and their habitats with IUCN Red List criteria and other factors such as threats and rarity ranking all 27 species from most vulnerable to least vulnerable.
The study assigned a score to pinpoint the most important areas for protection. The analysis revealed more than 60 important primate areas including national parks game reserves forest reserves conservation areas and currently unprotected landscapes.
However the adequate protection of just nine sites including six national parks (Kilimanjaro Kitulo Mahale Saadani Udzungwa
However Tanzania has the second highest rate of forest loss in Sub-saharan africa despite considerable conservation investment and a large amount of land nominally under protection.
'The territoriality of early farming groups may help to explain documented events of the period involving extreme violence.
The study cites the example of a Neolithic mass burial of the late sixth millennium BC at Talheim Germany which preserves the remains of a community killed by assailants wielding stone axes like those used to clear the land.
and there are a number of applications for polarimetry in communications and the military. Rice's new photodetector is the latest development from a collaboration between Rice and Sandia under Sandia's National Institute for Nano Engineering program
and 25%for livestock would lead to a 12%savings in greenhouse gas emission per calorie produced.
Fructooligosaccharides also increase calcium absorption in the body an important consideration for pre-and postmenopausal women ages 45 and older who are losing critical bone mass that increases their risk for osteoporosis and bone fractures.
which cranberries may impart protective properties against urinary tract and other infections. Two new studies spearheaded by Prof.
Another recent study led by Tufenkji in collaboration with Mcgill professor Showan Nazhat a biomaterials expert at the Department of Mining
#New risk factors for bowel cancerfizzy drinks cakes biscuits chips and desserts have all been identified as risk factors for bowel cancer according to new research.
Researchers looked at risk factors including diet levels of physical activity and smoking in a large Scottish study.
Scientists reported links with some established risk factors of colorectal cancer#such as family history of cancer physical activity and smoking.
The healthy dietary pattern was found to be associated with a decreased colorectal cancer risk while the western dietary pattern was found to be associated with an increased risk.
Dr Evropi Theodoratou of the University of Edinburgh's School of Molecular Genetic and Population Health Sciences said:
the Homestake Mine in South dakota; and the Great Boiling Spring in Nevada. From these samples the team laser-sorted 9000 cells from which they were able to reassemble
One such trait involves an enzyme that bacteria commonly use for creating space within their protective cell wall
As it rather generically cleaves the protective bacterial cell envelope it needs to be regulated very tightly.
Wheat and mildew are embroiled in a permanent evolutionary arms race. If wheat improves its defense mechanisms against the parasites the fungus has to be able to follow suit
If invasive species like the Spanish slug establish in the UK it will move the battle against slugs to a much higher level.
Although our study used 20 years of data from Missouri similar threats to bird populations may occur around the world.
and other direct-to-consumer marketing channels the risks associated with purchasing fresh products directly from the farmer
#Do antibiotics in animal feed pose a serious risk to human health? As fears rise over antibiotic resistance two experts on The british Medical Journal website today debate
whether adding antibiotics to animal feed poses a serious risk to human health. David Wallinga from Keep Antibiotcs Working:
But Veterinarian David Burch argues that medicated animal feed poses no additional risk of resistance development than giving a human patient an oral antimicrobial.
but says given the thorough risk assessments concerning antimicrobial resistance by the regulatory authorities it is considered highly unlikely that the use of adding antibiotics to feed poses a serious risk to humans especially in comparison with the extensive use of antibiotics directly in human patients.
After obtaining emergency clearance from the Food and Drug Administration Hollister and Green used computer-guided lasers to print stack
The ball gets flattened by the external forces and its cross section is oval instead of circular.
because females are focused more on protecting clutches than avoiding predators Sandercock said. What's quite typical for these birds is most of the demographic losses are driven by predation.
The danger therefore exists that these large ice masses will become unstable and will start to slide says Angelika Humbert.
The Boeing Corp. and the Air force Office of Scientific research funded the work. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Rice university.
and combat obesity because they are less calorie-dense. Savage and colleagues found that children were three times more likely to refuse eating a vegetable alone than they were to eat the same vegetable when paired with a reduced-fat flavored dip.
First H7 viruses have repeatedly been involved in numerous explosive poultry outbreaks including incidents in New york Canada Mexico The netherlands
Although avian influenza viruses have not caused widespread human transmission in 94 years of surveillance there have been numerous instances of avian influenza spillover
and on beaches on the basis that passive smoke is a risk for nonsmokers cigarette butts pollute the environment
and seeing people smoke poses a long-term risk to children. In the paper Banning Smoking In Parks and on Beaches:
But as Dr. Bayer notes the health risk of exposure is far less certain than some supporters claimed.
In the argument for smoking bans in parks and on beaches the most striking aspect according to Dr. Bayer is the assertion that just the act of smoking in public poses a threat to the well-being of children
Protecting children has been uncontested an premise of public health and the evidence clearly supports the claim that children model the behavior of a parent or other close adult.
and hospitality industries and of people who invoke threats of Big brother writes Dr. Bayer. While the rules for bans on smoking in public are gaining in popularity
Early exposure to fruit and late exposure to rice/oat was associated with an increased risk of T1dmb (HR 2. 23
when wheat/barley (HR 0. 47) were introduced appeared to be associated with a decreased risk the results also indicate.
and that there is a complex relationship between the timing and type of infant food exposures and T1dm risk.
while continuing to breastfeed to minimize T1dm risk in genetically susceptible children. These findings should be replicated in a larger cohort for confirmation the authors conclude.
The Air force Research Laboratory (through the University Technology Corp.)the Office of Naval Research the Air force Office of Scientific research and the Welch Foundation supported the research.
#Second door discovered in war against mosquito-borne diseasesin the global war against disease-carrying mosquitoes scientists have believed long that a single molecular door was the key target for insecticide.
They're so effective that they are the only insecticides the World health organization uses with their mosquito nets they distribute around the globe.
The latter include companies with headquarters in Singapore and Malaysia where the undesirable haze accompanies the financial returns on their investments.
Considering that 20 percent of women between 20 and 44 are prediabetic it's conceivable that up to 20 percent of new mothers in the United states are at risk for low milk supply due to insulin dysregulation.
Considering that 20 percent of women between 20 and 44 are prediabetic it's conceivable that up to 20 percent of new mothers in the United states are at risk for low milk supply due to insulin dysregulation.
#Flipping fish adapt to land livingresearchers have found that the amphibious mangrove rivulus performs higher force jumps on land than some other fishes that end up on land.
and amphibious mangrove rivulus jumping off a force plate when startled with the end of a stick
and then compared the forces of their jumps. The largemouth bass uses a common jumping technique to return to the water
whereby it flips its head over its body towards the tail end to jump away from a stimulus. The researchers found striking differences in these fish's jumping forces:
the bass generates forces mostly in the vertical direction which means that it basically just goes up without moving sideways;
the mangrove rivulus generates the greatest forces in the antero-posterior (front-back) and medio-lateral (side-to-side) dimensions
The authors of the paper accept that the intensification of agriculture will have some implications for other important policy goals such as preserving biodiversity animal welfare human nutrition protecting rural economies and sustainable development.
''Sustainability requires consideration of economic environmental and social priorities'added Dr Michael Appleby of the World Society for the Protection of Animals.'
#Climate change deniers using dirty tricks from Tobacco Wars, expert saysfossil fuel companies have been funding smear campaigns that raise doubts about climate change writes John Sauven in the latest issue of Index on Censorship magazine.
And the tactics they are applying are largely the same as those they used in the tobacco wars.
Writing about government corruption in the Indian mining industry Sauven says: It will be in these expanding economies that the battle over the Earth's future will be won or lost.
And as in the tobacco wars the fight over clean energy is likely to be a dirty one.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by SAGE Publications. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
and the amount of risks we are prepared to take is a social and political question.
hipposuniversity of Utah researchers developed a new weapon to fight poachers who kill elephants hippos rhinos and other wildlife.
and teeth by open-air nuclear bomb tests the method reveals the year an animal died
but we've shown that you can use the signature in animal tissues left over from nuclear weapons testing in the atmosphere to study modern ecology
The method uses the bomb curve which is shaped a graph roughly like an inverted V--showing changes in carbon-14 levels in the atmosphere
The carbon-14 was formed in the atmosphere by U s. and Soviet atmospheric nuclear weapons tests in Nevada and Siberia from 1952 through 1962.
In the United states raw and worked African ivory (jewelry figurines gun and knife handles) is legal
and spurred militias in Darfur Uganda Sudan and Somalia to kill elephants and sell tusks so they can buy guns.
How the Study Was Performedneutrons from the nuclear tests bombarded nitrogen--the atmosphere's most common gas--to turn some of it into carbon-14.
because they died before atmospheric nuclear weapons tests. So the test can identify pre-1955 ivory by its low pre-nuclear-test levels of carbon-14.
or other tissues that grow after about 15 years from now when atmospheric carbon-14 returns to pre-bomb levels.
#Caterpillars attracted to plant SOSPLANTS that emit an airborne distress signal in response to herbivory may actually attract more enemies according to a new study published in the open-access journal Frontiers in Plant science.
because it reduces both competition and the risk of predation by parasitoids. But we found that S. littoralis caterpillars are attracted actually to the odor of damaged maize plants even
By moving away from freshly damaged sites they can minimize risk of predation and avoid competition explained Prof.
and take little risk exploring the environment to discover the best food source --so they avoid maize that is already under attack.
Monitoring tobacco use and prevention policies Protecting people from tobacco smoke Offering help to quit tobacco use Warning people about the dangers of tobacco Enforcing bans on tobacco advertising Promotion
Since THE WHO FCTC came into force in 2005 175 countries and the European union have become parties to it.
During El Niã o Atlantic hurricane activity wanes and rainfall in Hawaii decreases while Pacific winter storms shift southward elevating the risk of floods in California.
Because there are a limited number of antimicrobial drugs that can be used for treatment of BRD pathogens Lubbers said multidrug resistance in those pathogens poses a severe threat to the livestock industry.
We (KSVDL) consider this type of information to be part of our active ongoing disease surveillance
There is no real evidence that we're creating hot spots of human health risk with livestock grazing in these areas.
and provide the most accurate assessment of water quality conditions and human health risks. The study also found that all nutrient concentrations were at
#Aerial mosquito spraying study finds no immediate public health risksin what researchers say is the first public health study of the aerial mosquito spraying method to prevent West Nile virus a UC Davis study analyzed emergency
which will likely magnify the incidence West Nile virus and the risks of human transmission.
Findings from studies such as this one help public health and mosquito control agencies better understand the risks and benefits of their practices.
and may become more of a threat as the climate warms. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention West Nile virus is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in the United states. The virus is transmitted to humans and animals through the bite of an infected mosquito.
Importantly they found that exposure to aerial spraying was associated not with increased rates of emergency department visits for any of these conditions.
Integrated mosquito management#a method to control mosquitoes through targeted interventions based on mosquito biology that includes surveillance of mosquito activity reducing breeding sites such as neglected swimming pools
Exposure to the pesticide has been reported to pose risks to human health including skin and eye irritation respiratory and gastrointestinal disturbances lethargy fatigue and dizziness.
The article is titled Correlation between aerial insecticide spraying to interrupt West Nile virus transmission and emergency department visits in Sacramento County California.
As a first line of defense wheat breeders and researchers began looking for resistance genes among those that had already been discovered in the existing germplasm repositories he said.
and variety of poisons found at the illegal marijuana plots is a new threat. According to co-author PSW wildlife biologist Dr. Kathryn Purcell exposure of wildlife to pesticides has been documented widely
and all threats to the crop including compounds illegal in the U s. she says. While some fishers have died from
This new threat may also impact other species already facing declining populations including the wolverine marten great gray owl California spotted owl and Sierra nevada red fox
and variety of poisons found at the illegal marijuana plots is a new threat. According to co-author PSW wildlife biologist Dr. Kathryn Purcell exposure of wildlife to pesticides has been documented widely
and all threats to the crop including compounds illegal in the U s. she says. While some fishers have died from
This new threat may also impact other species already facing declining populations including the wolverine marten great gray owl California spotted owl and Sierra nevada red fox
Legal protection of an area followed by intensive management can reduce the level of human disturbance
A good meal can affect more than our mood it can also influence our willingness to take risks.
Studies prove that the willingness of many animals to take risks increases or declines depending on
one study showed that hungry subjects took significantly more financial risks than their sated colleagues.
The animals usually perceive even low quantities of carbon dioxide to be a sign of danger
Neurobiologists in Martinsried have discovered now how the brain deals with this constant conflict in deciding between a hazardous substance and a potential food source taking advantage of the fly as a great genetic model organism for circuit neuroscience.
therefore significantly more willing to take risks than sated flies. But how does the brain manage to decide between these options?
and tolerate the plant's defenses a little better the researchers report. This boost in digestive finesse allows rotation-resistant beetles to survive long enough to lay their eggs in soybean fields.
and to their ability to tolerate soybean plant defenses. The researchers found other parallels between the composition of gut microbes and the life history of the rootworms.
and its coconspirators in the gut that can respond fairly quickly relatively speaking to the assaults that they face.
Kasson said recent mining and drilling operations in Pennsylvania forests may also cause the species to expand.
--and the absence of grazing or hay production on the fields prior to planting spinach reduced the risk sevenfold.
Other potential risk factors tested in the study included numbers of workers farm size organic vs. conventional production the use of chemical fertilizers compost
And carbon is a big deal--any carbon sinks that we find we should be protecting Mitsch says.
and neurological effects as well as increasing the risk of childhood leukemia she continues. The results show that 54%of pregnant women used some kind of insecticide inside the home
It appears that something about the high fructose levels was causing the intestines to be less protective than normal
and also appears to attack the protecting wax on tree leaves and needles. Bonn University scientists have discovered now a responsible mechanism:
-and-prey dynamics that drive the carbon cycle and so protecting lands and storing carbon could be linked at the same time.
For both group sizes those limiting forces drag the effectiveness down. Liu said that holds true in Wolong as well as in other efforts including students'class group projects.
Protection concepts fall short of requirementsone worrying result from the study is that the impact of pesticides on these tiny creatures is already catastrophic at concentrations
which are considered protective by current European regulation. The authors point out that the use of pesticides is an important driver for biodiversity loss
The current practice of risk assessment is like driving blind on the motorway cautions the ecotoxicologist Matthias Liess.
Pesticides will always have an impact on ecosystems no matter how rigid protection concepts are but realistic considerations regarding the level of protection required for the various ecosystems can only be made
if validated assessment concepts are implemented. The threat to biodiversity from pesticides has obviously been underestimated in the past.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Helmholtz Centre For Environmental Research-UFZ.
which is a cluster of metabolic risk factors that increase the chance of later developing diabetes heart disease and stroke.
This research is the first study to show that prenatal exposure to BPA increases postnatal fat tissue inflammation a condition that underlies the onset of metabolic diseases such as obesity diabetes
and shelter for the ants for researchers they are potential models for better biofuel production.
For the study the researchers assessed heat index in common and sleeping rooms in barracks trailers and houses at 170 eastern North carolina farmworker camps in 16 counties across a summer from June 15 to Oct 4 2010.
Heat index was calculated in the evenings using the standard equation to determine varying risk levels ranging from no danger (heat index<80°F) to extreme danger (heat index>115°F). The average age of workers was 35.2 years.
and sleeping rooms exceeded the danger threshold according to the study results. If you sleep in a very hot room you don't sleep well
Boeing the Air force Office of Scientific research Sandia National Laboratory and the Office of Naval Research supported the research.
It forces the plants to essentially grow up as shrubs with more frequent harvests. By planting much closer together and causing them to branch like that you are able to fill up available space intercept light more quickly
#Every 10 tobacco ad sightings boost teens risk of starting to smoke by almost 40 percenttobacco ads really do persuade teens to take up smoking with every 10 sightings boosting the risk by almost 40
After taking account of other influential factors the overall risk of becoming an established smoker was between 3%and 7. 3%greater
or rolling lawns have been infiltrated by invasive plant species the perennial marauders of the back yard set.
#Cocoa may help fight obesity-related inflammationa few cups of hot cocoa may not only fight off the chill of a winter's day
In one theory Lambert said excess fat may activate a distress signal that causes immune cells to become activated
The cocoa may reduce the precursors that act as a distress signal to initiate this inflammatory response.
Looking at the Arctic is like looking at the canary in the coal mine for the entire Earth system.
We hope CARVE may be able to find that'smoking gun 'if one exists Miller said.
and other renewable energy sources to address concerns about climate change and energy security. Woody biomass which includes trees grown on plantations managed natural forests
By keeping a protective layer of plant matter on the soil surface no-till practices reduce the loss of soil
#Iberian lynx attacks on farm animals are on the risescientists working on the LIFE IBERLINCE project have spent six years studying the hunting behaviour of the Iberian Lynx lynx pardinus) registering a total of 40 attacks with 716 farm animals killed.
therefore necessary to establish conflict prevention programmes alongside the existing conservation programmes. Most studies on depredation of livestock in Spain have focused on wolves
and little attention has been given to this type of conflict in smaller species. Within the LIFE IBERLINCE project Conservation
We have counted a total of 40 attacks on farm animals involving 716 kills in the area of Andã jar-Cardeã a one of the hubs--along with Doã ana--in
which members of this species in danger of extinction are centred explains German Garrote co-author of the study and researcher on this project.
Although the majority of these attacks (78%)were carried out against poultry sheep depredation resulted in higher economic losses.
Quite possibly when the lynx was present all over the peninsula these attacks were common but as they now have limited a very distribution
and until not so many years ago they rarely came into contact with domestic animals we did not see as much conflict.
Compensation to farmersparallel to its conservation programme the group created a compensation scheme to mitigate the consequences of the conflict between humans and lynxes in this area.
It is about payments for damages to livestock in areas where the attacks have occurred notes Garrote.
However the team has begun already to erect electric fences to avoid attacks to sheep with an ideal result.
What we aimed with this study was to find out what the conflict is demonstrate that these conflicts occur
--and abundant refuges are present. Refuges consist of standard non-Bt plants that pests can eat without ingesting Bt toxins.
Computer models showed that refuges should be especially good for delaying resistance when inheritance of resistance in the pest is explained recessive Carriã re.
Planting refuges near Bt crops reduces the chances that two resistant insects will mate with each other making it more likely they will breed with a susceptible mate yielding offspring that are killed by the Bt crop.
The value of refuges has been controversial and in recent years the EPA has relaxed its requirements for planting refuges in the U s. Perhaps the most compelling evidence that refuges work comes from the pink bollworm
which evolved resistance rapidly to Bt cotton in India but not in the U s. Tabashnik said.
Same pest same crop same Bt protein but very different outcomes. He explained that in the southwestern U s. scientists from the EPA academia industry
and implement an effective refuge strategy. In India on the other hand the refuge requirement was similar but without the collaborative infrastructure compliance was low.
One of the paper's main conclusions is that evaluating two factors can help to gauge the risk of resistance before Bt crops are commercialized.
If the data indicate that the pest's resistance is likely to be recessive and resistance is rare initially the risk of rapid resistance evolution is said low Tabashnik.
In such cases setting aside a relatively small area of land for refuges can delay resistance substantially.
Conversely failure to meet one or both of these criteria signifies a higher risk of resistance.
When higher risk is indicated Tabashnik describes a fork in the road with two paths: Either take more stringent measures to delay resistance such as requiring larger refuges
or this pest will probably evolve resistance quickly to this Bt crop. Two leading experts on Bt crops welcomed publication of the study.
Kongming Wu director of the Institute for Plant Protection at the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Beijing said This review paper will be very helpful for understanding insect resistance in agricultural systems
and improving strategies to sustain the effectiveness of Bt crops. Fred Gould professor of entomology at North carolina State university commented:
Natural crystals are made of structures bound by the Van der waals force but they're all of the same composition Lou said.
The Welch Foundation the National Science Foundation (NSF) the U s army Research Office the U s. Office of Naval Research the Nanoelectronics Research Corporation and the Department of energy supported the work.
Is their future at risk? There's trouble ahead for the whitebark pine a mountain tree that's integral to wildlife and water resources in the western United states and Canada.
In the past low years for whitebark pine cones have led to six times more conflicts between grizzlies and humans as hungry bears look for food in campgrounds says Crone.
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