Weed

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Synopsis: Plants: Woody plants: Weed:

And the relatively featureless landscape doesn't provide much in the way of visual landmarks, other than perhaps the odd rock or weed.

Many introduced species are invasive oe or"weeds  oe which out-compete the natives for food, light and habitat,

because they offer multiple benefits oe vetiver reduces weed and pest incursion, produces marketable oil

herbs, vegetables and even a few wandering weeds that slipped in. The plants were chosen for their ability to tolerate foot traffic,

Imagine, waist-high container gardening without weeds or back strain that automatically waters and fertilizes itself

But those that have evolved resistance to both herbicides could become a weed problem for farmers,

and breed with related weed species, then that advantage could be eroded, and different and more herbicides might have to be used.

and thistle flowers. Via Daily mail Share Thissubscribedel. icio. usfacebookredditstumbleupontechnorati a

#Scientists Incorporate Spiders Silk-Spinning Genes Into Goats Goats that produce spider silk protein in their milk could enable researchers to collect large quantities of the silk.

#Round up Resistant Weeds Pose a Threat to Farmers A certified crop adviser and agronomist looks for weeds resistant to glyphosate.

For 15 years, Eddie Anderson, a farmer, has been a strict adherent of no-till agriculture,

and mixing herbicides into the soil to kill weeds where soybeans will soon be planted. Just as the heavy use of antibiotics contributed to the rise of drug-resistant supergerms

pull weeds by hand and return to more labor-intensive methods like regular plowing. oewere back to where we were 20 years ago,

However, if Roundup doesnt kill the weeds, farmers have little incentive to spend the extra money for the special seeds.

It kills a broad spectrum of weeds, is easy and safe to work with, and breaks down quickly, reducing its environmental impact.

allowing farmers to spray their fields to kill the weeds while leaving the crop unharmed.

But farmers sprayed so much Roundup that weeds quickly evolved to survive it. oewhat were talking about here is Darwinian evolution in fast-forward, Mike Owen,

a weed scientist at Iowa State university, said. Now, Roundup-resistant weeds like horseweed and giant ragweed are forcing farmers to go back to more expensive techniques that they had abandoned long ago.

Mr. Anderson the farmer, is wrestling with a particularly tenacious species of glyphosate-resistant pest called Palmer amaranth,

By combining Roundup and Roundup Ready crops, farmers did not have to plow under the weeds to control them.

a weed scientist at the University of Arkansas, said. In addition, some critics of genetically engineered crops say that the use of extra herbicides,

and resolved in particular concerning biological contamination and weed resistance development. Agriculture Law reports that the district court agreed with the plaintiffs that the environmental assessment undertaken by the USDA was inadequate

Concerns range from worries about how nontraditional genetic traits in crops could affect human and animal health to the spread of herbicide-resistant weeds.

Landscapers switched to Imprelis this year to control weeds because it was claimed to be safer for the environment than predecessors#Amy Frankmann,

weeds are continually adapting defenses to survive nonetheless. These superweeds#will require the use of stronger,

and farming in the U s. Monsanto acknowledges it thought weeds would never develop resistance to Roundup.

Weeds that resist glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup, or that are hard to control surged 25 percent last year to infest 60 million acres, Antonio Galindez,

it dispensed with the issue of potential resistant weeds in two modest paragraphs. It told the agency that glyphosate is considered to be a herbicide with low risk for weed resistance.#

#The company also wrote that several university scientists agreed that it is highly unlikely that weed resistance to glyphosate will become a problem as a result of the commercialization of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans.#

#Oops. Since then, resistance to glyphosate has emerged in 20 different weed species. So, the company that helped make glyphosate so prevalent on American farms (it was used on 91 percent of U s.-grown cotton, for example, in 2007),

leading to the evolution of these tough-to-beat superweeds, is now greenlighted for afaster review process by the USDA.

Or, if introduction of a new GM corn variety designed to be resistant to herbicide-resistant weeds can be stopped,

each targeting weeds that are resistant to the other, and the corn being resistant to both.

and weeds out those that would dive in because of a juicy tax incentive. There are entrepreneurs like Phil Anson,

and tracking+Weed levels Drone Startups With military use of drones beginning to level off, the industry itself is searching for other options,

Image identification software will give farmers precise location of weeds that require suppression. 8.)RMAX by Yamaha (rmax. yamaha-motor. com. au) Yamaha s development of utility

the technology has bestowed most of its benefits on agribusiness#almost always through crops modified to withstand weed-killing chemicals

This meant that farmers could kill off the majority of weeds with one herbicide rather than several,

#oeit got to the point where some farmers were losing half their cotton fields to the weed,

by encouraging liberal use of glyphosate, were spurring the evolution of herbicide resistance in many weeds.

Twenty-four glyphosate-resistant weed species have been identified since Roundup-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. But herbicide resistance is a problem for farmers regardless of

Some 64 weed species are resistant to the herbicide atrazine, for example, and no crops have been modified genetically to withstand it (see The rise of superweeds).

They also controlled weeds through ploughing and tilling#practices that deplete topsoil and release carbon dioxide,

which is less toxic than many other chemicals and kills a broad range of weeds without ploughing.

and also reduce the number of insects and weeds. The soil needs to be changed once every year to keep the garden in a great state...

upon the current year s pattern of rainfall, pattern of poisonous weed growth, pattern of endangered species growth,

It is a cousin to beets spinach and lambsquarters an edible weed most city dwellers walk by daily;

These came from olive wheat and many other plants such as stinging nettles and alder trees. However about 60 percent of this pollen came from plants that are pollinated by insects such as bees suggesting they may inadvertently have hitched along in a bee product such as beeswax instead of getting intentionally added to the medicine.

and cats and invaded by weeds. Much work has been done to identify and protect the remaining coastal habitat.

even though the birds have learnt to eat the weeds. The birds are also under pressure at breeding sites in Tasmania.

Brown is among a growing number of farmers who use a suite of techniques to build soil's natural capacity to retain moisture discourage weeds and pests and nurture crops.

and spreading invasive weeds to carrying and transmitting more than 30 different kinds of diseases to humans livestock

Raging Western Wildfires in Photos That's because clearing land encourages the growth of weeds flashy fuels that easily ignite from embers.

To make things even more complicated in the recent study the researchers found that healthy bees they sampled had foraged mostly from weeds

or weeds might also have unintended consequences when combined and later spread outside crops. The solution could be as simple as labeling the harmful fungicides.

but also spray programs near those fields that may contribute to pesticide drift onto weeds the authors wrote.

and fireweed can't reproduce. Deer lose edge habitat. Threatened owls and raptors can't navigate through increasingly dense thickets.

Later in the year summer brings allergens from weeds and grasses which can produce more allergens

Fall ragweed season has grown also 13 to 27 days longer depending on latitude as late fall temperatures have increased.

and weeds later in the spring and in early summer producing more pollen. In many parts of the country this spring saw a perfect storm of allergy conditions.

and some blue grasses. 3. Weeds are guilty of causing most of the allergy misery that occurs in the late summer and early fall.

Top on the list of offenders is ragweed which affects as many as 75 percent of all hay fever sufferers.

Ragweed is found in virtually every region of the United states and with 17 different species of the weed there's plenty of pollen to keep people sneezing

and sniffling until frost. Other common weed allergens are sagebrush found predominantly in the west pigweed

and goosefoot pollen. 4. Molds are microscopic plants that reproduce by sending tiny spores into the air.

which are the tiny reproductive cells found in trees weeds plants and grasses. Â By all accounts there will be more pollen this year than ever before.

Ragweed makes its pollen in the late summer and early fall. And pollen production is only part of the impact that global warming is going to have on allergies and asthma and our health overall.

Frost wasn't occurring as early as it used to so ragweed was pollinating later.''

People with allergic rhinitis may be sensitive to specific types of pollen from trees grasses weeds and mold spores.

Weeds such as ragweed the most common cause of hay fever pollinate in late summer and early fall.

People with severe weed or grass allergies may want to find someone else to care for their lawns during peak allergy season she said.

Since hemp plants shade the ground quickly after sowing they can outgrow weeds a trait interesting especially for organic farmers.

Still a weed-free seedbed is required. And without nitrogen fertilisation hemp won't grow as vigorously as is suggested often.

so it doesn t rapidly kill its host said study co-author James Westwood who has the awesome title of professor of plant pathology physiology and weed science at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg Virginia.

Once the weed coils around its host plant it uses sharp appendages called haustoria to penetrate the host's tissue and suck out sugars and other nutrients.

along with these nutrients the weed also transports RNA the genetic material cells use to translate instructions in the organism's DNA into cellular machinery or proteins.

A much smaller amount of mrna flowed between the weed and the tomato plant the researchers found.

At the same time the weed is also sending messages to the host plant which may be operating like a genetic Trojan horse making the host more susceptible to the invading plant Westwood said.

If anything could be said to grow like a weed it is kudzu. It grows at an impressive rate of up to a metre every three days.

They also looked at the impact of the invasion of another noxious weed knotweed on old fields.

and weeds that cause seasonal allergies are very light and stay airborne for a long time. The pollen in bee honey comes from flowers

Ragweed in New england is the same as ragweed in Texas and people who are allergic to grass pollen may just be miserable everywhere

In contrast pollens from trees (such as birch oak elm maple and cottonwood) grasses and weeds are very light

but they are only available for ragweed or grass pollens. Follow Live Science@livescience Facebook & Google+.

or plants that are resistant to a greener herbicide there are legitimate problems such as weeds acquiring the GM herbicide resistance.

or accidental fires would usually be followed by specific weeds and trees that flourish in charred ground we found evidence that this particular fire was followed by the growth of fruit trees.

and vegetables are similar to allergy-causing proteins found in pollens such as ragweed birch mugwort and grasses.

in order to destroy fungi, insects and weeds, pesticides do not have to be so hazardous that they are carcinogenic,

the fast-growing weed with a small genome favoured by many plant biologists as a model system,

and were replaced by weeds; eventually the weeds died and the land became the lifeless desert it is today.

Beresford-Jones says that when the Nazca cut down the trees they destroyed the root system that had been anchoring the landscape.

Nature Newsthe brilliant career of a diminutive weed may have hit a snag. Arabidopsis thaliana has been the darling of plant biologists for some 30 years because of its small genome and rapid growth,

Even crop researchers have a good word for the little weed. It's very important for the entire plant

and calls for further research including on the growing resistance of weeds to glyphosate. See go. nature. com/ddcpba for more.

respectively, sued the USDA in 2008 for approving the sugar beet without adequately assessing the effects that it could have on weeds and nearby conventional crops.

But those that have evolved resistance to both herbicides could become a weed problem for farmers,

and breed with related weed species, then that advantage could be eroded, and different and more herbicides might have to be used.

when it comes to conservation, according to a study by Philip Hulme, a weed specialist at Lincoln University in New Zealand1.

and has indicated also that it will not broaden its definition of noxious weeds, a class of plants that falls under its regulatory purview,

a quick-growing weed with a small genome that serves as a reference for plants that are harder to study.

) Many Arabidopsis researchers are now hoping to apply what they have learned from the weed to agriculturally important species with genomes once considered too big to tackle.

and reduce the amount of weeds and harmful pests such as the rice planthopper. This invasive insect has the potential to devastate entire rice fields an outbreak in Thailand last year destroyed four per cent of the country's harvest.

War on weeds loses groundwith its jumble of leaves and pointy, green, flower spikes, the plant known as pigweed or palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) isn t much to look at.

North carolina, part of the US Department of agriculture (USDA), who notes that 383 known weed varieties have the genetic defences to survive one or more herbicides."

"Weed resistance is a game changer for agriculture in the same way that drug resistance has been a game changer for the health-care industry,

who spoke on 10 may at a Weed Summit in WASHINGTON DC convened by the National Academies.

"You re applying two different ways of killing the weed at the same time, says Mark Peterson, global biology team leader at Dow."

weed ecologist David Mortensen of Pennsylvania State university in University Park and his colleagues argue that the growing number of multiresistant weed varieties proves that"weeds can defy the probabilities (D. Â A. Â Mortensen

says Carol Mallory-Smith, a weed scientist at Oregon State university in Corvallis. The threat of multiresistance has prompted a return to older methods of weed control.

Stanley Culpepper, a weed scientist at the University of Georgia in Tifton has shown that planting a cover crop of rye blocks sunlight

and reduces the number of pigweed seeds that germinate by 75%.%In Georgia and elsewhere, Culpepper says,

At the weed summit, agronomist Michael Walsh of the University of Western australia in Crawley described the Harrington Seed Destructor,

a harvester that collects weed seeds along with the crop, smashes up about 95%of them,

"The weeds that have survived the crop season are the ones that are the most likely to have stacked resistance

The USDA and the agrochemical industry are looking into the use of the natural chemical defences of plants and microbes to control weeds.

and disrupts weed-cell division. Such solutions may be easier on the environment but if overused could still breed resistance.

"The reality of weed management without the silver bullet of glyphosate is need that we to revert to a many-hammers approach crop rotations, cultivations, tillage,

farmers can spray they fields with the chemical to control weeds without risking damage to their crops.

and point to studies showing that weeds and insects have evolved resistance to the modified crops3.

gone and largely invaded by exotic weeds. In fact, the same thing occurs every time I revisit the places that

the weed has spread rapidly across the country s coastal regions, covering some 400,000 hectares (see Coastal invasion).

Financially,"it s an incredible, major project to get rid of some weeds says David Melville, a conservationist in Nelson, New zealand,

Weeds warrant urgent conservationfaced with climate change, plant breeders are increasingly turning to the genomes of the wild, weedy relatives of crops for traits such as drought tolerance and disease resistance.

The analysis and weed maps by the CIAT"will help us prioritize species of interest

so that they can identify weed conservation strategies in partnership

Losing a single pollinator species harms plantsremoving even a single bee species from an ecosystem has serious effects on plant reproduction,

acknowledges Rene Van Acker, a weed scientist at the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada.

But Carol Mallory-Smith, the OSU weed scientist who first tested the Oregon plants three months ago,

This glyphosate resistance enables farmers to wipe out most weeds from the fields without damaging their crops.

"What some people see as a weed-filled blot on the landscape, others see as something extremely valuable, worthy of managing in its own right.

along with 2, 4-D could drive evolutionary selection for weeds that are resistant to the chemical,

But the USDA noted that the move would provide a much-needed tool for farmers to manage fields that are plagued already by weeds resistant to another weedkiller, glyphosate (Roundup.

Curiosity aroused we set off on the long journey to Dufftown Banffshire in the land of thistle and loch.

and Natural resources found at least nine species of weeds that have evolved naturally to withstand glyphosate weed-killers.

We also had lots of weeds this year and last. So the question is was the early spring a problem for nature or for people?

and target insect or weed infestations he said. Ecologists and animal welfare agencies could use them to hunt down poachers and monitor savannah wildlife.

Knowing the Americans would be interested they mailed a sample to the Agricultural research service's Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit in Fort Detrick Maryland.

what species a biological control agent living thing meant to kill weeds or pests ill affect.

#Abrasive Organic Herbicide Method Blasts Weeds To Deathone U s. Department of agriculture researcher is experimenting with a sandblasting-style method of killing weeds that could be certified organic Minneapolis'Star Tribune reports.

Agronomist Frank Forcella is blasting weeds with a spray of ground-up corncobs walnut shells corn gluten meal and other plant material.

Sounds like he's exfoliating the weeds to death. Working with engineers at South dakota State university Forcella has developed even a tractor-mounted nozzle system that blasts out organic grit using air pressurized to 100 pounds per square inch.

So how does this extreme exfoliation hit weeds but not the crop you're trying to protect?

Strangely enough Forcella's weed-killing method called Propelled Abrasive Grit Management is indiscriminate. You do hit your crop

which to blast weeds? What's the optimal time to blast weeds? Can we blast weeds more cheaply?

Here's one tantalizing possibility: Instead of using inert materials such as corncobs Forcella has tried blasting crops with corn gluten meal

which is gritty but fertilizing. That means organic farmers could kill weeds and fertilize with the same process.

From the crop's point of view I wonder if it's a bit like getting smacked really hard in the face with chocolate cake.

or help raise cattle in places where noxious weeds often hurt rancher's productivity. You could presumably give the cattle microbes from others that have become accustomed to eating these plants

so that farmers can spray entire fields more liberally yet kill only weeds. Glyphosate use has skyrocketed in the U s

In another project it is trying to develop a spray that would restore the ability of its Roundup herbicide to kill weeds that have grown impervious to it.

Cigarette addicts with few iron-willed exceptions aren't about to give up the weed it declared.

Lippman's team also studied florigen mutants in another plant the crucifer weed known as Arabidopsis that is a cousin of crops like broccoli and cauliflower.

#Nutritional information on oilseed crop for use in pig dietslong considered a weed in North america Camelina sativa is valued increasingly as an oilseed crop.

Sandhage and graduate student Brandon Goodwin began by examining the microscopic shapes of several types of pollen--including ragweed pecan

Then we tested the efficacy of the modified unroller with several types of organic mulches for between-row weed control in organic watermelon.

Mulching between rows can be an effective practice for controlling weeds; our modification makes mulching with round bales of hay

The results showed a significant mulch-type by year interaction for weed control the authors said.

One-year-old hay had less impact on weed control in 2010 compared with 2009 whereas other mulches had improved weed control in 2010.

One-year-old wheat straw and new hay had the lowest levels of weed biomass compared with new wheat straw and the no-mulch control.

The experiments also proved that the thickness of the mulch affected weed control with mulches applied in two layers resulting in significantly less weed biomass than those applied in one layer.

These results suggest that hay and wheat straw mulches can be weed an effective control practice

Our results also indicated that adequate weed control could be achieved with a single layer of mulch reducing costs for mulching with round bales.

The greatest challenge was to transform the weed into a useful crop and to cultivate suitable varieties.

They then compared kiwifruit to the genomes of other representative plant species including tomato rice grape and the mustard weed Arabidopsis.

although S. trilobata is considered an invasive'nuisance weed'in one context it may be of value to crop growers

A variety of dependable cover crops are used to subdue weeds build productive soil control pests and diseases and enhance overall sustainability of organic systems.

The thick mulch hinders the development of weeds during the critical growing period contributes to reduced soil erosion

However our research shows that the fungal pathogen that causes barley leaf blotch can be found on wild ryegrasses which are common both as weeds within cereal crop fields and in the surrounding field margins.

when a genetically modified trait passes from a crop plant to a closely related weed the weed gains the crop s engineered benefit#resistance to pests for example#only in the presence of the offending insects.

This new study is a surprising example of gene flow from crops to weeds that makes weeds more vigorous even without an environmental trigger researchers say.

and then if it happened to cross with a related weed whether it might make the weed more prolific as well#said Allison Snow professor of evolution ecology

and organismal biology at The Ohio State university and a lead author of the paper.##oeit s unusual for any transgene to have such a positive effect on a wild relative

By crossing genetically altered herbicide-resistant rice with weedy rice to mimic what happens naturally in the field the researchers created crop-weed hybrids that grew larger and produced more offspring than unaltered counterparts#even without any herbicide present.

She has found that genes from crop plants can persist in related weeds over many generations.

In 2002 she led a study that was the first to show that a gene artificially inserted into crop plants to fend off pests could migrate to weeds in a natural environment

and make the weeds stronger. She also has served on national panels that monitor and make recommendations about the release of genetically engineered species into the environment.

She is interested in identifying new possible outcomes of the growth of crop-weed hybrids that contain genetic modifications

#oeit s not always the end of the world if a weed starts to become a lot more common after acquiring a new trait#there may be effective ways to manage that weed#Snow said.#

But cranberry-growing operations are challenged by weeds which compete for precious resources and often decrease fruit yields and revenues.

Producers currently rely on weed management strategies such as flooding and sanding cranberry beds hand-weeding or applications of pre-and postemergence herbicides.

Recent interest in reducing chemical inputs into cranberry growing systems has led researchers to evaluate alternative methods such as flame cultivation as a potential nonchemical weed control option.

University of Massachusetts scientists Katherine Ghantous Hilary Sandler Wesley Autio and Peter Jeranyama designed a study using flame cultivation techniques for weed control in cranberry crops.

The results published in the July 2013 issue of Hortscience showed promise for integrating the weed control technique into certain situations including organic farming.

The team tested three types of handheld propane torches (one open flame and two styles of infrared torches) and varying exposure times on several species of perennial weeds.

and cost of using an open flame torch for spot control of weeds was similar to that of the common practice of using a wick applicator to apply glyphosate to weeds the researchers noted.

In addition to being as cost-effective as glyphosate wipes the nonfatal response to flame control indicates that it will cause less damage to cranberry plants that are exposed incidentally during spot treatment of weeds than glyphosate.

The experiments determined that flame cultivation could be integrated as a sustainable and economical approach for weed control in some situations.

and would ideally be used as a spot treatment for weeds growing in the cranbstory Source:

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