Synopsis: Wastes:


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To address the major challenges in managing the growing amounts of animal and human waste water pollution; protecting water resources and restoring an economically vital coastline we will need to invest in the characterization of our water microbiological communities and shift the pollution science paradigm toward an understanding of risk and resilience under global change.


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or plant waste materials like grasses or corn stover may take over as those technologies reach the right scale


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#Reducing waste of food: A key element in feeding billions more peoplefamilies can be key players in a revolution needed to feed the world

He described that often-invisible waste in food--4 out of every 10 pounds produced in the United states alone

It also will require action to reduce a terrible waste of food that gets too little attention.

That waste can occur due to spoilage from improper storage of grain during transportation or from pests.

or spoil 20 percent of the world's food supply due to contamination with their urine and feces.


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and then passed back into the environment through feces. By not needing its envelope to survive outside the host the virus gains the ability of non-enveloped viruses to survive longer


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The pollutants products of fossil fuel combustion are emitted by cars trucks and buses. Pollutants rise up into the atmosphere

and accumulate until being washed down as wet deposition by rain or snow or as dry deposition between rain events.

when pollutant-emission regulation is weak. For example even though Xi'an China is predicted to become drier in the future due to climate changes the data

and La Nina cycles--could induce dramatic increases in the concentration of pollutants in rainfall ultimately leading to increased wet deposition of pollutants.


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Unlike gas-powered engines that spew out pollutants the only byproduct of hydrogen fuel is water.


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reaction column that uses waste heat engineered materials and optimized components. Hirasaki's team was one of 16 chosen by the Department of energy (DOE) in 2011 to develop innovative techniques for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from power plants.

Rice's new study found that in cases where waste is available it may be used to capture CO2.


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because the enzyme targets a tiny piece of DNA--previously thought of as junk DNA--that had jumped from one area of the genome to another giving that little fragment power to unexpectedly turn on the gene.


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--which includes crop residues like wheat straw switchgrass whole trees and wood waste. This drop in fuel is designed to be a direct replacement for gasoline


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along with indications--such as sighting of live pests or pest debris--that traditional pesticides were not effective.


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#Logging debris gives newly planted Douglas-fir forests a leg-upthe downed limbs and other woody debris that are inevitable byproducts of timber harvest could be among the most important components of postharvest landscapes according to a new study led by the U s. Forest Service's Pacific Northwest Research Station.

Researchers found that retaining moderate levels of logging debris also known as slash helped to both directly

and indirectly increase the growth rate of Douglas-fir seedlings replanted after harvest. The findings which are among the first to speak to the benefits of second-growth logging debris are published online in the journal Forest Ecology and Management.

At levels typically left after forest harvesting where 40 percent of the ground is covered by logging debris we found that debris inhibited the growth of competing herbaceous vegetation

and so preserved soil water said Tim Harrington a research forester with the station and the study's lead.

This means that just leaving typical levels of debris in place after forest harvesting helps new Douglas-fir seedlings to become established.

The findings are based on a study of seedling development under three levels of logging debris--0 40 and 80 percent cover--at two sites in Washington

Harrington and his colleagues expanded on previous research on logging debris effects by increasing the number of seedlings studied extending the study period to four years and looking at the responses of additional variables like vegetation abundance

In addition to having a vegetation control effect the retained woody debris helped promote Douglas-fir seedling growth by reducing evaporation;

However where the use of herbicides to control competing vegetation was combined with logging debris seedling growth rates were observed the highest in the study especially where debris cover was 80 percent.

But these new findings suggest that long-term forest productivity will benefit from debris retention indicating much broader applicability of the research Harrington said.


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and blood and urine samples were taken also. The samples collected were sent back to the UK to be analysed for their levels of selenium.

Similarly the women of the Zombwe region had less than half the levels of selenium in their blood and about one-third of the levels of selenium in their urine than that of their Mikalango counterparts.


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#Celebrity endorsement encourages children to eat junk fooda study by the University of Liverpool has found that celebrity endorsement of a food product encourages children to eat more of the endorsed product.


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By digesting more phosphorus the Enviropig also produces less phosphorus in its waste. The enzyme is secreted in the saliva


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#A new cryptic spider species from Africathe species from the genus Copa are very common spiders found in the leaf litter of various habitats.

They usually share the litter microhabitats with several other species of the family Corinnidae. The spiders from this cryptic ground-dwelling genus in the continental Afrotropical Region are revised in a study published in the open access journal Zookeys.


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Three billion people live in rural areas that have lots of plastic junk he says. They could use it to make useful consumer goods for themselves.


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This was characterized by elevations in plasma urea and protein in the urine. The researchers found increased deposits of triglycerides (TG)( especially saturated fatty acids) increased signs of oxidative stress and depleted copper levels in the kidneys.


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and construction debris. Of the 126 soil samples (not counting stone tools and coprolites) analyzed 61 contained Z. mays pollen.


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#The lifetime journeys of manure-based microbesstudies at the U s. Department of agriculture (USDA) are shedding some light on the microbes that dwell in cattle manure--what they are where they thrive where they struggle

and others to study how livestock diet affected the transport of pathogens in field runoff from manure-amended soils.

The scientists added two types of manure to experimental conventional-till and no-till fields at 1-2-or 4-year application rates.

The manure had been collected from livestock that had consumed either corn or feed with wet distillers grains.

Gilley also conducted an investigation into how standing wheat residues affected water quality in runoff from fields amended with 1-2-or 4-year application rates of manure.

The team also observed that runoff from fields amended with 4-year application rates of manure had significantly higher levels of total phosphorus

and dissolved phosphorus than fields amended with 1-year or 2-year manure rates. Results from these studies have been published in Foodborne Pathogens and Disease Applied and Environmental Microbiology and Transactions of the ASABE.


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and the build up of leaf litter around the shrubs tends to cool the soil surface reducing the availability of soil nutrients for other plants Post said.


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Peak-time risks from both pollutants rose as high as 4. 6 percent. Relative risks were higher for men African-americans and people over 65.


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The type of feedstock also contributes to stability with wood being more stable than grasses and manure.


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or junk DNA to identify which colonies were related. By pairing the genetic analysis with the long-term observations Gordon was able to determine the original queen and colony and the order in which the daughter queens and subsequent generations established new colonies.


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and E coli which carries resistant genes directly from animals through their feces into the environment.


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Shells in the gravel section suggest the path was made probably from waste material from the water filter gravel beds that still exist opposite the hall of residence.

But one fragment spotted by chance in the waste took the team right back to the Neolithic period.


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because the kidneys are responsible for removing acid through the urine. Metabolic acidosis can cause rapid breathing confusion and lethargy.

Urine measurements of kidney injury were lower after one year in both groups.#¢#¢Although fruits and vegetables are rich in potassium


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More diverse areas had less persistent ground litter making high-intensity fires less likely to recur than in single-species grasslands with more litter serving as fuel.


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The study included 160 ischemic stroke/TIA patients 18-55 years old who had urine screens upon admission to the hospital.

Only 8. 1 percent of controls tested positive for cannabis in urine samples. Researchers found no differences in age stroke mechanism or most vascular risk factors between marijuana users and non-users.

In the study the regional ethics committee allowed researchers to use urine samples from other hospitalized patients.


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In particular it raises concern over the use of treated waste water to irrigate crops all over the world


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#Exposure to pesticides in food, air and water increases risk of type 2 diabetes, study findsa study led by the University of Granada reveals that there is a direct relationship between the presence of Persistent Organic Pollutants

A study conducted at the University of Granada has revealed that there is a direct relationship between exposure to pesticides (Persistent Organic Pollutants CPOS) in food air and water and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in adults regardless

However adipose tissue can store potentially harmful substances such as persistent organic pollutants (COPS. This makes COPS concentrations a useful marker of a subject's exposure to COPS.

which are present in pesticides industrial waste and building materials. These compounds penetrate the body mainly through food but also through air or the skin.


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In a study that delves into the mechanisms behind this common function North carolina State university researchers show that insect grooming--specifically antennal cleaning--removes both environmental pollutants


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and pollution especially from garbage floating on the ocean. The birds ingest large amounts of marine debris--by some estimates 5 tons of plastic are fed unknowingly to albatross chicks each year by their parents.

Although the plastic may not kill the chicks directly it reduces their food intake which leads to dehydration


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The parasites are identified in lemur fur and feces. Some species--such as pinworms whipworms and tapeworms--cause diarrhea dehydration and weight loss in human hosts.


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but finite (about 3 billion chemical units long) the environment contains an infinite number of substances from dietary micronutrients to synthetic pollutants to


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Ozone is both a major air pollutant with known adverse health effects and a greenhouse gas that traps heat from escaping Earth's atmosphere.


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As trying to catch the howlers to examine them would in itself be highly stressful for the animal the best way of evaluating stress levels in wild primates is by analysing their faeces for glucocorticoid stress hormones which are general to all vertebrates.


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and other vegetation that survive pine beetle invasions along waterways increase their uptake of nitrate a common disturbance-related pollutant.


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#Graphene oxide soaks up radioactive waste: U s.,Russian researchers collaborate on solution to toxic groundwater woesgraphene oxide has a remarkable ability to quickly remove radioactive material from contaminated water researchers at Rice university

The lab tested graphene oxide synthesized at Rice with simulated nuclear wastes containing uranium plutonium

Graphene oxide introduced to simulated wastes coagulated within minutes quickly clumping the worst toxins Kalmykov said.


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and baking soda formula produced no whitening other than removing superficial debris. The other methods Kwon found


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From the intestinal bacterium Escherichia coli contained in a human urine sample the scientists retrieved 90 per cent of the genome in one go.


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Societies in North africa and the Middle east have strong cultural connections to camels where there are a lot of activities that expose people to raw camel products--milk urine


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and provides the algae with the compounds they need for photosynthesis. The algae in turn produce oxygen help the coral to remove waste products


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and produced from a variety of waste materials. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM.


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Insects overcome plant defenses by the rapid excretion sequestration or detoxification of toxic substances Not only have contributed such adaptations to the vast diversification of insects in the course of evolution they also support the success of agricultural pests specialized on certain crop plants that jeopardize crop yields every year.


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In operation since 2010 the remotely operated CLARS measures carbon dioxide methane carbon monoxide and other atmospheric pollutants across a large section of the LA basin every 90 minutes during daylight hours.

and pollutants over whole continents said Sander. CLARS provides a way to test this by mapping chemicals in the air over Los angeles. The methods we're testing today can ultimately fill a critical need for decision makers to determine


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`i. The scientists also showed an increase in productivity across the gradient both above and belowground and an increase in the decomposition rate of fresh litter and a decline in coarse woody debris with warming.

The scientists propose that where ecosystem carbon is unprotected such as at the surface in plant debris its decomposition


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Laboratory testing currently looks at faeces milk and blood of animals suspected of being infected. First author Lorenz Khol of the Clinic for Ruminants at the Vetmeduni Vienna in cooperation with the College of Veterinary medicine at the University of Florida developed a possible alternative method for early diagnosis of the infection.

Lymph tests positive more often than feces blood or milkthe scientists tested a total of 86 cows from different farms exhibiting symptoms of diarrhea and weight loss.

The lymph analysis yielded significantly more positive results than the analysis using feces blood or milk.


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Indeed the input of pollutants started to fall off significantly from the 1970s says Pretzsch. It is true


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or under scattered debris but also in greenhouses and out in the open nature. They are brought in with imported vegetables garden supplies or tiles.


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which control the atmospheric distribution of many short-lived climate pollutants such as tropospheric ozone methane and aerosol particles.

Because changes in these emissions affect both warming and cooling pollutants she noted. Unger said the findings do not suggest that increased forest loss provides climate change benefits


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and their manure also releases this potent greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gas emissions associated with producing the U s. diet are dominated by the meats category according to Heller and Keoleian.


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You won't find high potassium in junk food. Some foods high in potassium include white and sweet potatoes bananas and white beans.


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If you improve the efficiency of postharvest handling you reduce waste and losses and that improves sustainability Brecht said.


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These are findings of a new study that looked at the agricultural effects in 2005 of high concentrations of ground-level ozone a plant-damaging pollutant formed by emissions from vehicles cooking stoves and other sources.


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However carbon dioxide is essentially a waste product with little immediate commercial value and large treatment costs.


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In terms of procedure Valdemar Espinosa explains that the first step is to get the diapers only those containing liquid waste.


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and get their crops to markets with far less cost and waste. The good news is that there are still expanses of the world where agriculture can be improved greatly without large environmental costs said Dr Nathan Mueller of Harvard university USA.


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Traditionally carnivore diet is determined by examining samples of fresh faeces. Faecal samples only provide a snapshot of the diet based on the detected hair and bone samples of prey animals.


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whether they were still suckling a litter or not says Ms Weaver. We've shown that piglet weaning age should be able to be increased with sows still producing the average 2. 4 litters a year.

This is very important to the pig industry and should lead to improvements in post-weaning growth and the welfare and survival of piglets.

whether there are any negative impacts on the following litter which would be conceived and gestating while the sow was still suckling the previous litter.

The research is supported by the Pork CRC which is based at the Roseworthy campus. Story Source:


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#Turning waste from rice, parsley and other foods into biodegradable plasticyour chairs synthetic rugs and plastic bags could one day be made out of cocoa rice

and vegetable waste rather than petroleum scientists are now reporting. The novel process they developed and their results


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Eggs from eyeworms in quail would be left behind in the birds'feces which in turn would be eaten by more crickets.


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Wood decay and the recycling of other biological matter like leaf litter is driven by fungi


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The level of infection was determined by the number of nematode eggs per gram of the animal's feces.

an adult female sheep with the maximum egg count of 2000 eggs per gram of feces might lose as little as 2 percent or as much as 20 percent of her body weight.


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Spraying more often than is needed wastes money and can lead to fungicide resistance said Natalia Peres associate professor in plant pathology who led the system's development.


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and lumber waste for energy production. Such power generation often is promoted as a sustainable alternative to burning fossil fuels.


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or conventional air pollutants such as wind and solar energy would be doubly beneficial to global food security as they do not contribute to either climate change


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and pests like the filbert weevil and filbert moth harbored by the duff and litter on the ground.


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The study considered four pollutants for which the U s. EPA has established air quality standards: nitrogen dioxide ozone sulfur dioxide and particulate matter less than 2. 5 microns (PM2. 5) in aerodynamic diameter.


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#New perspective on agricultural plastic, debris burning, and air qualityto reduce fire hazard in the United states wildland managers often utilize the silvicultural practice of mechanically cutting woody shrubs and suppressed trees (ladder fuels).

These cuttings and other post-logging debris are burned then during periods of low fire danger

and minimize hazardous air pollutants managers often cover all or part of the debris pile with low-density polyethylene plastic commonly referred to as agricultural plastic in order to keep water out.

A recent study published in the Journal of the Air and Water Association shows that inclusion of agricultural plastic in debris piles has no effect on smoke emissions.

Co-author Dr. David Weise research forester from the U s. Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station at Riverside Calif. designed

The controlled laboratory study simulated debris piles that contained agricultural plastic in varying amounts to see

Based on the results of this and previous studies and literature reviews including the small amount of agricultural plastic in silvicultural debris piles as is practiced currently does not appear to affect the emissions produced under optimal burning conditions.

This study supports the hypothesis put forth a decade ago that burning agricultural plastic in debris piles would not add significantly to the emissions from a debris pile.

This research provides a key piece of information for wildland managers using on site burning to dispose of accumulated forest debris in a safe manner under favorable conditions with limited impact on air quality visibility


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This means the observed increase in the rate of soil respiration accompanying rising temperatures is released due to carbon dioxide by the an uptick in the amount of litter falling on the forest floor and an increase in carbon from underground sources.


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and outside factors such as the sun pesticides and other pollutants Dalaly explained. If left to roam free these free radicals can attack DNA proteins


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Animals release methane as a result of microorganisms that are involved in their digestive processes and nitrous oxide from decomposing manure.


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The pollutants from urban stormwater runoff can harm fish and wildlife populations foul drinking water and make recreational areas unsafe.

and plant uptake can remove pollutants. Typically the gardens are excavated backfilled with a filter bed substrate then planted with vegetation that helps to remove pollutants.

The filter bed substrate is the foundation of the rain garden and gives it the ability to infiltrate runoff slow drainage support plant growth

and remove pollutants explained Helen Kraus lead author of a study published in Hortscience. Kraus and her colleagues designed experiments to assess three different filter bed substrates for their effectiveness in nutrient removal and supporting plant growth.

Results showed that sand had good overall retention of pollutants except nitrogen. Soil had the lowest remediation of phosphorus

and phosphorus. Overall all three substrates functioned in reducing the quantity of pollutants in urban stormwater runoff the authors noted.


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Other possible places to get microbes include leaf surfaces the soil or feces that woodrats collect from other animals.

Woodrats naturally eat their own and other woodrats'feces. So in the experiment juniper-eating Great Basin woodrats were fed rabbit chow mixed with feces either from other juniper eaters or from creosote-eating Mojave woodrats.

Both woodrat groups then were challenged with a creosote diet. After ingesting feces --and thus gut microbes--from creosote eaters juniper eaters persisted for 11 days on the creosote diet without losing much weight.

Yet 65 percent of the juniper eaters that ate feces of other juniper eaters didn't gain microbes that detoxify creosote

so they lost 10 percent of their weight by day 11 on a creosote diet.

They ate as much as the woodrats that were fed feces with creosote-detoxifying microbes. Instead Kohl and co-authors found that

when woodrats didn't get transplants of creosote-detoxifying microbes their urine was more acidic suggesting their livers expended a lot of energy to degrade creosote toxins.

But in juniper eaters that consumed the feces of creosote eaters their newly acquired gut microbes likely detoxified most of the creosote taking the burden off of liver enzymes.


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It can also be transmitted through semen urine and feces and even milk. Identifying variationsin 2003-2004 the Antelope research station in northwestern South dakota bought 136 cattle and wound up with 60 persistently infected calves.


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The key seems to be how plant litter chemistry regulates the soil biological activity that facilitates the buildup composition and stability of carbon-trapping organic matter in soil.


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When organic chemicals from trees and vegetation mix with air pollutants the resulting corrosive gas can increase the erosion of building materials including stone concrete and steel.

However the effect on buildings from the mix of pollutants and organic chemicals has not been accounted previously for.

and react with the common pollutant nitrogen dioxide. Using mathematical simulations the research team investigated the effect of green vegetation on limestone

The effects of green infrastructure vary depending on building material and the particular pollutant. Limestone for example found in the buildings like Westminster abbey

Copper zinc and carbon steel are corroded also by levels of air pollutants and local climatic conditions.


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When organic chemicals from trees and vegetation mix with air pollutants the resulting corrosive gas can increase the erosion of building materials including stone concrete and steel.

However the effect on buildings from the mix of pollutants and organic chemicals has not been accounted previously for.

and react with the common pollutant nitrogen dioxide. Using mathematical simulations the research team investigated the effect of green vegetation on limestone

The effects of green infrastructure vary depending on building material and the particular pollutant. Limestone for example found in the buildings like Westminster abbey

Copper zinc and carbon steel are corroded also by levels of air pollutants and local climatic conditions.


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Moth outbreaks cause large amounts of larvae excrement and dead larvae to fall to the ground which fertilises the soil and promotes the growth of grass.

In severely defoliated areas we found increased amounts of small-rodent excrement and less from reindeer Insect outbreaks mean browner sub-arcticseveral studies in recent years have pointed to the greening of the Arctic due to a warming climate.


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and skin arenâ##t just a waste product. The enzymes increase the antioxidant activity from the grape seeds and skins.


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and more sensitive ways to detect these pathogens of E coli in cattle feces. To develop the diagnostic test Noll


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#Broccoli sprout beverage enhances detoxification of air pollutants in clinical triala clinical trial involving nearly 300 Chinese men

and women residing in one of China's most polluted regions found that daily consumption of a half cup of broccoli sprout beverage produced rapid significant and sustained higher levels of excretion of benzene

It acts to increase enzymes that enhance the body's capacity to expunge these types of the pollutants.

Urine and blood samples were taken over the course of the trial to measure the fate of the inhaled air pollutants.

The research team found that among participants receiving the broccoli sprout beverage the rate of excretion of the carcinogen benzene increased 61%beginning the first day and continuing throughout the 12-week period.

In addition the rate of excretion of the irritant acrolein rapidly and durably increased 23%during the 12-week trial.

The clinical trial targeting prevention is notable in that it evaluated a possible means to reduce the body burden of toxins following unavoidable exposures to pollutants.


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Definitive diagnosis with identification of sporocysts in feces requires multiple stool examinations several days after having eaten the meat.


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