We found trees that had both textures on the same stem and when the tree was attacked it was on the rough surfaces Ferrenberg said.
and leaf and stem data for thousands of species the researchers were able to reconstruct how plants evolved to cope with cold as they spread across the globe.
and stem data onto their evolutionary tree for flowering plants they found that many plants were equipped well for icy climates even before cold conditions hit.
Previous research has shown that the traditional argument that differences in plumage between the sexes stem from differences in breeding systems doesn't always hold up.
and recorded the number of ECB tunnels and larvae per stalk. They also evaluated corn ears for ECB damage.
#Bacteria to aid sutainable sugarcane productionscientists have discovered a bacterium that could reduce the use of fertilizer in sugarcane production
and sugarcane accounts for about 80%of production. The price of sugar has increased at a rate considerably above inflation over the last 30 years.
This research published in Sfam's journal Microbial Biotechnology describes how scientists searched the roots of sugar cane
Bacteria are used widely in sugar cane production as well as with other crops where they help to break down organic matter in the soil to make vital nutrients available to the growing plants
and went looking for bacteria that were present in large numbers around the roots of thriving sugar cane plants.
The team tested the bacteria checking that they were happy living amongst the roots of growing sugarcane seedlings
Paungfoo-Lonhienne and colleagues are also looking for bacteria that break down waste produces from sugar cane processing
They hope to conduct field tests with a view to assisting the development of commercial products that will be used to improve the health and productivity of sugarcane crops whilst reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers.
and eat their way through the phloem layer of the tree the vascular system that delivers water and nutrients from root to branch.
Paint seeped through to dye the stem beneath and after the bark was stripped the students could identify woodpecker holes that penetrated into emerald ash borer galleries
hoary rock moss and big red-stem moss. Varner is unaware that pikas have been seen eating moss elsewhere and certainly not in this quantity.
Frederick Gmitter a citrus breeder and faculty member at IFAS'Citrus REC said his research team has found new experimental rootstocks that seem to be supporting healthier trees--even ones with citrus greening.
An elephant's trunk or a rooster's crest might never fossilize because there's no bone in them Bell explains.
This is equivalent to discovering for the first time that elephants had trunks. We have lots of skulls of Edmontosaurus but there are no clues on them that suggest they might have had a big fleshy crest.
or aerial live mass that generates a tree specially the canopy that is the upper part of the tree (leafs and branches) and in second term the trunk.
Additionally field work was carried also out to measure the trunk's diameter the height and specific weight of the wood besides comparing it to model information and data from satellite images.
In the autumn and winter the nutrients drain out of the stems and leaves and are retained in the roots stimulating new growth the following spring.
But in spiny forests most of the trees with woody stems are covered in rows of spines making them uncomfortable as well as dangerous sleeping sites
& Food Research and the University of Otago has identified the gene controlling bulb development the first step in discovering genetic markers that can be used as tools to screen conventional breeding programmes for new onion varieties with the right genetic
By understanding how these plants control development of the bulb we can support the breeding of new cultivars that have the right genetic profile to respond to specific growing conditions ensuring each plant produces a bulb for sale on the market.
and temperature to form a bulb says John Mccallum of Plant & Food Research. Around 90 million tonnes of onions are produced globally each year
Phoma stem canker is responsible for losses worth more than £1200 million in oilseed rape crops across the world.
And a number of the recommendations about preventing severe epidemics of phoma stem canker have already been taken up.
For the first time we have used human stem cells derived from Parkinson's disease patients to show that a genetic mutation combined with exposure to pesticides creates a'double hit'scenario producing free radicals in neurons that disable specific molecular pathways that cause nerve-cell death
and director of Sanford-Burnham's Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience Aging and Stem Cell Research and senior author of the study.
Using patient skin cells the researchers created human induced pluripotent stem cells (hipscs) containing the mutation
which tunnels in the stem of the plant and less so against the rootworm which attacks the roots.
while holding on to the branch of a tree within the Lumbini Garden midway between the kingdoms of her husband and parents.
One of the primary causes of both the recurrence of breast cancer and deaths is a small group of cancer stem cells that evade therapy notes Dr. Raj.
Long-stem plants may well be a splendorous in flowerbeds. However long stalks in a grain field present a danger to the yield.
Tall rice or barley varieties buckle over too easily under the load of their heavy panicles or ears.
On the floodplains high rates of nitrogen fixation occur in thick slimy black mats of cyanobacteria growing in seasonably submerged sediments and coating the exposed roots and stems of willows and sedges.
The water-stressed tropical forest trees support the production of more honeydew a sugary excretion imbibed by the Azteca ants that nest in the laurels'stem cavities.
Beginning at a tree trunk's dense core and moving out to the soft bark the passage of time is marked by concentric rings revealing chapters of the tree's history.
Now we realize that there were unanticipated side branches on this tree some of which became gigantic.
Crafting a better enzyme cocktail to turn plants into fuel fasterscientists looking to create a potent blend of enzymes to transform materials like corn stalks
The breakdown of large sugar polymers into smaller compounds that can then be converted further to fuel compounds is the final crucial step in the effort to make fuels from materials like switchgrass and corn stalks.
what stands between you and a tankful of fuel created from corn stalks or switchgrass.
Shortened winter in the climate chamberfor their experiments the researchers used twigs around 30 centimeters long from 36 different trees and shrubs
The twigs came from the Weltwald or World Forest near Freising in which Bavarian state foresters have planted stands of trees from different climate regions.
Tree-ring research or dendrochronology typically involves a detailed look at a cross-section of a tree trunk.
and blows on land where it drips down through the branches until the trees use it like rainwater.
The study finds that obstacles to effective community engagement stem from a lack of awareness;
and depositing it their leaves and branches. Scientists from CSIRO made the discovery and have published their findings in the journal Nature Communications.
and branches where it can be released or shed to the ground CSIRO geochemist Dr Mel Lintern said.
which make up the bulk of leaves stems and other vegetative plant matter. If you want to cut calories from your diet you cut fat and oils.
Xu is now collaborating with Brookhaven biochemist John Shanklin to explore the potential effect of overexpressing these key genes on oil production in dedicated biomass crops such as sugarcane.
A new study has traced back the evolutionary paths of all the plants that use advanced photosynthesis including maize sugar cane
This disease affects the leaves ears and stems of the barley--decreasing grain quality and reducing crop yields by up to forty per cent.
and will soon test their design in plants embedding their lab on a chip in the stems of grape vines for example.
and then the chip may be inserted in a plant stem or in the soil where it through a nanoporous membrane exchanges moisture with its environment and maintains an equilibrium pressure that the chip measures.
and suggests that it is treated best as a lineage close to the root of the ant-apoid tree perhaps not assignable with certainty to either branch.
Lateral roots as the name implies are secondary roots that grow laterally out of a plant's main root much like branches grow out of the trunk of a tree.
when the city of Houston called for ideas about how to get rid of the estimated 5. 6 million cubic yards of fallen trees broken branches
Subsequent literature searches led to the discovery that sugar cane an agriculturally important crop is a nitrogen fixer that contains bacterial endophytes
By isolating five bacterial strains of endophytes found inside S. halepense rhizomes (subterranean stems used for storage
or nitrogen-augmented soils and slurries with different suites of soil microbes Rout and colleagues showed that these microbes enabled the grass to produce 5-fold increases in rhizomes a primary mechanism driving invasions
and phosphorus in the soil and has increased rhizome production and aboveground biomass which in turn facilitates its spread and establishment.
The rapid greening response of the grassland to rainfall is seen easily as well as the response of an individual cholla cactus as its branches become erect due to the rainfall.
and small branches can be consumed by farmed animals can transform the prospects of obtaining sustainable animal production said Professor Broom.
and sugarcane--are already pulling carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere through photosynthesis said Decicco a research professor at the U-M Energy Institute and a professor of practice at the School of Natural resources and Environment.
But now there is a lot of interest in using sorghum for other things such as growing sweet sorghum in areas where they grow sugarcane and growing biomass sorghum for bioenergy through combustion or cellulosic technology.
Sweet sorghum where you squeeze the sugary juice out like sugarcane may be closer on the horizon.
or sugarcane he said. Brown added that with genetic studies and improvements there are other value-added opportunities for sorghum grain.
a toxic protein produced in its leaves and stems which kills pests in a matter of days.
Both the leaves and stems of Bt maize produce this toxin which destroys the gut of any moth larvae eating the plant.
Silberman and Brown perform comparative DNA sequence analyses of a type of eukaryote called protists to help find their particular placement or branch on the tree of life.
a sterile stalk that holds aloft a sorus a tiny sphere that releases spores that become single amoebae again.
although the Federal trade commission issued a 2009 consumer alert noting that some pollutants are released in production from bamboo stalks.
#In odd-looking mutant, clues about how maize plants control stem cell numberin plants the growth of organs such as roots leaves
and a cell-surface receptor that is a part of the CLAVATA signaling pathway known to control stem cell activation.
and other food crops and toward corn cobs stalks and other non-food plant material.
Brown pointed out that corn stalks corn cobs and other plant material not used for food production would be better sources of ethanol.
or more a day to heights approaching 10 feet with a stem tough enough to damage farm equipment.
#Bismuth-carrying nanotubes show promise for CT scansscientists at Rice university have trapped bismuth in a nanotube cage to tag stem cells for X-ray tracking.
At some point we realized no one has tracked ever stem cells or any other cells that we can find by CT Wilson said.
In tests using pig bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells Wilson and lead author Eladio Rivera a former postdoctoral researcher at Rice found that the bismuth-filled nanotubes which they call Bi@US-tubes produce CT images far brighter than those from common
Wilson said his team's studies showed stem cells readily absorb Bi@US-tubes without affecting their function The cells adjust over time to the incorporation of these chunks of carbon
Dendrometer bands are metal straps that wrap around a tree trunk to measure its growth. Bands are fashioned by bending banding material into a collar
and shrink to measure trunk circumference and changes in trunk diameter over time. Construction of traditional bands is tricky.
and served up corn stalks and leaves. Colleagues at Michigan State university had treated pre the roughage to make it easier to digest.
or various grass residues such as corn stover and sugarcane bagasse do not compete and can be a sustainable source for biofuel.
This enzyme caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE) fulfils a central role in lignin biosynthesis. Knocking-out the CSE gene resulted in 36%less lignin per gram of stem material.
and length of its branches--predicts how much carbon and water a tree exchanges with the environment in relation to its overall size independently of the species. This theory can be used to scale the size of plants to their function such as amount of photosynthesis water loss
and shape of branches Bentley said. They grow within proportion. Take a pine tree for example: It has the general shape of a cone
A team of undergraduate and graduate student researchers dissected the trees down to the last twig counting the number of branches the number of branching points or nodes and measuring the length and diameter of each branch.
If you imagine collapsing all of a tree's outermost branches into one cylinder that cylinder would be the size of the trunk Bentley said.
According to Leonardo's rule the total area of branches is conserved as you go from the trunk all the way to the branches at the top.
one branch might branch two times but its sister branch might branch three or four times. After testing the theory empirically we conclude that generally speaking the theory works well
An infrared camera from Goleta-based FLIR captured time-sequence thermal photography of Chanel as her spadix the tall core spike that houses both female and male flowers heated up to nearly human body temperature.
The Titan arum heats up by burning carbohydrates stored in its corm an underground stem that has been modified into storage tissue.
or two seeds that--with tender care and an abundance of patience--can develop into the corms from
it also attacks five other tuber pests. The researchers then did a laboratory test of a formula based on this virus. The result was as efficient as chemical products:
because fallen branches and trees tend to be cleared away. This wood if available ought to be decomposing as it is the habitat of many living beings like lignicolous fungi.
After classifying the debris the fungal species existing in each were identified in other words the community of fungi existing in each twig.
How plants set the angles of their branchesresearchers at the University of Leeds have discovered how plants set the angles of their branches.
and maintain the angle of their lateral branches relative to gravity. The mechanism is fundamental to understanding the shape of the plants around us:
explaining how for instance a young Lombardy poplar sends its branches up close to the vertical while an oak sapling's spread is much flatter.
and shoot branches is not usually set relative to the main root or stem from which they grow but relative to gravity.
If a plant is put on its side these branches will begin a phase of bending growth known as gravitropism that reorientates them back toward their original angle of growth relative to gravity.
In the case of the main root or stem which grows upright the mechanism is understood well:
The conundrum for the researchers was that many of the angles in branch and root architectures are at an angle to gravity rather than being completely upright.
Scientists did not understand how plants were able to set relative to gravity the particular non-vertical angle of growth for their branches--known as their gravitropic set-point angle--that determines their architecture.
We have found that another growth component--the'anti-gravitropic offset'--counteracts the normal gravitropic growth in these lateral branches.
This offset mechanism sustains growth on the other side of a branch from the gravity-sensitive growth
and prevents the branch from being moved beyond a set angle to the vertical. It turns out that this countervailing growth is driven also by auxin the same hormone that causes gravity responsive growth on the lower side of the branch.
Branches that are growing close to the vertical have a weak anti-gravitropic offset while in branches that are growing out at shallow angles away from the vertical the anti-gravitropic offset is relatively strong.
Dr Kepinski added: You can compare it to the way a tank or paddle steamer is steered.
If you want to straighten up you balance the speeds--or in our case the'speed'of growth on either side of the branch.
In a given non-vertical branch the anti-gravitropic offset is constant while gravity responsive growth increases in magnitude according to how far the branch is away from the vertical generating a robust system for maintaining a whole array of branch angles.
The Leeds team proved the presence of the offset by using a clinostat which slowly rotates a plant growing on its side thereby withdrawing a stable gravity reference
and root branches displayed an outward bending growth away from the main root and shoot that would normally be masked by the interaction with gravity-sensitive growth.
The angle of growth of branches is an exceptionally important adaptation because it determines the plant's capacity to capture resource above and below ground.
Similarly in the shoot a plant might gain an advantage from having more steeply pitched branches to avoid shading from neighbouring plants.
when he found a specific strain of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in sugar-cane which he discovered could intracellularly colonise all major crop plants.
Larvae of some species in the order Tetraodontiforme like the pufferfish and those in the order Lophiiforme like the anglerfish are strikingly similar in having the trunks of their bodies enclosed in an inflated yellow sac.
Loss of trees could impact on climate change as forests store carbon in their stems
and branches helping to reduce the amount of harmful carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere. Tracking changes in woodland across the continent may help scientists better understand their effect on weather patterns
and seeds whereas others bore through stems and fruits. Larvae of some species are known as cutworms
and filling in uncharted branches in the bacterial and archaeal tree of life. In an international collaboration led by the U s. Department of energy Joint Genome Institute (DOE JGI) the most recent findings from exploring microbial dark matter were published online July 14 2013 in the journal Nature.
and these would have to be selected based on being members of underrepresented branches on the tree.
and windpipes created from stem cells this is the first time 3d printing has been used to treat tracheobronchomalacia--at least in a human.
In future trials Wheeler plans to add stem cells to the splint in order to accelerate healing.
Our discovery of a second receptor in the mosquitoes'sodium channel gives us a better understanding of how the insecticide works at a molecular level as well as could lead to ways to stem mosquitoes'resistance to pyrethroids.
The fire-haze episode straddling the Strait of Malacca in June 2013 has reignited a decades-long debate about responsibility.
Resistance gene found against Ug99 wheat stem rust pathogenthe world's food supply got a little more plentiful thanks to a scientific breakthrough.
stem rust pathogen--called Ug99--that was discovered first in Uganda in 1999. The discovery may help scientists develop new wheat varieties
and strategies that protect the world's food crops against the wheat stem rust pathogen that is spreading from Africa to the breadbaskets of Asia
The team's study Identification of Wheat Gene Sr35 that Confers Resistance to Ug99 Stem Rust Race Group appears in the journal Science.
It identifies the stem rust resistance gene named Sr35 and appears alongside a study from an Australian group that identifies another effective resistance gene called Sr33.
Wheat stem rust is caused by a fungal pathogen. According to Akhunov since the 1950s wheat breeders have been able to develop wheat varieties that are largely resistant to this pathogen.
First they chemically mutagenized the resistant accession of wheat to identify plants that become susceptible to the stem rust pathogen.
and showed resistance to the Ug99 race of stem rust. Now that the resistance gene has been found Akhunov
but understanding how they work in the context of the ant community could help researchers create similar methods for processing cellulosic biofuel feedstocks such as corn stalks and grasses.
By coppicing the plants after a period of growth or cutting the plants back from a single stem just a few inches from the ground Kling explained that this process allows the plant to grow back with multiple stems coming from the base
Herbicides and repeated cutting and bagging of the stems are prescribed the approaches. Invasive plants are likely to keep most of us busy for a long time Snetselaar says
and proteins involved in each of these branch pathways and this might help us manipulate the discrete functions this hormone regulates Ecker says.
They inspected branches from seven whitebark pine sites in western Montana counting the scars left by pollen cones and seed cones.
Their branches retain snow as it blows across gusty mountaintops. Their shade moderates snow-melt in the spring keeping flows down the mountain in check.
Masses of several thousand domesticated grape seeds pedicels and even skin excavated from an earlier context near the press further attest to its use for crushing transplanted domesticated grapes and local wine production.
and rushes but have stems and triangular cross sections. At last we have a look at 4 million years of the dietary evolution of humans
The isotope method cannot distinguish what parts of grasses and sedges human ancestors ate--leaves stems seeds and-or underground storage organs such as roots or rhizomes.
C4 plants are warm-season or tropical grasses and sedges and their seeds leaves or storage organs like roots and tubers.
and sugar cane development during the 1800's to set up their natural experiment. They collected more than 9000 seeds from 22 different Euterpe edulis palm populations
and sugar cane plantations and were no longer capable of supporting large-gaped birds or those whose beaks are more than 12 millimeters wide such as toucans and large cotingas.
wheat maize rice barley rye millet sorghum soybean sunflower potato cassava sugarcane sugar beet oil palm rapeseed (canola) and groundnut (peanut.
More flexible in the Mediterraneanin the Atlantic as well as Mediterranean domain the observations were consistent with the data available on the ecology of the species. M. bechsteinii prefer roosts carved out by woodpeckers in the trunks of living oak trees located inside the forest
The harp-shaped structures or vanes number from two to six and each has more than 20 parallel vertical branches often capped by an expanded balloon-like terminal ball.
Now for the first time dendritic or tree like polymers have been synthesised in bulk with branch points after every few monomers of the build process.
When the logging machinery moves on what it usually leaves behind are piles of branches and tops.
Norway possesses major unexploited energy resources in the form of these branches and tops--known in their Norwegian acronym as GROT (see Fact-box).
Many environmental factors leave an imprint on the carbon contained in tree trunks from this period.
and washed out of the trunk pith dried as flour and of course eaten. It is nontoxic not particularly tasty
To facilitate solar water-splitting in our system we synthesized treelike nanowire heterostructures consisting of silicon trunks and titanium oxide branches.
#Untangling the tree of lifethese days phylogeneticists--experts who painstakingly map the complex branches of the tree of life--suffer from an embarrassment of riches.
and provide greater accuracy in deciphering the deep branches of life's tree. The study by Salichos and Rokas comes at a critical time
A lot of the debate on the differences in the trees has been between studies concerning the'bushy'branches that took place in these'radiations'Rokas said.
#Untangling the tree of lifethese days phylogeneticists--experts who painstakingly map the complex branches of the tree of life--suffer from an embarrassment of riches.
and provide greater accuracy in deciphering the deep branches of life's tree. The study by Salichos and Rokas comes at a critical time
A lot of the debate on the differences in the trees has been between studies concerning the'bushy'branches that took place in these'radiations'Rokas said.
The plant lineage that includes the sacred lotus forms a separate branch of the eudicot family tree
Many agricultural crops benefit from genome duplications including banana papaya strawberry sugarcane watermelon and wheat said Robert Vanburen a graduate student in Ming's lab and collaborator on the study.
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