cells of the plant said Paula Mcsteen associate professor in the Division of Biological sciences and a researcher in the Bond Life sciences Center at MU.
and every organ in the plant is developed from these specialized stem cells. Insufficient boron causes these growing points to disintegrate affecting corn tassels and kernels adversely.
#Creating pomegranate drug to stem Alzheimers, Parkinsonsdr Olumayokun Olajide's research will look to produce compound derivatives of punicalagin for a drug that would treat neuro-inflammation
Since hemlock woolly adelgid was detected first in 2003 all the eastern hemlock trees in both watersheds died resulting in a loss of 26 percent of forest basal area (that area occupied by tree trunks
and stems) in the riparian area of the first watershed compared to a 4 percent loss in the reference watershed riparian forest.
Wood twigs sticks parchment husks whole coffee berries or even clumps of earth that are almost the same color as coffee have been found.
The time frame stems from research conducted more than 40 years ago. Burning in the Flint Hills has been a scientific and political issue for at least 80 years Craine said.
The tubers with yellow flesh contain compounds that are antioxidants and that appeals to the health-conscious consumer Miller said.
The researchers found that there was less partitioning of biomass to the leaves relative to the stem of plants cultivated under these conditions.
in the production of stems and a decrease in biomass in the leaves of the plant.
#LEDS shine in bedding plant production studygrowers of annual bedding plant seedlings or plugs work to produce compact fully rooted transplants with a large stem diameter
and stem caliper leading to high-quality bedding plant seedlings when solar light is limited Lopez and Randall noted.
The terminal buds of each twig are today's living species and the nearness of twigs represents how closely species are related.
The tree was initially a metaphor for the relatedness of all species. Charles darwin referred to the tree of life in his seminal 1859 book On the Origin of Species
. But genetic comparisons and molecular dating have in the past several decades provided exact lengths in years for most of these branches indicating how long ago a species had a common ancestor.
If we look only at the diversity of species--the twigs on the tree of life--we aren't taking advantage of all this branch information he said.
The new method starts with the branches connecting the species in a specific area so-called phylogenetic diversity
but then gives more weight to those branches that are restricted endemic--that is in range. This relative phylogenetic endemism is a better measure of diversity
and count not only the species (twigs) in each area but also the phylogenetic distance between species (the branch length between twigs) measuring down the branch to the nearest junction then back up to the other twig.
Diversity weighted by a branch's endemism yields a unique map of areas of endemism.
whose mutation affects plant stem growth a finding that could lead to the development of improved soybean cultivars for the northern United states. Purdue agronomy professor Jianxin Ma (pronounced Jen-SHIN'Ma)
Their reduced height makes them more resistant to lodging a bending or breaking of the main plant stem.
indeterminate--tall plants whose main stem continues to grow after flowering--and determinate--shorter bushier plants
whose main stem halts growth when blossoms begin to form. Determinate soybean plants thrive in the longer growing season of the south
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