Yet Roman harbor installations have survived 2000 years of chemical attack and wave action underwater. How the Romans did made itthe Romans concrete by mixing lime and volcanic rock.
For underwater structures lime and volcanic ash were mixed to form mortar and this mortar and volcanic tuff were packed into wooden forms.
The seawater instantly triggered a hot chemical reaction. The lime was hydrated--incorporating water molecules into its structure
Tobermorite does occur in the mortar of ancient seawater concrete however. High-pressure x-ray diffraction experiments at ALS beamline 12.2.2 measured its mechanical properties and for the first time clarified the role of aluminum in its crystal lattice.
They are thought to provide refuge from deep snow and blustery winds and to help deer hide from predators Murray explained.
and before the deer population explosion more recently experienced the ecosystem stayed balanced because there were plenty of deeryards and fewer deer.
and intelligence then we are considering a diet that is very different than we were thinking about 15 years ago
and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) that by 2022 the nation derive 15 billion gallons per year of ethanol from corn to blend with conventional motor fuels according to principal investigator Pedro Alvarez the George R
Amphibians are threatened the most vertebrates in the world with over 40%at risk of extinction.
In addition to mechanical defenses such as thorns and spines plants also produce compounds that keep insects and other herbivores at bay by acting as repellents or toxins.
Green-leaf volatiles--which are also responsible for the smell of freshly cut grass--have been observed to provide plants with both direct protection by inhibiting
and indirect protection by attracting predators of the herbivores themselves. Attracting the enemies of the herbivoresthe hawkmoth Manduca sexta lays its eggs on various plants including tobacco and Sacred Datura plants (Datura wrightii.
Hereby they minimize the risk of newly laid eggs being eaten by the predators. Another positive effect is that the competition for resources with larvae that already feed on a plant is reduced.
New plant protection strategiesa similar behavioral pattern is known from potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata. An artificial application of (Z)- 3-or (E)- 2-hexenol (E)- 2-hexanal or 1-hexanol to potato plants lead to a disoriented behavior observed in egg-laying potato beetles.
On the basis of these results plant protection strategies seem possible which utilize artificial odor application
This kind of information shows the risks and opportunities that are inherent to the stability properties of these ecosystems that still cover massive parts of the Earth.
The study was supported by grants from the Air force Office of Scientific research and the National Science Foundation.
#Smoking leads to fivefold increase in heart disease and stroke in under-50ssmoking increases the risk of heart disease
and stroke by fivefold in people under the age of 50 and doubles risk in the over-60s.
The protection of children and adolescents from taking up smoking is essential to the future health of Europeans
and 13%of CVD deaths in women of the same age. 2 Risks from smoking are related to how much tobacco is smoked daily
and the risk of cardiovascular disease so the younger you are when you start the higher dose you get altogether.
#¢Cover at least 75%of the front and back packaging with health warnings on the multiple risks of smoking.
and put them at increased risk of experimenting with cigarettes or other nicotine containing products.
and adopt optimal public health protection measures. Stopping young people taking up smoking is a key goal of the ESC joint guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease. 4 Other recommendations are to avoid smoking
Passive smoking at home or in the work place increases the risk of CVD by 30%However smoking bans lead to rapid and sizeable reductions in hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction.
People who stop smoking also rapidly reduce their risk of CVD. Professor Tell said: Passive smoking is much more dangerous than many people think.
The potential cost savings for this method says Grewell are very encouraging. Economic models he explains have shown that once implemented this technology could have a payback period of less than one year.
There is a danger in believing that land carbon sinks can solve the problem of atmospheric carbon emissions
The study found that protecting natural forests avoids emissions that would otherwise result from logging
#More at-risk bird species in Brazilian forest than previously thoughtin a study published today in the journal PLOS ONE a team of researchers led by NJIT Associate professor Gareth Russell has applied a novel method for linking large-scale habitat
Our goal was to assess the extinction risk for bird species in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil a global'hotspot'of bird diversity said Russell.
which fragmentation patterns can contribute to threat assessment. The authors also found that out of 58 species that have fragmented severely habitat 28 are considered not currently to be threatened according to the latest red list published by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
The researchers believe that their work could be applied widely helping to identify at-risk species from many different groups and from many regions of the planet.
We think that forces this orientation though we haven't proven it yet. He said the researchers want to experiment with other block copolymers
and food insecurity says Brauman. For example if low crop water productivity in precipitation-limited regions were raised to the 20th percentile of water productivity specific to particular crops
That potential exists they say despite serious questions about safety disposal of radioactive waste and diversion of nuclear material for weapons.
That potential exists they say despite serious questions about safety disposal of radioactive waste and diversion of nuclear material for weapons.
and therefore the risk of cardiovascular disease a pan-Nordic study where Lund University participated has found.
PES programmes have been promoted as a cost-effective tool to combat climate change. However the rather limited documentation on the effectiveness of the programmes is discouraging.'
and combat climate change'says Nord n who calls for better awareness of the effects of different reward systems.
or risk reduction claims provided the products substantially reduce exposure and provided the behavioral and health consequences of these products are determined in post-marketing surveillance
and epidemiological studies (tiered testing). Recommendations within the report have policy implications that were continuing to reverberate in 2012.
Article 5. 3 relates to the protection of public health policies with respect from tobacco control from commercial and other vested interests of the tobacco industry.**
but the graphene provides protection against oxidation. That might be one of the big things about graphene that you can have a noninvasive coating that keeps the property of the substrate
Bug and weed killers, solvents may increase risk of Parkinsons diseasea large analysis of more than 100 studies from around the world shows that exposure to pesticides
or bug and weed killers and solvents is associated likely with a higher risk of developing Parkinson's disease.
For the analysis researchers reviewed 104 studies that looked at exposure to weed fungus rodent or bug killers and solvents and the risk of developing Parkinson's disease.
or weed killers and solvents increased the risk of developing Parkinson's disease by 33 to 80 percent.
In controlled studies exposure to the weed killer paraquat or the fungicides maneb and mancozeb was associated with two times the risk of developing the disease.
However our study suggests that the risk increases in a dose response manner as the length of exposure to these chemicals increases.
and domesticated plants and animals constitutes a fundamental threat to the well-being and even the survival of humankind warns the founding Chair of a new global organization created to narrow the gulf between leading international biodiversity scientists and national policy-makers.
but the latest data classify 22%of domesticated breeds at risk of extinction Dr. Zakri said.
In the course of 4 campaigns bats tagged with radio transmitters were followed for several nights to discover their roosts
The researchers also described their diet on the basis of their droppings and characterised their roosts the structure of the vegetation on their hunting grounds and the presence of potential preys.
Apparently the selection of roosts is conditioned less in the Mediterranean; the colonies were much more flexible in terms of the variables relating to the microclimate of the cavity--insulation orientation
but the distances covered between their roosts and their hunting grounds were longer in the Atlantic.
Our results will help develop ways to use this new material in atomically thin electronics that will become integral components of a whole new generation of revolutionary products such as flexible solar cells that conform to the body of a car.
In some ways he says argument over the road distracts scientists and policymakers from far more serious threats.
Here road building ranks far lower as a threat than issues such as climate change poverty high population densities
I am concerned about all threats he says. But it is how you manage the system from a bigger picture--there are a lot of things you can do including trying to find ways to give residents alternative sources of income such as beekeeping handicraft production and community-based ecotourism.
No to the Mine! Snake Sibon noalamina Country: Panamasnail-eating snake: A beautiful new species of snail-eating snake has been discovered in the highland rainforests of western Panama.
The species name is derived from the Spanish phrase No a la mina or No to the mine.
When Guek was able to collect a specimen it was sent to Stephen Brooks at London's Natural history Museum who confirmed its new species status. The three joined forces
Environmental protection and restoration of the forests have so far been hindered severely by the irregularity of the mass flowering intervals
and Celtic Knots opens up new possibilities in areas including medical devices drug delivery elastics and adhesives.
We are currently investigating the use of these new materials for biomedical applications such as drug/gene delivery cross linkable hydrogel materials and skin adhesives.
#Scientists uncover how grapefruits provide a secret weapon in medical drug deliverylipids (right panel first three tubes) derived from grapefruit.
and have discovered how to use them as drug delivery vehicles. Uofl scientists Huang-Ge Zhang D. V. M. Ph d. Qilong Wang Ph d. and their team today (May 21 2013) published their findings in Nature Communications.
Our GNVS can be modified to target specific cells--we can use them like missiles to carry a variety of therapeutic agents for the purpose of destroying diseased cells he said.
It made sense for us to consider eatable plants as a mechanism to create medical nanoparticles as a potential nontoxic therapeutic delivery vehicle.
#Combined wood and tobacco smoke exposure increases risk and symptoms of COPDPEOPLE who are exposed consistently to both wood smoke
and tobacco smoke are at a greater risk for developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and for experiencing more frequent and severe symptoms of the disease as well as more severe airflow obstruction than those who are exposed to only one type of smoke according to the results of a new population-based study conducted by researchers in Colombia.
or more years posed a significant risk factor for developing COPD in both men and women and those with both wood and tobacco exposure had poorer lung function scores
In the population we studied exposure to wood smoke was identified as an independent risk factor for developing COPD both in women
which would be the warning signal we could use today to indicate that nature is becoming dangerously unbalanced.
Our research suggests that parents may play an important role in influencing their adolescents to establish behavioral patterns that improve their long-term health and chronic-disease risk.
In order to examine the protective effects of parent-college student communication on student eating and physical activity behaviors the researchers recruited 746 first-year students at a large university in the U s. to complete a baseline survey plus 14 daily surveys.
They may try to ensure paternity by increased surveillance and fighting off the competition or by having more frequent sex with their long-term partners.
Others react by physically punishing unfaithful females or by reducing parental care once the--potentially unrelated--offspring has arrived.
To answer these questions they simulated an increased risk of adulterous behaviour in female reed warblers by briefly introducing a caged extra male to 31 reed warbler pairs during the female's fertile period.
This territorial behaviour is interpreted as a paternity guard. Herbert Hoi and his colleagues observed that all males tried to attack
It allows them to more accurately assess the climactic risk said Gray co-author of the study with associate professor Andreas Hamann.
By adapting an algorithm from information theory the researchers found that they could use these distinct gene genealogies to quantify the conflict
A case in point is the Cambrian explosion the sudden appearance about 540 million years ago of a remarkable diversity of animal species without apparent predecessors.
#Flower power fights orchard pestswashington State university researchers have found they can control one of fruit growers'more severe pests aphids with a remarkably benign tool:
By adapting an algorithm from information theory the researchers found that they could use these distinct gene genealogies to quantify the conflict
A case in point is the Cambrian explosion the sudden appearance about 540 million years ago of a remarkable diversity of animal species without apparent predecessors.
#Flower power fights orchard pestswashington State university researchers have found they can control one of fruit growers'more severe pests aphids with a remarkably benign tool:
These results provide a basis for the government to take actions for controlling this public health threat.
We suggest that strong measures such as continued surveillance of avian and human hosts control of animal movement shutdown of live poultry markets
We think there are ways to assess the risks these lands face to reduce the impact of cheatgrass invasion said Paul Doescher professor
Breastfeeding is known to offer wide-ranging preventive health benefits for babies reducing their risk for infections
The place that organisms occupy on this sliding scale of forces depends in part on the extent to
birds could pose risk to humansin the summer of 1968 a new strain of influenza appeared in Hong kong.
The researchers led by Ram Sasisekharan the Alfred H. Caspary Professor of Biological Engineering at MIT also found that current flu vaccines might not offer protection against these strains.
Sasisekharan and his colleagues wanted to determine the risk of H3n2 strains reemerging in humans
On surveillance in the war against cancerpredicting outcomes for cancer patients based on tumor-immune system interactions is an emerging clinical approach
and even infiltrate the tumor core where they may gain a better position for eventual attack.
Dietary nicotine may hold protective keynew research reveals that Solanaceae--a flowering plant family with some species producing foods that are edible sources of nicotine--may provide a protective effect against Parkinson's disease.
and tomatoes may reduce risk of developing Parkinson's. Parkinson's disease is a movement disorder caused by a loss of brain cells that produce dopamine.
Previous studies have found that cigarette smoking and other forms of tobacco also a Solanaceae plant reduced relative risk of Parkinson's disease.
if nicotine or other components in tobacco provide a protective effect or if people who develop Parkinson's disease are simply less apt to use tobacco because of differences in the brain that occur early in the disease process long before diagnosis. For the present population-based study Dr. Susan Searles Nielsen
Vegetable consumption in general did not affect Parkinson's disease risk but as consumption of edible Solanaceae increased Parkinson's disease risk decreased with peppers displaying the strongest association.
Researchers noted that the apparent protection from Parkinson's occurred mainly in men and women with little or no prior use of tobacco
and risk of developing Parkinson's disease said Dr. Searles Nielsen. Similar to the many studies that indicate tobacco use might reduce risk of Parkinson's our findings also suggest a protective effect from nicotine or perhaps a similar but less toxic chemical in peppers and tobacco.
The authors recommend further studies to confirm and extend their findings which could lead to possible interventions that prevent Parkinson's disease.
The findings could advance the search for a new fundamental force in nature that could explain why the Big bang created more matter than antimatter--a pivotal imbalance in the history of everything.
The Standard model describes four fundamental forces or interactions that govern how matter behaves: Gravity attracts massive bodies to one another.
The electromagnetic interaction gives rise to forces on electrically charged bodies. And the strong and weak forces operate in the cores of atoms binding together neutrons and protons or causing those particles to decay.
Physicists have been searching for signs of a new force or interaction that might explain the matter-antimatter discrepancy.
because positive protons are pushed away from the center of the nucleus by nuclear forces which are fundamentally different from spherically symmetric forces like gravity.
The new interaction whose effects we are studying does two things Chupp said. It produces the matter/antimatter asymmetry in the early universe
Instead of the substantive innerworkings of standards'principles such as protections for air water soil biodiversity and community values debate has centered on the level of participation
and protection of endangered species but in Europe there's a broader program specifically designed for agricultural contexts to comply with environmental law
'In the war of words and in the public media biofuels have had to face more accusations than any other renewable energy source such as solar power
or climate mitigation benefits or that we're having increased energy security people may still be suspicious of biomass fuels
#Coumarin in cinnamon and cinnamon-based products and risk of liver damagemany kinds of cinnamon cinnamon-flavored foods beverages and food supplements in the United states use a form of the spice that contains high levels of a natural
These findings may also prove useful for our active members of the military who become'detrained'during injury
and help sustain the natural resources in the Northeast and Midwest through leading-edge science and effective information delivery.
These researchers found that all 10 modern helmets provided significantly more protection than leather helmets used in the first half of the twentieth century
and demonstrated that differences also exist between modern helmets. Details on their methods and findings are found in Biomechanical performance of leather and modern football helmets.
Each helmet in turn was placed on the head form which was dropped in a controlled fashion from heights of 12 24 36 48 and 60 inches onto a standardized anvil to simulate impacts delivered from blows to the head during play.
Drop tests were used to measure the performance of two Hutch H-18 leather football helmets and 10 modern football helmets that differed in model manufacturer
and 2011 Virginia Tech Helmet Rating The measures were: 5 stars best available; 4 stars very good;
Each modern helmet was subjected to all 20 drop tests (four impact locations at five drop heights.
Each vintage leather helmet was subjected to 12 drop tests; the 48-and 60-inch drop tests were undertaken not
when covered by vintage helmets. Drop testing of modern helmets was conducted during an earlier study at
which time the modern helmets were assigned star ratings. Drop testing of vintage helmets was undertaken for the present investigation.
The ten modern helmets were split into two groups: six helmets with a four-or five-star rating in the first group and four helmets with a three-star or lower rating in the second group.
The two vintage helmets constituted a third helmet group. Based on the results of the drop tests the researchers calculated each helmet group's average peak accelerations for each head form position and each drop height.
Rowson and colleagues found that vintage leather helmets were associated with substantially greater peak accelerations for each drop height than all modern helmets.
In addition the researchers found modern helmets reduced the concussion risk by 45 percent for the 24-inch drop height and 96 percent for the 36-inch drop height.
Modern helmets with lower star ratings had greater peak accelerations for each drop height than modern helmets with higher star ratings
and the differences in peak accelerations between the two modern helmet groups increased with each increase in drop height.
All comparisons were statistically significant at a level of p<0. 001. The authors state that the purpose of the technical note is to provide insight as to how a previous study (Bartsch A et al.
Impact test comparisons of 20th and 21st century American football helmets. Laboratory investigation. J Neurosurg 116: 222-233 2012) could find little difference between older and modern helmets with respect to head impact doses
and head injury risks at the severity level of subconcussive injury. Rowson and his coauthors state that they offer biomechanical analysis based on helmet testing methodologies that compare relative helmet performance.
The source of their disagreement with the Bartsch study centers on the different methods used by the authors of the two studies.
Much of the discussion explains how differences in impact testing methodologies can influence the resulting data.
In an editorial companying the paper by Rowson and his colleagues (Editorial. Leather football helmets by Adam Bartsch Edward Benzel M d. Vincent Miele M d. and Vikas Prakash also published today online ahead of print in the Journal of Neurosurgery Bartsch
and his colleagues defend the study they published in the Journal of Neurosurgery in 2012 and state that differences in results between the two studies are based on the different testing methodologies used by the two groups of researchers
These researchers call for continued examination of experimental protocols that may lead to better quantification of helmet performance during simulated on-field conditions.
Fauquet and his colleagues in the GCP21--an alliance of scientists developers donors and industry representatives--are gathering at the Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center in Italy this week for a conference dedicated to declaring war on cassava viruses in Africa.
and little-known until about ten years ago CBSD has emerged as the most serious threat among the various cassava viruses.
Whiteflies Ambush a Climate-Resilient Cropinterest in cassava has intensified across Africa as rising temperatures and shifting rainfall patterns caused by climate change threaten the future viability of food staples such as maize and wheat.
But rising temperatures now pose a threat to cassava because they appear to be one of several factors causing an explosion in whiteflies
which carry the viruses that cause CMD and CBSD and pass it along as they feed on the plant's sap.
This toxic mix of circumstances affecting a tiny fly threatens to shoot down the Rambo root bringing the misery of food insecurity to vast swathes of Africa.
and working with scientists to mine the cassava gene bank at CIAT in Colombia--the biggest repository of cassava cultivars in the world.
Scientists will also discuss new research into the potential threat African cassava producers face from the introduction of new diseases currently found outside the continent.
and other destructive viruses like the smallpox of cassava--formidable diseases but threats we can eradicate
despite low risk from these animals said lead author Sasha Gennet. Check the back of your bag of spinach
But produce farmers in the Salinas Valley report pressure from some powerful buyers to take additional precautions not mandated by government or industry standards.
Other precautions include treating irrigation water with chemicals toxic to fish and amphibians and setting poisoned bait for rodents.
Although scant evidence exists of risk of food-borne disease spread by wildlife the risk of rejection of produce by major buyers is too much for most growers to bear say Gennet
and environmental advocates to make farm edges slim sanctuaries for wildlife as well as buffers between agricultural fields and waterways.
Nervous distributers are looking at specific risks in isolation she said and not asking does the food system create a healthy human environment?
It's as if climate change forces warmer climates to flow toward cooler areas making everywhere warmer over time.
Future work should involve designing educational campaigns highlighting the increased risks of using these substances together Dr. Moreno concluded.
This research into the ecology and evolutionary history of the Laperrine's olive tree helps to better identify the danger facing this tree--endemic to the Sahara desert
This follows the European Food safety Authority finding that they pose a high acute risk to honey bees.
and force-feeding it insecticide. It says the results cannot be replicated in the environment. But he also agrees more monitoring of pollinators is needed.
#Risks of H7n9 infection mappeda map of avian influenza (H7n9) risk is presented in Biomed Central's open access journal Infectious diseases of Poverty today.
which are used to infer future risk and to advise on ways to prevent infection. As of today there have been confirmed 127 cases of H7n9 in Mainland china with 27 deaths.
To quantify the risk of this happening scientists from the Hong kong Baptist University and Chinese University of Hong kong have generated a map of H7n9 risk in eastern China.
The map is based on the northwards migratory patterns of birds (from the 4th february to the end of April) using environmental and meteorological data over the same 12 weeks--from Zhejiang Shanghai and Jiangsu to Liaoning Jilin and Heilongjiang.
and distribution of potentially infected poultry we are able to produce a time line of the estimated risk of human infection with H7n9.
The preliminary results of our study made a prediction of bird flu risk which could explain the pattern of the most recent cases.
which will aid in surveillance and control of H7n9 infections. Since the effect of poultry-to-poultry infection is understood not really it may become necessary to regulate the activity of poultry markets.
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