Synopsis: 9. security & defence:


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Using science as a way to seek solutions to the conflict the grouse managers and conservationists together agreed key questions they wanted the research to answer.

The standoff between grouse managers and hen harrier conservationists is one of the UK's most bitter and contentious wildlife conflicts.

and see any predation by hen harriers as a threat. Hen harriers eat grouse and are killed illegally so

and testing the effectiveness of various solutions ecology can help resolve wildlife conflicts --which can have dramatic impacts on people's lives and livelihoods--worldwide.

and tackling these conflicts by providing impartial evidence and exploring various technical solutions. However this must be involved done with those in the conflict

so that science addresses the issues people are concerned most about and that they therefore have ownership of the results he says.


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since unlike other marine mammals they rely solely on their fur rather than an extra layer of blubber to stay warm--it's like a 120-pound human eating 30 pounds of food per day.

Otters might also offer a defense against climate change because healthy kelp forests can grow rapidly and store large amounts of carbon.


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They can also help evaluate current conditions in regions with a high risk of crop failures Riehl adds.


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and greater security from predators range fires and heat stress. While this is good news for ravens it could be bad news for sensitive prey species including the Greater Sage-grouse.


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In response to this need to prevent such invasions researchers at the University of Illinois have developed both a set of regulatory definitions and provisions and a list of 49 low-risk biofuel plants from

She and her colleagues set out to create a list of low-risk biofuel crops that can be grown safely for conversion to ethanol

Some of the biofeedstocks currently being examined by the EPA for approval like pennycress have a high risk for invasion Quinn said.

but only sterile hybrid Miscanthus Ãgiganteus types are considered low risk. However the EPA has approved Miscanthus as a feedstock without specifying a species

That's fine for the low-risk sterile types but could mean higher-risk fertile types could be approved without additional oversight.

According to Quinn the white list which includes 49 low-risk feedstock plants will serve to clear up the confusion about plant names.

The list was developed using an existing weed risk assessment protocol which includes 49 questions that must be asked about a particular species based on its biology ecology

or prolific seed production may have higher risk. The researchers believe that the white list provides producers with clearly identified low-invasion risk options

and may reduce conflicts between objectives for increasing renewable fuel production and reducing unintended impacts and costs resulting from the propagation of invasive plants.

Resolving regulatory uncertainty: legislative language for potentially invasive bioenergy feedstocks was published in an issue of GCB Bioenergy.

Bioenergy feedstocks at low risk for invasion in the U s.:A'white list'approach was published in Bioenergy Research.


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However the costs of such site-based protection in terms of funds and human lives will continue to increase


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A series of large fires east of Redding and Fresno in Yosemite and on the Oregon border prompted Gov. Jerry brown to declare a state of emergency on Sunday August 3rd.

As force of destruction and renewal fire has a long and intimate history with the ecology of California.


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The researchers also plan to develop the vaccine into the type of antibody serum therapy used in the first U s. recipients in a platform that could deliver at least 2000 doses of potentially lifesaving serum per month.

Vaccines are the best way to completely eradicate an epidemic threat like Ebola says Matthias Schnell Ph d. Director of the Jefferson Vaccine Center and Professor of Microbiology and Immunology at Thomas Jefferson University.

But for those patients who already have the disease antibody-based therapies could be the best treatment--it's a way to give the body's own defenses time to ramp up.

in order to most effectively eradicate the threat of hemorrhagic fever. It includes the Zaire strain of Ebola virus that is currently spreading across West Africa as well as the Sudan strain and the Marburg virus a virus in the same family as Ebola

which showed good protection in nonhuman primates against the Zaire Ebola virus. Currently the vaccine is being developed with the help of Peter Jahrling at the Integrated Research Facility at the NIH


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If you see soybeans bouncing off your windshield from the truck ahead of you and bands of soybeans along the berm why wouldn't you try to prevent it?


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The lack of any significant biomagnification through the food chain indicates that there is very little risk of harm from exposure to these CUPS in this region.

and the Bathurst caribou herd is particularly critical to the area's socioeconomic security. Wolves like people are a top consumer of caribou.


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Insect aggression boosted by altering brain metabolismscientists report they can crank up insect aggression simply by interfering with a basic metabolic pathway in the insect brain.

Their study of fruit flies and honey bees shows a direct causal link between brain metabolism (how the brain generates the energy it needs to function) and aggression.

You tend to think of aggression as requiring more energy not less. In the new study postdoctoral researcher Clare Rittschof used drugs to suppress key steps in oxidative phosphorylation in the bee brains.

She saw that aggression increased in the drugged bees in a dose-responsive manner Robinson said.

But the drugs had no effect on chronically stressed bees--they were not able to increase their aggression in response to an intruder.

In separate experiments postdoctoral researcher Hongmei Li-Byarlay and undergraduate student Jonathan Massey found that reduced oxidative phosphorylation in fruit flies also increased aggression.

The findings offer insight into the immediate and longer-term changes that occur in response to threats Robinson said.

When an animal faces a threat it has an immediate aggressive response within seconds Robinson said.

Such changes likely make individuals more vigilant to subsequent threats. This makes good sense in an ecological sense Robinson said

because threats often come in bunches. The fact that the researchers observed these effects in two species that diverged 300 million years ago makes the findings even more compelling Robinson said.


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Dr. John Sievenpiper of St michael's Hospital's Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre.

and therefore lower the risk of cardiovascular disease. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by St michael's Hospital.


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--but there's still only limited evidence on their potential health risks or their advertised benefits in helping people to quit smoking according to a research review in the July/August Journal of Addiction Medicine the official journal of the American Society of Addiction Medicine.

Potential Health Concerns But Limited Data on ECIG Safety Also known as electronic nicotine delivery systems ECIGS consist of a heating element that turns an e-liquid solution into vapor

but it's unclear how much this is related to nicotine delivery or to psychological effects. So far the best available studies--two randomized clinical trials--have shown no significant difference in quit rates among in ECIG users.


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This finding supports consumption of resistant starch as a means of reducing the risk associated with a high red meat diet.


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and Genetics with rather different research programs--but both happened to stumble upon the gene DJ-1 and joined forces.

It could serve as a protection against Parkinson's and is actually very tasty at the same time! This is why the researchers have filed a patent for their finding.

Thus the researchers believe that the DJ1-products could have a general role in protecting cells from decline.


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The temporary collective anisotropic order occurred only in the brief temperature interval prior to the onset of magnetism where the anisotropic resistance had previously been measured.


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Overall panther attacks caused the most deaths although panthers weren't the only predator for calves to contend with.

Each ranch also lost at least one ear-tagged calf to a bear attack during the two-year study

or back of the calf's neck was most often the mark of a panther attack she said

Coyote and bear attacks were much more damaging with the calf's body badly bruised


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and military troops exposed to poisonous chemicals--particularly those in pesticides and chemical weapons. An article in the current issue of the journal Chembiochem outlines the advancement in detoxifying organophosphates

which are compounds commonly used in pesticides and warfare agents. The patent-pending process was developed by NYU School of engineering Associate professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering Jin Kim Montclare along with Richard Bonneau an associate professor in NYU's Department of biology and a member of the computer science faculty

which are found in everything from industrial pesticides to the sarin gas used in chemical warfare.

Organophosphates pose tremendous danger to people and wildlife and sadly it's not unusual for humans to come into contact with these compounds

whether through exposure to pesticide or an intentional chemical warfare attack explained Montclare. We've known that phosphotriesterases had the power to detoxify these nerve agents

in addition to therapeutic formulations which could prevent nerve damage in the event of a gas attack

or pesticide exposure and would likely be developed first for military use the proteins could be critical

Research was supported by a grant from the U s army Research Office and the National Science Foundation.


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The international community wants to use a combination of carbon sequestration and emissions reductions to combat climate change.

The team also assessed 174 protected areas finding that for every hectare of forest put into protection an average 95 metric tons of carbon are stored on land with even more carbon sequestered below the soil surface.


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#Five daily portions of fruit and vegetables may be enough to lower risk of early deatheating five daily portions of fruit

and vegetables is associated with a lower risk of death from any cause particularly from cardiovascular disease

or more daily portions of fruits and vegetables were linked to lowest risk of death. There is growing evidence that increasing fruit

and vegetable consumption is related to a lower risk of death from cardiovascular disease and cancer. However the results are not entirely consistent.

and the United states decided to examine the association between fruit and vegetable intake and risk of all-cause cardiovascular and cancer deaths.

Higher consumption of fruit and vegetables was associated significantly with a lower risk of death from all causes particularly from cardiovascular diseases.

Average risk of death from all causes was reduced by 5%for each additional daily serving of fruit

and vegetables while risk of cardiovascular death was reduced by 4 percent for each additional daily serving of fruit and vegetables.

which the risk of death did not reduce further. In contrast higher consumption of fruit and vegetables was associated not appreciably with risk of death from cancer.

The researchers suggest that as well as advice to eat adequate amounts of fruit and vegetables the adverse effects of obesity physical inactivity smoking and high alcohol intake on cancer risk should be emphasised further.

The researchers say their study provides further evidence that a higher consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with a lower risk of mortality from all causes particularly from cardiovascular diseases.

The results support current recommendations to increase consumption of fruits and vegetables to promote health and longevity.


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the risk for heart disease and other health problems such as diabetes and strokes a new research paper says.

The paper by Dr. John Sievenpiper a physician and researcher in the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre of St michael's Hospital was published today in the journal BMJ Open.*

if he or she has three of the following risk factors: low levels of good cholesterol;

He said there was no adverse impact on the other risk factors for metabolic syndrome or weight gain

The U s. Food and Drug Administration has granted tree nuts a qualified health claim for cardiovascular disease risk reduction.


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For the first time the study provides a probability-based risk assessment of drought impacts on forests. Michal Petr assessed these impacts during his doctoral studies at the University of Twente's Faculty of ITC.

He combined the likelihood of drought with production curves to assess the overall potential risk for forest production.

Although this study does not provide the complete picture it is the first time we have quantified risk in Great britain on


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Frank Lake an ecologist with the U s. Forest Service's Pacific Southwest Station will lead a field trip to the Stone Lake National Wildlife Refuge during the Ecological Society of America's 99th Annual

and also fulfill the public trust of protection of life property and resources Lake said. By aligning tribal values with public values you can get a win-win reduce fire along wildlife-urban interfaces


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Potatoes are an important delivery system for nutrients to humans Miller said. The average consumption in the U s. is 113 pounds per year per person.


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#Climate Change Increases Risk of Crop Slowdown in Next 20 Yearsthe world faces a small

but substantially increased risk over the next two decades of a major slowdown in the growth of global crop yields because of climate change new research finds.

But the risk is about 20 times more significant than it would be without global warming

Although further study may prove otherwise we do not anticipate adaptation being fast enough to significantly alter the near-term risks estimated in this paper they wrote.

or global stability need to be aware of this risk. The University Corporation for Atmospheric Research manages the National Center for Atmospheric Research under sponsorship by the National Science Foundation.


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whether artificial light generates a certain conflict between the sexes says Mahr. The fact that such a conflict impairs the reproduction of tits was shown by Mahr in a previous study. http://www. frontiersinzoology. com/content/9/1/14besides artificial light may cause shorter resting periods

and thus impose additional stress on the fledglings. Light possibly has impact on the entire ecological system of the woodsmore light may also affect other living beings in the Viennese Forests.


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#Moose drool inhibits growth of toxic fungussome sticky research out of York University shows a surprisingly effective way to fight against a certain species of toxic grass fungus:


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Methoxychlor causes epigenetic changeswashington State university researchers say ancestral exposures to the pesticide methoxychlor may lead to adult onset kidney disease ovarian disease and obesity in future generations.

For people exposed to the pesticide Skinner says his findings have reduced implications such as fertility increased adult onset disease


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These cuttings and other post-logging debris are burned then during periods of low fire danger


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Administered since 2000 by the PRCHN the Cuyahoga County Youth Risk Behavior Survey based on a national survey developed by the Centers for Disease Control

The Youth Risk Behavior Survey research is supported primary by funding from the Cuyahoga County Board of Health through the Ohio Department of health's Bureau of Child

This Youth Risk Behavior Survey is the only such data that exists for the county;

Youth access is one of the most significant problems identified by the Cuyahoga County Youth Risk Behavior Survey data--children are still using possessing


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In practice that means good fertility longer life udders that give good protection against infections improved claws and more efficient feed utilisation.


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#Strengthening community forest rights is critical tool to fight climate changestrengthening community forest rights is an essential strategy to reduce billions of tonnes of carbon emissions making it an effective way

The paper provides the most comprehensive analysis to date linking legal recognition and government protection of community forest rights with reductions in carbon pollution.

and local communities have boosted greatly the capacity of countries to achieve national-level forest protection and restoration.


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The results of the measurements and analyses indicated that a temperature increase of approximately 2â°C was able to improve the plants'photosynthetic activity and level of antioxidant protection.


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The endangered New england cottontail is now is at risk of becoming extinct in the region according to NH Agricultural Experiment Station researchers at the University of New hampshire College of Life sciences

The greatest threat and cause of the decline of the New england cottontail is the reduction


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We hope that soon we will be able to examine agricultural practices in even greater detail--with the launch of the European space agency's Sentinel satellites which will provide regular data at even higher spatial resolution.


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As a result of the Slide Fire the burned areas of Oak Creek were at risk for ash-filled flooding due to monsoon rains.

Nowak organized the survey and rescue mission to Oak Creek last month alongside the U s. Fish and Wildlife Service and U s. Forest Service.

The researchers believe that there are several factors contributing to the decline in population in the Oak Creek area including major threats by nonnative species such as crayfish predatory fish and invasive plants.


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Perhaps the less-busy bees function as a kind of reserve force that can kick into high gear


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Measurements of three of these parameters came from the Princeton university Global Meteorological Forcing Dataset (PGF) previously developed by two of the study's authors Research Scholar Justin Sheffield and Eric F. Wood the Susan Dod


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However care should be taken in organic apple production to ensure nutrients are applied not over thereby protecting soil


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The nightjar--Caprimulgus europaeus--is a migratory species protected under the Birds Directive (Directive 2009/147/EC) and in the UK by the classification of Special Protection Areas (SPAS.


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which they use as a defense against herbivores or plant-eating animals. A toxic resin coats the leaves of the creosote bush;


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This finding disputes hypotheses that attribute delays in early language acquisition of twins to mothers whose attention is reduced due to the demands of caring for two toddlers said Rice.


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and pass it on to our children then it's important to preserve not only the cradles of new species the neoendemics but also the refuges of rare and threatened species the paleoendemics;

and areas with clusters of unique but disappearing species (paleoendemics) that often occupy refuges such as high mountains.


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which can help lower the risk for cardiovascular disease. The DASH eating plan--Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension--is recommended currently by the American Heart Association to lower blood pressure

and reduce risk of heart disease. People following the DASH diet are encouraged to eat fruits vegetables low-fat dairy and protein predominantly from plant sources.


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and environmental protection relate to making more crop calories available for human consumption by shifting crops from livestock to humans and reducing food waste.

and critically important goal of feeding the world while protecting the environment. Of course while calories are a key measure of improving food security nutrition access


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In order to analyze the vast amount of genetic information researchers used a technique called shotgun sequencing.


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Some of the genes that were activated differently in the honey-eating bees have been linked to protein metabolism brain-signaling and immune defense.


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but we hope to work with fetal medicine specialists to create a lifesaving catheter-based treatment for infants diagnosed with congenital heart block Cingolani said.


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and vegetables in your diet reduces the risk of heart disease stroke diabetes and even some forms of cancer The World health organization WHO recommends a daily intake of at least 400 grams of fruit and vegetables.


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but we hope to work with fetal medicine specialists to create a lifesaving catheter-based treatment for infants diagnosed with congenital heart block Cingolani said.


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The UW Arboretum long a refuge for Wisconsin's native plants and animals is confirmed the first site for Amynthas agrestis an invasive worm believed to have arrived in the United states from its native range in Japan

since its adoption in 2009 because we knew their introduction into our state poses a huge threat to the future of our forests says Bernie Williams invasive species specialist in forest health at the Wisconsin Department of Natural resources.

Monica Turner a UW-Madison zoology professor and a graduate student in her lab have begun studies on the crazy worms'assault on soil.

Meanwhile Williams and colleagues from the DNR and Department of agriculture Trade and Consumer Protection are inspecting commercial nurseries around the state.

But careful cleaning of equipment and quarantine is their first line of defense. Fighting invasive species--like buckthorn and gypsy moths and garlic mustard--is a big part of our work here Herrick says


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#Health risks posed by third hand tobacco smokeresearch led by the University of York has highlighted the potential cancer risk in nonsmokers--particularly young children--of tobacco smoke gases

Until now the risks of this exposure known as'third hand tobacco smoke'have been highly uncertain and not considered in public policy.

However a new study published in the journal Environment International has estimated for the first time the potential cancer risk by age group through non-dietary ingestion and dermal exposure to third hand smoke.

Using observations of house dust composition they estimated the cancer risk by applying the most recent official toxicology information.

They found that for children aged one to six years old the cancer risks exceeded the limit recommended by the US Environmental protection agency (EPA) in three quarters of smokers'homes and two thirds of nonsmokers'homes.

The maximum risk predicted from the third hand smoke levels in a smoker occupied home equated to one extra cancer case per one thousand population exposed.

The risks of tobacco exposure do not end when a cigarette is extinguished. Nonsmokers especially children are also at risk through contact with surfaces

and dust contaminated with residual smoke gases and particles the so-called third hand smoke. This risk should not be overlooked

and its impact should be included in future educational programs and tobacco-related public health policies. Each year 600000 people die worldwide through passive inhalation of environmental tobacco smoke also known as second hand smoke.

and whereas there is a general public awareness about the harms of second hand smoke there is little knowledge about the dangers of third hand smoke.


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thus be intertwined with a species'risk of extinction as well as specialization. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Ecological Society of America.


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or the United states. No safe level of arsenic can be identified--any exposure may increase health risks.

Therefore the risk from consumption of products made from rice bran such as rice drinks is much higher than from raw


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But new research at Washington University School of medicine in St louis finds that smoking itself may increase suicide risk

Indoor smoking bans also were associated with risk reductions. Grucza's team analyzed data compiled as individual states took different approaches to taxing cigarettes

They learned that suicide risk among people most likely to smoke was associated with policies related to tobacco taxes and smoking restrictions.

Although scientists have known for years that people who smoke have a higher risk for suicide they had assumed the risk was related to the psychiatric disorders that affect many smokers.

These new findings however suggest smoking may increase the risk for psychiatric disorders or make them more severe

which in turn can influence suicide risk. We really need to look more closely at the effects of smoking

We don't know exactly how smoking influences suicide risk. It could be that it affects depression or increases addiction to other substances.

Grucza suspects nicotine may be an important influence on suicide risk. Based on the study's results he said he is concerned that many new restrictions on public smoking don't cover newer e-cigarettes


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The researchers also looked at socioeconomic changes combining a risk assessment with an environmental and economic model.


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When a pathogen infects a plant the defense response is activated producing an increase of certain proteins related to the defense (known as protein 5). Likewise the fungus increases the production of the proteins involved in attacks or virulence.

Also researchers studied how this protein is involved in the activation of defense protein 5 in kiwifruit.

What is more they observed that this fungal protein is found in the same areas that the defense protein of the kiwifruit.

Using computer modeling techniques they identified a surface area in Alt a 1 susceptible to interact with the defense protein.

In that interaction Alt a 1 is joined to a region of the protein 5 of the kiwifruit causing a remarkable decrease of its defense activity.

These results reveal that Alt a 1 is an inhibitor of the defense proteins of family 5

These results suggest that patients allergic to Alternaria can suffer an allergy attack after eating infected kiwifruit.


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New research by British and Dutch scientists has found that Aspergillus--a common fungus that attacks the lungs

He believes merging antifungal resistance in human pathogenic fungi is causing a huge threat to patients especially to those with weaken immune systems

However the clear association with triazole fungicide usage is very worrisome as some unlucky people at risk will breathe in untreatable Aspergillus with potentially dire consequences.


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Over 300 tokens were found in two rooms near the back of the building that Macginnis describes as having the character of a'delivery area'perhaps an ancient loading bay.


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and polyphenols to defend against pest attacks and related injuries. In people phenols and polyphenols can help prevent diseases triggered


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