Ravens and possibly arctic foxes scavenged exposed portions of her carcass including parts of the trunk and skull and the fat hump that likely covered the back of her neck.
In Lyuba the scans revealed a solid mass of fine-grained sediment blocking the air passages in the middle of the trunk.
Slightly coarser sediment was found in Khroma's trunk mouth and throat. Her lungs weren't available for study
In general the team found that organic crops have several nutritional benefits that stem from the way the crops are produced.
The stems and leaf stalks have very short hairs as well as prickles or spines about one-fifth-inch long but that's still long enough to stick you Bohs says.
and its flower stalks are longer and flowers are larger than closely related species. There also are differences from other species in leaf shape and in stem hairs.
Also a study published in 2010 by Stern Bohs and Utah postdoctoral researcher Terri Weese showed the plant's DNA differed from known species
which resemble small rhinos with no horns and a short mobile trunk or proboscis. Heptodon was about half the size of today's tapirs
and it lacked the short trunk that occurs on later species and their living cousins.
aboveground biomass (live plants) dead organic matter leaf litter (layer that contains a combination of fragments of leaves branches
and retain students in science technology engineering and math or STEM. The competition is intended to link student design projects with senior
#Payback time for soil carbon from pasture conversion to sugarcane productionthe reduction of soil carbon stock caused by the conversion of pasture areas into sugarcane plantations--a very common change in Brazil in recent
and Harvard university Colorado State university and the Shell Technology Center Houston in the United states. Findings from the project Soil carbon stocks on land-use change process to sugarcane production in South-central Brazil carried out with funding from FAPESP
The study indicates that the soil carbon balance of pasture areas converted for the cultivation of sugarcane designed for ethanol production is not as negative as originally estimated said Carlos Clemente Cerri project coordinator and researcher at CENA.
However the process of preparing this type of soil for conversion to sugarcane plantations causes part of the carbon stock to be emitted into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2.
In contrast depending on the type of management the introduction of sugarcane to pasture areas could compensate for
Moreover the ethanol produced from sugarcane grown in these areas over time ultimately offsets the CO2 emissions that occur during the conversion process
The researchers conducted measurements and collected 6000 soil samples from 135 regions in south-central Brazil which is responsible for more than 90%of Brazil's sugarcane production.
At each of the sites soil samples were collected from areas of sugarcane cultivation and from other areas to be used as reference.
According to the researchers the study findings could contribute toward guiding expansion policies for sugarcane production aimed at producing ethanol to ensure the biofuel's sustainability--Ethanol demand in Brazil is expected to jump from an annual total of 25 million liters to 61.6
The professor indicated that to reach this number the area of sugarcane production in Brazil would need to expand from the current 9. 7 million hectares to 17 million hectares.
Cerri notes that among the options for reaching the target area the priority for expansion of production is expected to be the conversion of degraded lands principally those used as pastures into sugarcane plantations.
Between 2000 and 2010 three million Brazilian hectares were converted to sugarcane cultivation areas. More than 70%of this land consisted of pastures
You see similar variation in the size and distribution of structures in a cross-section of bone or a bamboo stalk.
It became clear that young trees with more stored carbohydrates were able to maintain the vital water content in the stem for longer than those with fewer stored carbohydrates.
per cent increase in sugar cane production and a 130 per cent increase in oil palm production the researchers calculated.
and palm oil the rapid growth rate of sugar cane has put it at the forefront of biofuel crops.
along with rising gasoline prices has led to the world's largest fleet of flex-fuel vehicles fueled by the over 36 million tonnes of sugar cane currently grown in the country.
The challenge for Brazil lies in identifying optimal lands for expanding sugarcane while still meeting demands for food crops and conserving native forests and savannas.
Unlike the Amazon which remains over 80%forested over half of the Cerrado has been cleared for agriculture including sugar cane biofuel crops.
Macedo and Davidson note the new research shows that it would take 17 years of sugar cane production to make up for the carbon losses caused by clearing the Cerrado.
In contrast converting already cleared pastures to sugar cane production provides a nearly immediate carbon payback
For Dr. Macedo Because Brazil has a large supply of under-used low productivity pastures that are suitable for sugar cane there is no reason to clear additional native Cerrado for sugar cane production.
Not a true apple this relative of the eggplant smothers native grasses with its thorny stalks while its striking yellow fruit provides a deadly temptation to sheep and cattle.
However in this study lesions appeared on noninoculated stalks when irrigation intervals were lengthened. Thus water stress may trigger the induction of symptoms the authors said.
Remarkably analyses showed that 25%to 43%of noninoculated lucky bamboo stalks included in the study contained the latent presence of Colletotrichum dracaenophilum.
what is left are tops and branches--waste which cannot be used. However according to researchers it is possible to turn these heaps of lopwood into high-quality charcoal.
Branches tops lopwood and brushwood that are left in felled areas after the timber has been extracted are now set to become more than just an irritation to hikers and berry-pickers.
and cassava a tuber that is the third-largest source of carbohydrates in the tropics.
These insect-eating mammals'name comes from their noses'resemblance to the trunk of an elephant.
and chlorophyll loss on the seedlings just by placing it at the junction of the main stem and root collar of the plant at three weeks post-inoculation.
By grafting pest-sensitive elite grape cultivars onto pest-resistant wild rootstocks infestation is prevented effectively.
and allows forests to store more carbon dioxideevery spring as the weather warms trees in forests up and down the east coast explode in a bright green display of life as leaves fill their branches
#Human stem cells successfully transplanted, grown in pigsone of the biggest challenges for medical researchers studying the effectiveness of stem cell therapies is that transplants
or grafts of cells are rejected often by the hosts. This rejection can render experiments useless making research into potentially lifesaving treatments a long and difficult process.
By establishing that these pigs will support transplants without the fear of rejection we can move stem cell therapy research forward at a quicker pace.
Once the scientists implanted the cells the pigs did not reject the stem cells and the cells thrived.
Now that we know that human stem cells can thrive in these pigs a door has been opened for new and exciting research by scientists around the world Roberts said.
#Tree hugging helps koalas keep their coolaustralia's koalas cope with extreme heat by resting against cooler tree trunks new research has revealed.
Access to cool tree trunks would significantly reduce the amount of heat stress for koalas. Co-author Dr Michael Kearney said the findings were important as climate change is bringing about more extreme weather.
Cool tree trunks are likely to be an important microhabitat during hot weather for other tree dwelling species including primates leopards birds and invertebrates.
UF/IFAS researchers have attempted everything from trying to eradicate the psyllid to breeding citrus rootstock that shows better greening resistance.
which produced tubers but were thought more often of as a weed than a vegetable crop.
and bole char and then ran statistical analyses that compared the relationship between severity measures
Eventually water and nutrients no longer flow to the tips of the branches and the tree dies.
The team studied the long-term effects of five'Fuji'strains('Autumn Rose''Desert rose''Myra''September Wonder'and'Top Export'on RN 29 rootstock) on fruit yield and harvest time quality.
Much of the uncertainty surrounding clouds'effect on climate stems from the complexity of cloud formation.
Each orchid bee species prefers a different type of treewhen releasing their bouquet orchid bees select a tree trunk as the centre of their territory.
The smaller species preferred branches or trunks with a smaller diameter larger species those with a larger diameter.
However Clay points out the amount of biomass--the stem and leaves--was not significantly different.
The temperature dip dwarfed stalk height by 9 to 10 percent and reduced stalk diameter by 8 to 9 percent without significantly affecting the number and weight of the seeds.
This is a technique you could easily do in a mine or cave Mitchell said. It is an affordable non-chemical means of taking genetically modified crops to harvest maturity without getting any kind of pollen or seed into the ecosystem.
We think the benefit stems from differences in behavior between bee groups in part depending on the weather explains Dr. David Tarpy an associate professor of entomology at NC State
and soil to match the optimum ph for the rootstock (preliminary results show that this improves root density compared to untreated groves) and water more frequently for shorter periods.
Slender cores were collected from the trunk of more than 1000 ash trees across six counties in southeast Michigan.
This study describes the development of a novel thermogelling hydrogel for stem cell delivery that can be injected into skeletal defects to induce bone regeneration
Because the students were most successful in learning to recognize circling roots codominant trunks and attachments of equal sizes the researchers recommended that these three defects should be introduced the first in sixth grade curriculum.
We investigated whether coiling wire around the lower part of the plant stems to reduce the capacity of xylem to transport water to the shoot would result in low shoot moisture conditions
Takahata and Miura's study involved coiling bonsai wire around the stems of tomato seedlings between the cotyledon node and the first leaf node.
Eleven days after treatment the stem diameters immediately above the wire coils were markedly greater in treated plants compared with the corresponding stem regions of control plants they said.
The stems of treated plants were elongated less and developed fewer nodes at 39 and 51 days after treatment than did the control plants.
and then stopping every two meters to measure signs of crab damage on 100 cordgrass stalks.
'and'Skeena'cultivars on the dwarfing rootstock Gisela 6 at the Pacific Agri-Food Research center in Summerland.
Several soil management treatments which improved establishment of sweet cherry on Gisela 6 rootstock were continued for three fruiting seasons;
The fruiting canes of thornless blackberries and raspberries were lost so we won't have fruit from those plants this year.
Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from leaves stems and flowers.
Corn stover--the stalks leaves and cobs in cornfields after harvest--has been considered a ready resource for cellulosic ethanol production.
and other challenges can be found in the trunks of our oldest trees. Results from an analysis of tree rings spanning more than 300000 square miles
and gathering fruits and tubers to cultivating livestock and plants. It seems so straightforward and yet the more scientists learn the more complex the story becomes.
This includes seeds that remain attached to the plant for harvesting (a trait called nonshattering) reduced branching and robust growth of the central stem and bigger fruits seeds or tubers.
For example the gene teosinte branched1 (tb1) converts highly branched teosinte plants into single stalks of corn.
but plants with smaller lateral branches when it is crowded. Again however the effect is not symmetric.
Chimpanzees use tree branches to build beds or nests in trees. They select certain tree species to sleep in more frequently than others
and bending strength of 326 branches from the seven tree species most commonly used by the chimps.
and had the greatest bending strength of all the trees tested had the smallest distance between leaves on the branches
Currently around 20 percent of global methane emissions stem from ruminants. In the atmosphere methane contributes to the greenhouse effect--that's why researchers are looking for ways of reducing methane production by ruminants.
Most ethanol today is produced at high-temperature fermentation facilities that chemically convert corn sugarcane and other plants into liquid fuel.
at plant stems. While branching has relevance in agriculture it is also very important in bioenergy crop production.
When they administered this labeled CO2 to plant leaves the plants incorporated the radioactive carbon into sugars via photosynthesis. The scientists then tracked the labeled sugars throughout the plant using detectors placed along the plant stem.
The time taken for the 11c-labeled sugars to move between two detectors on upper and lower regions of the stem was used to calculate sugar transport speeds.
His finding that sugars move at 150 cm per hour along the stem is amazing.
because stems represent the bulk of the biomass that we can harvest for biofuels. Understanding the factors that influence branching in the pea plants used in this study may offer valuable insights to help optimize the growth of bioenergy grasses such as switchgrass
and barley--as well as in potato tubers--decline on average by approximately 8 percent under elevated levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
The researchers looked at how the plant's biology changed with varying structural traits such as leaf area distributions how the leaves are arranged vertically on the stalk and the angles of the leaves.
According to the authors of a new study observations of infected citrus suggest that photoassimilate transport takes place in newly developed phloem tissue of young flush and of the older supporting branches and trunk.
Our study indicates that a systemic wave of cambial activity can take place in stems petioles
and midveins of fully expanded leaves and mature stems affected by HLB said Brodersen. In newly produced vegetative tissue even after leaves had expanded already fully phloem elements contain no signs of deterioration.
Some 15 or 20 years later these tree trunks were in pretty good shape. If a tree had fallen in my backyard it would be sawdust in 10 years or so.
While diseases such as stem rust want the host to survive Yen says fusarium attacks the wheat
This group the Neotropical bark mantises are incredibly fast runners that live on the trunks and branches of trees said Svenson of The Cleveland Museum of Natural history.
This violates the common perception of praying mantises being slow and methodical hunters. Like most praying mantises they are highly camouflage.
In addition some species leap off the tree trunk to avoid capture and play dead after fluttering down to the forest floor
but humans can't.'Elephants appear to be able to manipulate their vocal tract (mouth tongue trunk and so on) to shape the sounds of their rumbles to make different alarm calls'said Dr Lucy King of Save the Elephants
or up their trunks whilst calves could potentially be killed by a swarm of stinging bees as they have yet to develop a thick protective skin.
how muscle in general deals with something as complex as climbing a tree with its horizontal and vertical inclines the tiny little branches
and the upright trunks said Kathleen Foster a Ph d. student in Evolution Ecology and Organismal biology who performed the study.
The study found that muscle activity in the green anoles was most consistent on broad vertical surfaces such as tree trunks suggesting that
despite being classified as a trunk-crown ecomorph this species may prefer trunks Foster said. The study has implications also for people who design artificial limbs or robots.
even dead trunks stayed largely intact for another 1000 years before rotting. One piece of wood they found had rings going back to about 650 B c. These yearly rings change with temperature
In the case of old olive trees in the Mediterranean region it is not at all unusual for dead branches to stay in place for several decades says Paolo Cherubini.
By way of a'blind test'Cherubini recently asked 10 experts in five tree-ring laboratories in various countries to date the same wood samples from olive-tree branches.
For example a nutritious tuber crop known as Oca once grown widely in the Andean highlands has declined significantly in this region both in cultivation and consumption.
We are trying to alleviate the disease symptoms on tubers and throughout the plant and improve plant health
Tuber symptoms associated with zebra chip were only as high as 3 percent in 2012 and 10 percent in 2013
Break off a branch from the nearest pine tree peel away the bark and slowly pour lake water through the stick.
Seeing redto study sapwood's water-filtering potential the researchers collected branches of white pine and stripped off the outer bark.
when it comes to producing bioethanol from plant parts like corn or sugar canes. Corn cubs and sugar canes are in fact plant parts that can also be used directly as food so there is a great public resistance to accept producing this kind of bioethanol.
A big challenge is therefore to become able to produce bioethanol from plant parts which cannot be used for food.
Cellulose is found everywhere in nature in rich quantities for example in the stems of the corn plant.
#Sugarcane converted to cold-tolerant, oil-producing cropa multi-institutional team reports that it can increase sugarcane's geographic range boost its photosynthetic rate by 30 percent
and turn it into an oil-producing crop for biodiesel production. These are only the first steps in a bigger initiative that will turn sugarcane
and sorghum--two of the most productive crop plants known--into even more productive oil-generating plants.
Sugarcane and sorghum are exceptionally productive plants and if you could make them accumulate oil in their stems instead of sugar this would give you much more oil per acre he said.
Working first with the laboratory-friendly plant Arabidopsis and later with sugarcane the team introduced genes that boost natural oil production in the plant.
They increased oil production in sugarcane stems to about 1. 5 percent. That doesn't sound like a lot
but at 1. 5 percent a sugarcane field in Florida would produce about 50 percent more oil per acre than a soybean field Long said.
There's enough oil to make it worth harvesting. The team hopes to increase the oil content of sugarcane stems to about 20 percent he said.
Using genetic engineering the researchers increased photosynthetic efficiency in sugarcane and sorghum by 30 percent Long said.
And to boost cold tolerance researchers are crossing sugarcane with Miscanthus a related perennial grass that can grow as far north as Canada.
The new hybrid is more cold-tolerant than sugarcane but further crosses are needed to restore the other attributes of sugarcane
while preserving its cold-tolerance Long said. Ultimately the team hopes to integrate all of these new attributes into sugarcane he said.
Our goal is to make sugarcane produce more oil be more productive with more photosynthesis
and be more cold-tolerant he said. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
The original article was written by Diana Yates. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length h
There was also a difference in yield with tubers from each block of 16 plants weighing 6-13 kg
while the non-GM tubers weighed 1. 6-5 kg per block. The trial was conducted with Desiree potatoes to address the challenge of building resistance to blight in potato varieties with popular consumer and processing characteristics.
whether the height change in a pixel is likely to be the normal growth of the incumbent tree a takeover by a neighboring tree or another branch of the incumbent tree.
since the 1980s for preserving a fossil ape and other creatures in a hollowed out fossilized tree trunk.
But it wasn't until the research team's discovery of additional tree trunks and fossil primates preserved in the same ancient soil that there was a strong link between the ape and its habitat at the site.
Combined with analyses of the roots trunks and even beautifully preserved fossil leaves it's possible to say that the forest was closed a canopy one meaning the arboreal animals like Proconsul could easily move from tree-to-tree without coming to the ground.
me and started measuring the lengths of the branches with my daughter's plastic ruler that happened to be on the table.
Just like branches on a real tree you can see that the branches on the evolutionary tree grow at different rates in humans versus horses versus birds.
Carbohydrates--mainly cereals sugars potatoes and other tubers--and vegetable oils produced efficiently by large-scale agriculture
A Penn State geographer is gathering all the information he can about the agrobiodiversity of these uniquely adapted tubers with an eye toward sustainability of this fourth largest food crop worldwide.
The fields tubers and landscapes are visually stunning. Zimmerer has studied high-agrobiodiversity land use for over 20 years
First generation fuels such as bioethanol from sugarcane and corn or biodiesel from rapeseed and palm oil are in direct competition with food for arable land and water.
Some species were observed climbing as far as four meters high in a tree and five meters down a branch.
Climbing a steep hill or steep branch is mechanically similar assuming the branch is wide enough to walk on the authors wrote.
a single main stem topped by a single tassel a few very short branches tipped by female ears and synchronous seed maturation.
After the Industrial revolution carbon dioxide rose to today's 405 parts per million the level in the control chamber where teosinte plants look like plants in the wild today--tall with many long branches tipped by tassels and seed maturation taking place
and results showed that cold temperatures promoted stomatal closure higher root resistance lower stem water potential lower transpiration and lower stem water potential.
The species is recognized for its innate ability to recover from damage after a tropical cyclone Resprouting on snapped tree trunks
The data showed that stem decay caused by earlier damage from a native stem borer reduced the species'tolerance to external forces resulting in stem failure in Typhoon Chaba.
Invasions of two invasive insects (Aulacaspis yasumatsui in 2003 and Chilades pandava in 2005) were found to be responsible for the 100%mortality of the intact portions of the trees'snapped stems during the 5 years after Typhoon Chaba.
and fruit that was hidden by leaves and branches. He and his colleagues found 80 percent of the immature fruit.
and then gauging the number of fruit each branch is expected to yield. This gives growers a more accurate rate than just guessing Lee said
Traditionally selection of disease resistant oilseed crops has relied on field assessments of disease severity on stems
#Clinical trial studies vaccine targeting cancer stem cells in brain cancersan early-phase clinical trial of an experimental vaccine that targets cancer stem cells in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme
Like normal stem cells cancer stem cells have the ability to self-renew and generate new cells
In theory if the cancer stem cells can be destroyed a tumor may not be able to sustain itself
The drug targets a protein CD133 found on cancer stem cells of some brain tumors and other cancers.
The cancer stem cell study is the latest evolution in Cedars-Sinai's history of dendritic cell vaccine research
Cedars-Sinai's brain cancer stem cell study is open to patients whose glioblastoma multiforme has returned following surgical removal.
It's a long slow descent into mortal danger from the safety of home among the upper branches of the forest.
A pilot program in Indiana is testing this approach compensating farmers for losses that stem from the planting delay he said.
and collected leafless dormant twigs from each species and placed them in cups of water in their lab. Over the following weeks they observed how quickly each species was be able produce their leaves in these unseasonably warm lab conditions.
not only leaves but also numerous branches pollen cones seed cones and even a winged seed still attached to the cone.
4 million years ago mainly ate tiger nuts (grass bulbs) supplemented with the odd grasshopper and worm.
Tiger nuts are edible grass bulbs still eaten in parts of the world today. The study published in the journal PLOS ONE also suggests that these early hominins may have sought additional nourishment from fruits and invertebrates like worms and grasshoppers.
What this research tells us is that hominins were selective about the part of the grass that they ate choosing the grass bulbs at the base of the grass blade as the mainstay of their diet.'
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