Synopsis: 9. security & defence:


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or the Civil war when people might wear a lock of a loved one's hair or a photo in a brooch or watch chain Cann said.

While spontaneous public memorials with flowers and teddy bears sprang up in Newtown Conn. after the mass murders at a school as well as after the Boston Marathon bombings

and the fertilizer plant explosion in West Texas those spaces are becoming smaller in geography


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or shoulder as you would by playing the same sport all the time Proper rest is also a key factor in minimizing the risk of overuse injuries.


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The UCLA report Risk and Decision: Evaluating Pesticide Approval in California identifies a variety of deficits in the agency's registration process

Using the approval of methyl iodide as a case study the authors examined the risk-governance approach used during the approval process comparing it to best practices in regulatory settings including risk-assessment practices developed by the National Research Council.

In addition to highlighting the deficits in the agency's process the report makes a number of recommendations aimed at better protecting public health including:


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but she doesn t take sides about possible risks and benefits of genetically modified crops.##oeit s not always the end of the world if a weed starts to become a lot more common after acquiring a new trait#there may be effective ways to manage that weed#Snow said.#

and knowledge from ecological studies like ours can help inform risk assessment and biosafety oversight.#


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but researchers are looking at it as a way to combat obesity. They are looking at compounds that will prevent you from absorbing all the nutrition in your food in the small intestine he said.


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#A snack helps reduce cardiovascular risk in obese childrenresearchers at the Universitat de Valã ncia Universitat Politã cnica de Valã ncia (UPV) Doctor Peset University Hospital

and tested the effectiveness of a new apple snack impregnated with tangerine juice that reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease in obese children

also increased antioxidant defences and decreased markers associated with oxidative DNA damage and inflammation all cardiovascular risk factors.

The modification of oxidative stress in adipose tissue (or fat tissue) can help in the prevention of cardiovascular risk associated with childhood obesity


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His study of the brown rot fungi led him to study tree defenses at the nanostructure scale.


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and should go beyond the simple implementation of refuges for Bt-susceptible moths. Bt maize and resistance developmentgenetically engineered maize is created by introducing a gene into the plant genome that expresses a toxic protein from a bacterium i e.

and in order to delay the evolution of resistance in pest populations the concept of maintaining refuges for Bt susceptible moths was developed.

Non-Bt maize fields are protecting Bt maize fieldsthe refuge strategy consists of planting a small proportion of land with non-Bt maize;

Since the probability of resistant individuals arising in the field is low any resistant insects surviving on Bt maize will mate with one of the many Bt-susceptible individuals originating from the refuge area

As a result of the study the planting of refuges needs to be reconsidered in South africa and a possibility exists that the refuge strategy may totally change in the future.

However these are very short term solutions. In the medium term single-toxin Bt maize is being replaced progressively by a stacked variety producing two different toxins


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The paper published Sept. 19 in the journal Environmental science and Technology (EST) Letters and led by John Battles professor of forest ecology at the University of California Berkeley also presents strong evidence that acid rain

and its impact on tree growth said Battles. The temporal and spatial scope of the study--15 years and entire watersheds--is unique

The mountainous regions in the Northeast have thin soils that are already acidic so they have limited ability to withstand the assaults of nutrient-dissolving acid rain.

This was restoration not fertilization said Battles. We were only replacing what was lost. Researchers monitored the forest over the next 15 years comparing the treatment area with an adjacent watershed that had the same characteristics

The treatment increased the forest's resilience to major disturbances said Battles. The trees in the calcium-treated watershed were able to recover faster from a severe ice storm that hit the region in 1998.

Both Schindler and Battles noted that the high cost of adding calcium to the soil would likely limit its use to targeted watersheds rather than as a treatment for vast areas of affected forests Prevention is always preferable

and with our study's clear evidence that acid rain is hurting forests other countries will hopefully be motivated to intervene sooner by implementing air pollution standards to reduce emissions said Battles.


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This suggests that either pesticides pose a health risk to caiman or that pesticides harm the habitat


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Contact to pigs has been included as a risk factor for MRSA and patients are asked about contact to pigs

The risk of meat constituting a source of MRSA infection in humans is considered still to be very small.


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But few know that these real caddiesflies spin an adhesive silk underwater to build nets to capture food and build protective shelter.

From this Kirkton hypothesizes that a lack of oxygen delivery to the grasshopper's body is a trigger for molting.


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which lie deep below peaty moorlands are at risk from changes in climate and from land management techniques that alter plant diversity.


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but there are also precautions you can take to help eliminate allergens outside as well. While completely avoiding pollen


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Direct ingestion of soil containing lead is a bigger threat than plant uptake. Soils can be ingested directly

and covering soils with mulch can help decrease these risks. Finding reliable and safe water sources can be difficult for urban farmers.


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This sale is a major step forward for the Government of Madagascar in advancing the use of carbon credits to fight climate change

while protecting biodiversity and human livelihoods said WCS president and CEO Cristiã¡n Samper. WCS congratulates Madagascar

In addition Makira's forests serve as a zone of watershed protection providing clean water to over 250000 people in the surrounding landscape.

and fights climate change said Todd Stevens Vice president of the Makira Carbon Company a nonprofit subsidiary of WCS.


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The research was lead by a team of researchers at the University of Glasgow in collaboration with the University of Edinburgh the Royal Veterinary College Scotland's Rural College Health Protection Scotland and the Scottish E coli O157/VTEC

and molecular data to examine the risks of E coli O157 transmission from cattle to humans

The risk of E coli O157 infection is particularly significant when the cattle are'super-shedding'--excreting extremely high numbers of bacteria in their feces for a limited period of time.

In Scotland an average of 235 culture positive cases of E coli O157 infection per year (i e. people who had the organism in their stools) were notified to Health Protection Scotland from 2008 to 2012.


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and high-temperature alloys for nuclear energy applications says Dr. Mostafa Saber lead author of the study and a postdoctoral research scholar in materials science and engineering at NC State.


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#Diet is associated with risk of depressiona healthy diet may reduce the risk of severe depression according to a prospective follow-up study of more than 2000 men conducted at the University of Eastern Finland.

whether the diet and the intake of foods and nutrients are associated with the risk of depression in healthy individuals.

and low-fat cheese was associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms and a lower risk of depression during the follow-up period.

Increased intake of folate was associated also with a decreased risk of depression. Vegetables fruits berries whole-grains meat and liver are the most important dietary sources of folate.

In addition increased coffee consumption was associated non-linearly with a decreased risk of depression. In addition participation in a three-year lifestyle intervention study improved depression scores with no specific group effect.

intake were not related to the risk of depression in this study. The study was based on the population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study.

The participants over 2000 middle-aged or older Finnish men were followed-up for an average of 13-20 years.


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#Model of dangerous bee disease in Jersey provides tool in fight against honeybee infectionsscientists at the University of Warwick have modelled an outbreak of the bee infection American foulbrood in Jersey using a technique


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It's extremely precise with incredibly quick and powerful delivery so it makes sense that we're getting the results we want.

Based on what we've seen so far it's at least as effective as open surgery is far superior in terms of risk

In roughly two-thirds of all cases the onset of the seizures cannot be explained. That's how it was with Melanie Vandyke.


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These benefits may include for example reduced pollution outflow and erosion and better wind protection pest control and pollination.


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Isolated from decaying leaves collected in a hardwood forest in North carolina in the summer of 1933 Dicty have been used for years to study development and more recently conflict and cooperation.

At first it was an uphill battle Brock said. But by isolating new clones from the wild that also carried edible bacteria in their sorae

Without the benefit of human institutions that guarantee property rights or a just division of goods they enforce their rights through chemical warfare.


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and humans said Greenwood a staff scientist in the Human biology Division at Fred Hutch. Some of the same brain regions and neurological chemicals that control human social behavior are involved probably in fish social behavior as well.'

'Some kind of genetic factor'controlling behavior Greenwood and several colleagues in the Peichel Lab at Fred Hutch have been studying sticklebacks for several years to understand the genesis of natural variation.

Old bicycle wheel and lab motor used in experiment Fish school primarily for protection from predators

but for both studies the Fred Hutch researchers had to create an environment in which they could observe the fish in unchanging conditions.

and Fred Hutch researchers are now working on manipulating the gene they think causes changes in the stickleback's lateral line to see


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#An unprecedented threat to Perus cloud forestsperu's cloud forests are some of the most biologically diverse ecosystems in the world.

This massive array of underexplored biodiversity will face an unprecedented threat before the end of the century.

Stuck in a Hot Placethe habitats of most Andean plants-and therefore the habitats of the organisms that use them for food and shelter-are determined largely by temperature.

The photo data were collected by the United States Air force's Aerial Survey teams during June 1963


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Cotton bollworm a pest that attacks crop plants was more sensitive to OAIP-1 than termites and mealworms


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Thuppil and Coss studied the elephants'behavior in an effort to prevent conflicts between human farmers


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#New cell component important to tea and wine-makingscientists have discovered where plants build tannins complex chemicals used by plants for defence and protection.

or proanthocyanidins are thought to play diverse roles such as defense against herbivores and pathogens or ultraviolet protection.

and therefore first to manufacture leather laces and soles protecting feet of rough ground. The result was unexpected

and propose a somewhat revolutionary model we needed a multidisciplinary approach associating several microscopy and biochemistry techniques.

Aside from their protective roles in plants tannins are also important in making tea and red wine taste the way they Do it isn't every day that a new organelle is identified


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and protect it from the attack of pathogenic microorganisms or by producing phytohormones; these substances allow a supply of nutrients and water.


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Instead the findings suggest that the transnational tobacco companies'interest in reduced-risk products lies in maintaining the status quo in favour of cigarettes for


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Fruits and vegetables have skins that provide natural protection against drying out discoloration and other forms of spoilage Pavlath explained.

and peeling remove that natural protection allowing deterioration and spoilage to begin. It's visible within minutes for foods like apples

They generally provide the same protection against bacteria as the natural skin if the foods are handled under sterile conditions


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That underscores the importance of saving endangered and threatened animals. Brown and her students based at Mississippi State university now have identified more than 40 microbes living in the guts of giant pandas at the Memphis Zoo that could make biofuel production from plant waste easier and cheaper.


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Speaking at the 246th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS) Sara Risch Ph d. said that new packaging materials must meet the criteria for being sustainable without sacrificing the security freshness and visibility

Without that protection the packaged food won't be sustainable. It will have a short shelf-life and spoil quickly.


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and not because of the risk of a nasty sting an expert on the health of those beneficial insects said in Indianapolis today at the 246th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS).

If we can gain a better understanding of the factors causing honeybee decline we may be able to apply this knowledge to protecting other species. Fell cited funding from the Virginia Department of agriculture and Consumer Services the National Honey Board the Virginia Agricultural


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and the inclusion of fruit sugars rather than refined sugars won't make any difference in terms of the risk of tooth decay they say.


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and simple measures to deal with itthe bedbug's most closely guarded secrets--stashed away in protective armor that enables these bloodsucking little nasties to shrug off insecticides

In addition to this first-line of defense Zhu's team discovered that bedbugs have developed a second layer of protection.

In case insecticides slip past the armor other genes kick in to prevent the toxins from attacking the nervous system.


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and human studies that will establish a clearer picture of the relative dangers of hookah


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#New weapons on the way to battle wicked weedsa somber picture of the struggle against super-weeds emerged today as scientists described the relentless spread of herbicide-resistant menaces like pigweed

Rather the battle involves nightmares like Palmer amaranth pigweed which has been termed the master blueprint for the perfect weed.

despite multiple soakings with glyphosate and a single plant may produce almost 1 million seeds to perpetuate the menace.

Rather the use and management of these technologies to gain control of weeds by practitioners determines the risk of herbicide-resistant weeds evolving.


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The author Ashley E. Larsen a Ph d. candidate in the Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology built on an earlier study published in PNAS by extending the temporal dimension of that analysis. That study found a strong positive


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These combined forces have led to desertification as once-productive grasslands are overtaken by the Gobi desert expanding rapidly from the south.

The problem poses serious threats to this ecosystem researchers say including soil and water loss but it may contribute to global climate change as well.


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Specifically smaller stands of trees--roughly the size of a few football fields--situated throughout crop fields provided better levels of beetle protection than the much larger forest preserves set on the outskirts of farms.

what they might gain in pest protection by protecting certain patches of the landscape. The study was published in the online edition of the peer-reviewed journal Ecology Letters.


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and poses a significant health risk. Similar conditions shut down Beijing's second largest reservoir in 1997;

At the top China sees environmental protection and poverty alleviation as vital to national security said Gretchen Daily a biology professor at Stanford

and senior co-author on the study. The challenge is in implementing change. It's amazing that in four short years the government got everyone growing rice in this area to switch to corn


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#Broccoli to fight skin cancer? With skin cancer emerging as one of the world's most prevalent forms of cancer researchers are using every tool at their disposal to fight this disease.

A diet heavy in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli sprouts has shown potential risk-reduction properties for colorectal prostate and various other forms of cancer.

Dr. Dickinson's research currently focuses on how sulforaphane--a naturally occurring compound in broccoli with established chemopreventive properties--could possibly be used to help patients reduce their risk for skin cancer.

Instead of eating broccoli to unlock the risk-reduction nutrients she's asking patients to apply small doses of sulforaphane to their skin.

and we have seen cases where it can induce protective enzymes in the skin. Someday patients with compromised immune systems may be able to apply sulforaphane to their skin

in order to reduce their risk of skin cancer. Sulforaphane is one of the many natural products and pharmaceutical agents being explored for use in topical prevention of UV-induced skin cancers through the Chemoprevention of Skin cancer Program Project Grant headed by Dr. Bowden and UACC Director David Alberts MD.


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#Sharing the risks/costs of biomass cropsfarmers who grow corn and soybeans can take advantage of government price support programs

and designate who will assume the risks and costs associated with these new perennial energy crops.

and are transparent about who's taking on the risk and who's paying for it.

The study identifies considerations that should be included in the framework for a biomass contract including a control for moral hazard risk incentive tradeoff existing agricultural practices

and risk and management tools to make the industry more sustainable financially and environmentally. Endres said that

because they are the ones who are bearing the risks associated with sustainability practices. Suppose a sustainability contract lists that the default should be integrated pest management rather than application of traditional pesticides Endres said.

The farmer takes on some risk to provide a sustainable product but the biorefinery gets carbon credit for those sustainable practices.

if the farmer assumes the risk of IPM as opposed to traditional pesticide options there has to be some sort of up-front payment

or incentive in the contract to account for this risk. Due to the power relationships in this industry the onus is on the biorefinery to be the leader in developing contracts in this new landscape.

so they take on additional risk. Likewise landowners see high prices for traditional commodity crops and do not want to be locked into a multi-year contract with a lessee to grow a perennial biomass crop.

and one way to secure that is to recognize all of the risks and costs especially when it comes to sustainability practices.


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It could be useful for powering devices for use in extreme environments such as oil drilling the military and space.


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Over recent years many pieces of research have identified a link between adherence to a Mediterranean diet and a lower risk of age-related disease such as dementia.

In nine out of the 12 studies a higher adherence to a Mediterranean diet was associated with better cognitive function lower rates of cognitive decline and a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease.

and nutritious and our systematic review shows it may help to protect the ageing brain by reducing the risk of dementia.


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#Following a Mediterranean diet not associated with delay to clinical onset of Huntington diseaseadhering to a Mediterranean-type diet (Meddi) does not appear associated with the time to clinical onset of Huntington disease (phenoconversion) according to a study by Karen

and dairy products is known to be beneficial for health owing to its protective effects in many chronic diseases according to the study background.

and Canada involving 1001 participants enrolled in the Prospective Huntington at Risk Observational Study (PHAROS) between July 1999

When individual components of Medi were analyzed higher dairy consumption (hazard ratio 2. 36) and higher caloric intake were associated with risk of phenoconversion according to the study results.

and pharmacological interventions to modify specific components of diet that may delay the onset of HD the study concludes.


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of which thanks partly to its many seeds produces the largest concentration of tannins--an antioxidant that combats the ageing of cells.


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In addition the rice blast fungus which is present in over 80 countries and has a dramatic effect both on the agricultural economy

and the increased loss of crops to pests will pose a serious threat to global food security.


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In the 1970s red spruce was the forest equivalent of a canary in the coal mine signaling that acid rain was damaging forests


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#Eating whole fruits linked to lower risk of Type 2 diabeteseating more whole fruits particularly blueberries grapes

and apples was associated significantly with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes according to a new study led by Harvard School of Public health (HSPH) researchers.

Greater consumption of fruit juices was associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. The study is the first to look at the effects of individual fruits on diabetes risk.

While fruits are recommended as a measure for diabetes prevention previous studies have mixed found results for total fruit consumption.

and apples--reduced their risk for type 2 diabetes by as much as 23%in comparison to those who ate less than one serving per month.

or more servings of fruit juice each day increased their risk of developing type 2 diabetes by as much as 21%.

%The researchers found that swapping three servings of juice per week for whole fruits would result in a 7%reduction in diabetes risk.

The fruits'glycemic index (a measure of how rapidly carbohydrates in a food boost blood sugar) did not prove to be a significant factor in determining a fruit's association with type 2 diabetes risk.

However the high glycemic index of fruit juice--which passes through the digestive system more rapidly than fiber-rich fruit--may explain the positive link between juice consumption and increased diabetes risk.

Previous studies have linked anthocyanins found in berries and grapes to lowered heart attack risk for example.

But more research is necessary to determine which components in the more beneficial fruits influence diabetes risk.


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Currently central India's tiger corridors have no legal protection and the Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests recently gave permission for coal mining development in a key forest corridor connecting two of the habitats in the study.

Mining brings with it many ancillary habitat disruptions Sharma said. There are settlements roads and infrastructure that will have an inevitable impact on the corridors

and a genetic bottleneck occurs dramatic human intervention is required to save isolated populations of cats from the perils of inbreeding.


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According to new research published in the September 2013 issue of The FASEB Journal not only is dieting before getting pregnant not enough to prevent diabetes risks

but it could actually present new risks as well. Knowing how maternal health and behavior affect how genes express themselves in offspring should help health care providers


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and Asiaa malaria control method that targets mosquito larvae and pupae as they mature in standing water could be an important supplementary measure in the fight against the disease according to a new report.

This paper is a landmark publication demonstrating that in many places larval source management should be used as a supplementary weapon against malaria.


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and is a great threat to global food security. Two of these proteins are already being studied as potential drug targets against other pathogens.

#oewith the world population set to exceed nine billion by the year 2050 improving the security of our food supply is crucial.


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#Broccoli could be key in the fight against osteoarthritisa compound found in broccoli could be key to preventing


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Women with breast cancer lose BMD at a higher rate than their healthier counterparts increasing their risk of fractures

There is growing evidence that calcium supplements may increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. The take-home message is that this very common practice of supplementation doesn't really seem to be said working Schwartz.


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Cable-tie heads are marketed normally for military and industrial applications to bundle wires and prevent corrosion.

These time savings accumulate when tens to hundreds of trees are tagged which is common for environmental field studies that measure variation in tree growth among individuals of one tree species

or multiple tree species. Saving time and easier band installation are also crucial when working in non-ideal field conditions.


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or even blast injuries suffered by those in combat zones. SPO is a combination of sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide molecules.

Our surprising finding was that even after exercising isolated leg muscles in the absence of oxygen the muscles injected with the SPO compound could generate 20 percent more force than untreated muscles said Harrison.

Even 30 minutes after the start of exercise (muscle stimulation) oxygen-deprived muscles injected with SPO maintained 30 percent of normal force.

If successful Harrison said the treatment could potentially extend the window of time known as the golden hour in emergency medicine

This effect alone would be extremely valuable to both wounded warriors and civilians. However it is also conceivable that the technology

The research was funded by the National institutes of health and the Armed forces Institute for Regenerative Medicine. Co-authors are Catherine L. Ward Ph d. Benjamin T. Corona Ph d. James J. Yoo M d. Ph d. Wake Forest Baptist.


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The researchers hypothesize that acid rain a by-product of fossil fuel burning acidic mining runoff and agricultural fertilizers speed up the dissolving of surfaces that are naturally high in alkaline minerals.

in addition to mining and land use Kaushal said. The acid rain problem is decreasing. But meanwhile there are these lagging effects of river alkalinization showing up across a major region of the U s. How many decades will river alkalinization persist?


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