Synopsis: 9. security & defence:


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They are also at great risk due to climate change and other human interference such as mining cattle ranching and agriculture.


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Another danger of a more homogeneous global food basket is that it makes agriculture more vulnerable to major threats like drought insect pests and diseases

The dietary changes documented in the study are driven by powerful social and economic forces. Rising incomes in developing countries for example have enabled more consumers to include larger quantities of animal products oils and sugars in their diets.


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Although some scientists have expressed concern that reports of pest resistance to Bt crops provide'ammunition'to anti-biotech activists Tabashnik said Pests are remarkably adaptable.

Noting that insects have been evolving resistance to natural plant defenses for millions of years and that this year marks the 100th anniversary of the first reported case of insecticide resistance he concludes Finding ways to delay resistance is a never-ending challenge with any pest management approach.


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Now it is being put through its paces by science in the fight against pancreatic cancer with the potential to make inroads against several more.


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because they run a constant risk of anaphylactic shock from accidental consumption. On the other hand oral immunotherapy is still experimental and quite slow:


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These bison can then be used to seed conservation herds in other landscapes without the threat of spreading the disease.

and these research findings enable us to practice genetic rescue from brucellosis infected bison herds.


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and understand the health risks of tobacco products. The study led by Dina Borzekowski Ed. D in the University of Maryland School of Public health (UMD SPH)

and labeling should effectively communicate the health risks associated with tobacco use and that the effectiveness of these health warnings and messages increases with their prominence and with the use of pictures.


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or refuges where there were brushy shrubs and even trees such as spruce birch willow and alder.


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Livestock particularly horses have been identified as a significant threat to panda survival. The reason: They're beating the pandas to the bamboo buffet.

A paper by Michigan State university panda habitat experts published in this week's Journal for Nature Conservation explores an oft-hidden yet significant conflict in conservation.

For years timber harvesting has been the panda's biggest threat. Pandas have specific habitat needs--they eat only bamboo


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bactericides plant defense response and plant nutrients he said. We are trying to alleviate the disease symptoms on tubers

In his approach to the plant defense response French said he is trying to produce something like a systemic acquired resistance or induced systemic resistance response from the potato against the pathogen.

whether it is for plant defense responses pathogen control plant health on top of what the growers is applying he said.


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The risk of one animal getting sick and affecting the others is real when you're talking about large groups


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and Border Protection (CBP) agency resources exist to address concerns that honey as well as contraband archaeological


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We used extraordinary precaution to avoid disrupting tomato tissues during the collection of the sheaths

These initial findings suggest that sheath saliva may elicit a plant self-protection response. According to the scientists the methods they developed to extract the saliva


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#Climate change puts wheat crops at risk of diseasethere is a risk that severity of epidemics of some wheat diseases may increase within the next ten to twenty years due to the impacts of climate change

The research suggests that climate change will increase the risk of serious ear blight epidemics on winter wheat in Central China by the middle of this century (2020-2050.


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thus trimming the population and its threat to the state's important agricultural crops. The technique has been used effectively against the Mediterranean fruit fly called the Medfly

Because of the inherent dangers in importing even one Mediterranean fruit fly into the state in their recent studies LÃ pez-Martã nez and Hahn investigated the physiological effects of applying low-oxygen treatments prior


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and insects that are used to attract mates or relay danger. Currently insect pests are managed with pesticides and synthetic pheromones--the latter


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Eating strawberries also improved other parameters such as the general plasma lipid profile antioxidant biomarkers (such as Vitamin c or oxygen radical absorbance capacity) antihemolytic defences and platelet function.

This is the first time a study has been published that supports the protective role of the bioactive compounds in strawberries in tackling recognised markers and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.


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and South africa could be increased at risk of being impacted directly by tropical cyclones within the next 40 years.

Secondly while global warming is causing frost to be less severe late season frost is not receding as quickly as flowering is advancing resulting in increased frost risk

and that much of the perceived change in numbers is a result of improved storm detection methods. â#oefrom 1940 there was a huge increase in observations because of aerial reconnaissance

but according to Fitchett the threat is of concern. Fitchett and Grabâ##s paper titled: A 66-year tropical cyclone record for southeast Africa:


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and pyrethroids (an insecticide class used in mosquito nets). With the continuing rise of resistance the research published in the journal Genome Biology is key as scientists say that this knowledge could help improve malaria control strategies.


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%Most of the savings would come from avoided land use change. Havlã k says From the livestock sector perspective limiting land use change seems the cheapest option both in terms of the economic cost and in terms of impact on food availability.

but also food insecurity in developing countries because it ignores the social cost of policies that focus just on greenhouse gas abatement..

In addition they note that safeguards are needed to insure that the intensified agricultural production does not lead to environmental damage


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and roads but the earth split open and swallowed sections of the forests and bamboo groves that shelter and feed pandas and other endangered wildlife.


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and Maris Piper varieties that can completely thwart attacks from late blight. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Norwich Bioscience Institutes.


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-and phone-free zone except for emergencies of course. Instead put on some background music played at low volume to add a relaxing atmosphere.


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The study is part of a long history of research aimed at understanding the origins of primate intelligence.

But far fewer studies have examined the idea that some aspects of primate intelligence arose because they helped the animals deal with other challenges such as foraging for food.


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Since then there has been a growing rallying cry to save elephants with the U s. China France Chad


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which is related to the risk of life-threatening diseases. More than 26 percent of 2-to 5-year-old children nationwide were considered overweight defined as having a BMI above the 85th percentile in 2009 and 2010 up from 21 percent a decade earlier The researchers linked data

and food insecurity meaning families forced by a lack of money to skip meals cut portions


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Instead they saw proximity to taller neighbors was a tree's biggest threat. When a position in the canopy was lost to a neighbor it was almost exclusively due to competition among the immediate neighbors (the 3-by-3 pixel neighborhood)


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The results suggest an urgent need for management recommendations to reduce the threat of emerging diseases to our wild

National societies and agencies both in the UK and globally currently manage so-called honeybee diseases on the basis that they are a threat only to honeybees.

Policies to manage these diseases need to take into account threats to wild pollinators and be designed to reduce the impact of these diseases not just on managed honeybees but on our wild bumblebees too.


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and decrease risks to environmental and human health. Nitrogen is primarily taken up from the soil by the roots

Frommer had developed previously technology to spy on transport protein activity by using fluorescent tags in a cell's DNA to monitor the structural rearrangements that a transporter undergoes as it moves its target molecule.


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In late April the Ohio river floodwaters then started to flood the towns of Olive branch and Miller City the Horseshoe Lake area and surrounding agricultural lands.


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and force it to curve but their positions are not always the same from cap to cap.

Getting control of these properties has been a struggle. Ideally scientists could grow the specific kinds of nanotubes they need for an application


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Brown rot disease--caused by the agent Monilinia laxa--attacks stone fruit as well as causing blossom wilt

Controlled sets of cherries and plums--with and without the biological control agents added--were placed in conditions known to induce the onset of brown rot disease.


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and curb the effects of global warming could pose a severe threat if not maintained indefinitely

The new study published today 18 february in IOP Publishing's journal Environmental Research Letters has highlighted the risks of large

The potential temperature changes also pose a severe threat to biodiversity. Furthermore the researchers used a simple climate model to study a variety of plausible greenhouse gas scenarios and SRM termination years over the 21st century.

The only way to avoid creating the risk of substantial temperature increases through SRM therefore is concurrent strong reductions of GHG emissions.


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and how it has jumped between different host species. The findings may have implications ranging from the assessment of health risks for populations to developing vaccines.

which included UA graduate student Guan-Zhu Han and Andrew Rambaut a professor from the University of Edinburgh who is affiliated also with the U s. National institutes of health found a strong signature in the data suggesting that something revolutionary happened to avian influenza virus

Out here in the West the U s. Cavalry was fighting the Apaches on foot because all the horses were sick.


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#Can citrus ward off your risk of stroke? Eating foods that contain Vitamin c may reduce your risk of the most common type of hemorrhagic stroke according to a study released today that will be presented at the American Academy of Neurology's 66th Annual Meeting in Philadelphia April 26 to May 3 2014.

Vitamin c is found in fruits and vegetables such as oranges papaya peppers broccoli and strawberries. Hemorrhagic stroke is less common than ischemic stroke

Our results show that Vitamin c deficiency should be considered a risk factor for this severe type of stroke as were high blood pressure drinking alcohol

More research is needed to explore specifically how Vitamin c may help to reduce stroke risk. For example the vitamin may regulate blood pressure.


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The seed treatments Cruiser and Nipsit were impacted negatively with the application of the second flush


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The research was supported by the Department of energy the National Science Foundation the Robert A. Welch Foundation Teijin Aramid BV the Air force Office of Scientific research and the Department of defense National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship.


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#Grape seed promise in fight against bowel canceruniversity of Adelaide research has shown for the first time that grape seed can aid the effectiveness of chemotherapy in killing colon cancer cells as well as reducing the chemotherapy's side effects.


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and radically enhance energy generation delivery and storage. Scientists tweak these superconductor recipes by swapping out elements


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because although typhus can be treated with modern antibiotics it remains a threat in remote impoverished areas of South america Asia

Historical records show that typhus has accompanied traditionally war famine and poverty said David Stahle a Distinguished Professor of geosciences.

because drought has not been considered specifically a risk factor for typhus Burns said. But drought much like war and natural disasters caused famine in poor agricultural regions

and forced impoverished refugees to move into already crowded urban areas where infrastructure and sanitary systems were insufficient.


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in order to guard her from other males Hoover said. All four trail pheromone components have been synthesized and behavior activities have been evaluated in the laboratory bioassays according to Aijun Zhang research chemist U s. Department of agriculture Agricultural research service Beltsville Agricultural Research center Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory.


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although infants might be at risk from bearded pigs and clouded leopards. In recent history their biggest predator has been man who is actually more likely to pick Orangutans off in the trees:


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and you've bought an ice cream cake to serve a small army to celebrate. Happy or sad up or down there's a plethora of media in the world that tells us our moods often dictate the foods we choose to eat.


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and technologies to further our understanding of the dynamic forces that continue to shape our planet


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and a first for Madagascar in advancing the use of carbon credits to fight climate change while protecting biodiversity and human livelihoods.

In addition Makira's forests serve as a zone of watershed protection providing clean water to over 250000 people in the surrounding landscape.


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and the Forest Herbarium (BKF--Thailand) discovered a new species of Stone Oak in the Ton Pariwat Wildlife Sanctuary in Thailand.

This isolated sanctuary is popular for its rich bird -and wildlife such as the Blue-banded Kingfisher and Whitehanded Gibbons as well for its rare and beautiful flora like Rafflesia's--known to hold some of the largest flowers on earth.

The wildlife sanctuary covers a region of low-lying forested mountains and is located in the middle of a fascinating transition zone that lies between the northern Indochinese and the southern Sundaland biogeographic regions.

A recent addition to the endemic species of this area is described the newly species of Stone Oak currently known only from the sanctuary.

and has not been recorded outside Ton Pariwat Wildlife Sanctuary. During our field survey we found only one individual tree located on a gentle sloping section of closed dense forest explains one of the authors Dr. Strijk.

but additional survey work will have to be undertaken to determine the actual population size within the sanctuary.

and other flora and fauna present in the Ton Pariwat Wildlife Sanctuary. The unique species composition high diversity and relatively intact forest structure underscore the importance of strengthening ongoing and future conservation measures at Ton Pariwat Wildlife Sanctuary as a key element of wider

conservation efforts in southern Thailand adds Dr. Strijk. Currently more than 300 species of Stone Oak have been described occurring from eastern India to Japan and the eastern tip of Papua new guinea.

The fieldwork and surveys in Ton Pariwat Wildlife Sanctuary by the team of Dutch and Thai botanists are part of ongoing research on the genomics systematics biogeography and evolution of tropical Asian Oaks


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The high salinity and light intensity turns the microalgae orange by producing protective carotenoids. The pink-orange of many salt lakes containing Dunaliella is intensified by the presence of archaea fellow single-celled organisms.**


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Solutions to a Global Crisis are discussing ways to protect wildlife and combat trade. Said WCS's Dr. Fiona Maisels one of the researchers releasing the new numbers


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It also remains a risk to humans. Despite intensive efforts over many decades bovine TB continues to have a serious impact on livestock at home and abroad affecting farm profitability and animal welfare.


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This type of product could make a big difference supporting preventive health efforts where high-quality fresh produce deliveries are rare or unpredictable.


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For individuals the behavior puts them at many of the same health risks as identified smokers.

There is a risk for such smokers to continue to smoke and be impacted adversely by the tobacco they smoke yet they do not seek any assistance nor do they plan to quit


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We can help fight heart disease and aging and perhaps even boost our romance for the evening by choosing our foods wisely.

The FDA reports that eating a diet that includes one ounce of nuts daily can reduce your risk of heart disease.

Fish--Consider a Valentine's meal with fish that is high in omega-3 fatty acids which reduce your risk of dying from a heart attack.


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All in all it is important to reconcile alternative uses of forests as they are not necessarily in a very strong conflict as our study shows.


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Manga comics could be used to promote healthier behaviors and beliefs related to fruit consumption in at-risk youth.

After reading either a Manga comic titled Fight for Your Right to Fruit or a non-health-related newsletter children were given the choice between a healthy snack (oranges grapes apples strawberries)


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thermoregulation and surveillance of habitat. The most frequent observations of tree-basking were in areas where there were few places to bask on the ground implying that the individuals needed alternatives for regulating their body temperature the authors wrote.

Likewise their wary nature suggests that climbing leads to improved site surveillance of potential threats and prey.


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but it's a way to protect people by reducing the risk they currently have to different diseases.


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#Drifting herbicides produce uncertain effectsfarmers should take extra precautions so drifting herbicides do not create unintended consequences on neighboring fields and farms according to agricultural researchers.

But given that there is really so much uncertainty we think that taking precautions to prevent herbicide drift is the right way to go.

Farmers can cut down on herbicide drift by taking a few precautions according to Egan. They can spray low-volatility herbicide blends


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and email campaign to get the word out to national tobacco control partners guide contributors and other key stakeholders in the tobacco fight.

Even though we've been fighting this battle for over 50 years there's still a long way to go.


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#Wasps use ancient aggression genes to create social groupsaggression-causing genes appeared early in animal evolution

and across many species even though animal aggression today varies widely from territorial fighting to setting up social hierarchies according to researchers from Iowa State university Penn State and Grand Valley State university.

and in different contexts then perhaps model organisms--such as bees and mice--can provide insights into the biological basis of aggression in all animals including humans the researchers said.

and mice and found a few genes that are associated consistently with aggression. This suggests that even after hundreds of millions of years of evolution some genes may retain their ancestral roles in similar forms of behavior like aggression.

The team investigated the expression of aggression genes in the brains and ovaries of paper wasps--Polistes metricus.

Specifically they looked at wasps belonging to different castes including dominant colony-founding queens subordinate colony-founding queens established queens dominant workers and subordinate workers.

We found that in wasps which are primitively social insects aggression genes control the establishment of an individual's dominance over a group said Christina Grozinger professor of entomology and director of the Center for Pollinator Research Penn State.

In contrast in honey bees which are advanced social insects aggression genes control altruistic defensive behavior--for example

In solitary species like fruit flies and mice the same set of aggression genes controls fighting between males over territory.

So the same genes are involved in aggression across species but are now being used in different ways by different organisms.

and mice--can be used to study aggression in humans because they share some of the same genes that regulate aggression behaviors

even if those behaviors are now quite different. In addition to learning that aggression genes are shared among organisms the team also found that these genes are extremely sensitive to the external environment.

We found that the most important influence on expression of genes in the brains of paper wasps was external factors such as the season

if we ramp up expression of one of the genes involved in aggression Toth said.


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if a sensitivity gene was eliminated there would be associated minimal risks and it would be a safe and straightforward strategy for improving disease resistance.


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#Cows milk protein measurement standard expanded for greater consumer protection, harmonized tradeidf and ISO have joined forces to expand the scope of an international standard used worldwide in the dairy industry to measure the protein content of cow's milk.

The Kjeldahl method now encompasses milk from other species as well as internationally traded dairy products covered by Codex standards.

and enhances consumer protection safeguards. Pivotal role in tradethe Kjeldahl method plays a pivotal role in national and international trade for example in calculating fair milk payments for dairy farmers controlling manufacturing processes

The next step is to submit the revised Kjeldahl method for endorsement to Codex alimentarius. One of the major benefits of international adoption of the revised method is that it will result in greater harmonization of protein analysis across the globe thereby minimizing the risk

of trade disputes resulting from differences in analytical test results continues Dr. Evers. Given the increasing global demand for milk and milk products standardization is ever more important to ensure food safety food quality and fairness in international trade.


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Cryptosporidiosis is also a threat to people with HIV whose immune system is less able to fight it off he said.


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It is important to know as much as we can about virus evolution as emerging infectious plant diseases are a growing threat to global food security

The researchers believe the massive war effort could have caused the virus to spread fuelled by an intensification of farming

in order to feed the armies engaged in the campaign. This made contact with cultivated barley and wild grass more likely providing opportunities for the virus to'jump'into the crop.


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APEC infections are a serious threat to poultry causing both systemic and localized infections collectively known as colibacillosis.

Further APEC infections may pose a risk to humans due to their zoonotic potential--their ability to infect human hosts.


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#Whole diet approach to lower cardiovascular risk has more evidence than low-fat dietsa study published in The American Journal of Medicine reveals that a whole diet approach which focuses on increased intake of fruits vegetables nuts

and fish has more evidence for reducing cardiovascular risk than strategies that focus exclusively on reduced dietary fat.


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The researchers say this theory suggests that mountainous ecosystems have acted like Earth's thermostat addressing the risk of'catastrophic'overheating or cooling over millions of years.


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#Study shows yogurt consumption reduces the risk of type 2 diabetesnew research published in Diabetologia (the journal of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes) shows that higher consumption of yoghurt compared with no consumption can reduce the risk of new

-onset type 2 diabetes by 28%.%Scientists at the University of Cambridge found that in fact higher consumption of low-fat fermented dairy products which include all yoghurt varieties

and some low-fat cheeses also reduced the relative risk of diabetes by 24%overall.

and drink consumed over a week at the time of study entry among 753 people who developed new-onset type 2 diabetes over 11 years of follow-up with 3502 randomly selected study participants.

This allowed the researchers to examine the risk of diabetes in relation to the consumption of total dairy products and also types of individual dairy products.

or total low-fat dairy was associated not with new-onset diabetes once important factors like healthier lifestyles education obesity levels other eating habits

Total milk and cheese intakes were associated also not with diabetes risk. In contrast those with the highest consumption of low-fat fermented dairy products (such as yoghurt fromage frais

which makes up more than 85%of these products was associated with a 28%reduced risk of developing diabetes.

This risk reduction was observed among individuals who consumed an average of four and a half standard 125g pots of yoghurt per week.

A further finding was that consuming yoghurt in place of a portion of other snacks such as crisps also reduced the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

While this type of study cannot prove that eating dairy products causes the reduced diabetes risk dairy products do contain beneficial constituents such as Vitamin d calcium and magnesium.

therefore helps to provide robust evidence that consumption of low-fat fermented dairy products largely driven by yoghurt intake is associated with a decreased risk of developing future type 2 diabetes.


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Although they pose a major threat grasshopper populations play a positive role in cycling nutrients from decomposing plant matter back into the soil.

and physiologically similar says Avanesyan who plans to continue to use the protocol to investigate plant defenses against insect herbivores.


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and the role of forests in climate protection strategies said Unger an assistant professor of atmospheric chemistry at F&es.


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The issues surrounding honey bee colony declines and honey bee losses requires extensive standardized data collection increased surveillance and surveys of management practices and further research.


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The study of the new species Mesoplodon hotaula is published in the journal Marine Mammal Science.


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Does its introduction pose any risk to the environment? Results from Federally mandated tests performed at the University of California Riverside now show that Tamarixia radiata is indeed safe for the environment and poses no undue risk to other insects humans or pets.

Our work demonstrates that Tamarixia radiata is very specific to the target it is being released to kill--the nymphs of the Asian citrus psyllid in this case said Mark Hoddle the director of the Center for Invasive Species Research whose lab performed the tests.

Safety testing in biological control is important as the release of natural enemies may pose some type of environmental risk.

Such low attack rates are unlikely to cause population declines of this pest. According to Hoddle such results demonstrate that carefully selected natural enemies used in biological control programs for invasive pests can be very safe

and biological control programs don't want to be causing additional problems through releasing inappropriate agents for the control of invasive pests Safety tests like those conducted in this study greatly minimize these risks.


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