Watershed

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Synopsis: Waterways & watercourses: Waterways: Watershed:

such as the watersheds, tunnels, aqueducts and reservoirs that fed oe and continue to feed-New york city.

Meanwhile Petra's inhabitants took advantage of the broad watershed of sandstone hills that naturally guided water to the city center by building a complex system of pipes and channels to direct water to underground cisterns for storage.

The Nabataeans differentiated watersheds and the zones of use for water: water collected and stored in the city itself was cannibalized not for agricultural uses.

and living in Alberta and focused on the protection of watersheds I organized a canoe expedition down the Athabasca River.

The river is part of a lush watershed that flows through the heart of tar-sands mining

Recent research also suggests that protecting watersheds reduces long-term water treatment and storage costs for consumers.

Recognizing this water utilities increasingly are taking responsibility for the health of local watersheds with a special emphasis on protecting the forests they contain.

and maintain watersheds on privately owned forest lands. The project will encourage forest owners and water utilities to work together to conserve watersheds by keeping their forest locations healthy the most cost-effective way for communities to ensure continued access to clean water.

Both the Endowment and SFI believe strongly that one of the best ways to protect the nation's water quality is to develop effective collaborations between water utilities and forest landowners.

In 2011 for example Raleigh N c. established a watershed protection fee of 1 cent per 100 gallons in customers'monthly water bills.

Dozens of communities across the country are taking similar steps to protect their watersheds. The SFI Conservation Grant will help the Endowment educate community stakeholders water utilities

and maintaining the health of the watersheds they manage. This grant builds upon SFI's commitment to water resources through conservation grants awarded in 2012 to the World Resources Institute to examine how SFI requirements related to best-management practices result in improvements

Areas the institute protects include watersheds that provide drinking water for SãO Paulo. Unlike some other organizations they haven't overextended themselves Jenkins said.

and often out of the local watershed Boccaletti told Livescience. Other water evaporates into the atmosphere

1 kilogram) produced according to the United nations'UN-Water program could be produced in the Amazon river Basin the largest watershed in the world.

In 1979 when I was fending off mosquitoes at the Continental divide the official National park service estimate was down to 75 glaciers

because melting glaciers in The alps have altered the watershed that marks the border. AP) Number crunch<br></br>16.99 °C<br></br>The average surface temperature of the world's oceans in June and July 2009 the warmest measured

in collaboration with the US Forest Service, afforested one of a pair of watersheds. The researchers observed an 18-22%drop in base flow in the afforested watershed compared with the watershed that had been left as grassland.

As the trees get larger, the effect will be somewhat greater, says Skaggs. The differences between Jobb ¡

It could reduce flood flows, particularly from small watershed areas. According to his team's observations, the afforested parts of watersheds also prevent the erosion

and sediment-leaching that were seen in their grassland counterparts. Jobb ¡gy says that at least for his study areas, the ideal balance between afforestation and water needs is for one-quarter of the river basin to be planted with between 400 and 500 trees per hectare.

Also, planting only some portions of the watershed might achieve the balance of providing wood products for the people without the impact on the basin's water balance

Perciasepe, currently deputy administrator at the environment agency, developed a watershed-protection programme while previously at the agency under Bill clinton.

Can you say Columbia Watershed? Enjoy your fruit. Doctors say it's good for you. 5 servings daily.

but the same week I was in Las vegas Facebook friends posted triumphant selfies of themselves floating through two feet of fresh powder at Colorado ski resorts By April it was clear big parts of the Colorado river watershed

We measured large differences in hydrologic response between watersheds with different land-use histories and land cover said Fred Ogden STRI Senior Research Associate and Civil engineering Professor at the University of Wyoming.

and include this improved understanding in a high-resolution hydrological model that we are developing to predict land-use effects in tropical watersheds.

Land use in the watershed not only affects world commerce but also water availability for Panama's major urban areas.

The 700-hectare Panama watershed experiment also known as Agua Salud will run for 20 to 30 years making it the largest ongoing study of land use in the tropics.

The research was conducted on the Smithsonian's 700-hectare Panama canal Watershed Experiment a long-term research site designed to quantify ecosystem services provided by different land uses.

and in reducing sediment flow from agricultural lands into our watersheds notes Carlton Owen president and CEO of the Endowment.

The researchers chose two Lower Mississippi river Alluvial Valley watersheds--the large Lower Yazoo River Watershed

and the smaller Peters Creek Watershed--to model the effects of reforestation in or near the battures on water outflow and sediment load (the amount of solid material carried by a river or stream).

and little light seeps in among the understory of the Cedar River Municipal Watershed about 30 miles east of Seattle.

and a handful of other instruments will help them map winter temperatures throughout the watershed as they track snow accumulation and melt.

and implements forest restoration projects in the Cedar River Watershed. Reservoirs in the western Cascades hold approximately a year's supply of water.

so watershed managers care about how forest changes due to management decisions or natural disturbances may impact that melting timetable.

The UW's research in the watershed has been a beneficial partnership researchers say. The 90000-acre watershed is owned by the City of Seattle

Watershed managers have tried thinning and cutting gaps in parts of the forest to encourage more tree

and laboratory director of the Center for Watershed Sciences at UC Davis. We still have some things to learn

The dead zone in the Gulf of mexico where the Mississippi meets the ocean has received much attention in the last decade and led to the creation of the Mississippi river/Gulf of mexico Watershed Nutrient Task force.

Since the otters were collected from counties all over Central Illinois the findings could indicate that some watersheds have a worse contamination problem than others Carpenter said.

and wildlife are being exposed to in different watersheds. More research is needed to understand the factors that contribute to the river otters'exposure to these chemicals Mateus-Pinilla said.

In some watersheds humans may have the same kind of risk because they're eating the same kinds of fish that the otters might be.

The temporal and spatial scope of the study--15 years and entire watersheds--is unique

The researchers reported that trees in the calcium-treated watershed produced 21 percent more wood and 11 percent more leaves than their counterparts in an adjacent control site.

Moreover watersheds along the eastern corridor of the United states had been exposed to more acid rain because of the greater number of coal-burning power plants in the region.

and the Adirondacks of New york. For the Hubbard Brook study a helicopter spread 40 tons of dry calcium pellets over a 29-acre watershed over several days in October 1999.

The calcium was designed to slowly work its way into the watershed over many years. This was restoration not fertilization said Battles.

Researchers monitored the forest over the next 15 years comparing the treatment area with an adjacent watershed that had the same characteristics

The trees in the calcium-treated watershed were able to recover faster from a severe ice storm that hit the region in 1998.

Both Schindler and Battles noted that the high cost of adding calcium to the soil would likely limit its use to targeted watersheds rather than as a treatment for vast areas of affected forests Prevention is always preferable

In addition Makira's forests serve as a zone of watershed protection providing clean water to over 250000 people in the surrounding landscape.

which Endres holds a leadership role is looking at how the value of sustainability practices can be measured at the watershed eco-shed or air-shed level rather than on the scale of individual farms.

We have some natural antacid in watersheds. In headwater streams that can be a good thing.

and watershed improvement program leader based in Albuquerque N m. Red means high-severity fire she explained

--and the red areas were concentrated in a watershed drainage that fed communities west of Las Cruces N m

as soon as the flames die down to help protect reservoirs watersheds and infrastructure from post-fire floods and erosion.

The teams focus on areas at unacceptable risk she said which typically means that post-fire flooding would damage communities watersheds and infrastructure.

and topographical maps that identify steep slopes and watersheds. After the Silver Fire for example they identified severely burned areas upstream of a community campgrounds and forest roads.

It's how you figure out what the watershed response is going to be. For more information about Landsat visit:

In contrast large regions were deforested to very low carbon levels such as in the developed regions outside the protected watershed of the Panama canal.

They focused on the Yahara River watershed which covers much of central portion of Dane County

The results also show that nearly all of the land in the watershed provides a high level of at least one of the measured services

and making up just three percent of the watershed (largely parks and protected areas) provide high levels of at least six of the measured services.

The project aims to use a combination of contemporary and historical data to understand how the watershed may change over the next 50 to 60 years.

We ultimately want to be able to look at future scenarios for this watershed Turner says. If climate changes or land use changes what's going to happen to the values that we care about?

and Management was done in a portion of the Metolius River watershed in the eastern Cascade range of Oregon

and sediment loss from no-till conventional tillage and reduced-input rotation watersheds in a study published online today in Soil science Society of America Journal.

and nutrient runoff in watersheds managed in three different ways--no-till conventional tillage (chisel-till) and reduced-input rotations.

In the current study researchers provided most of the nutrients to crops in the reduced-input watersheds by planting red clover and spreading manure instead of fertilizers.

As was expected the researchers found that soil loss was lowest in no-till watersheds. Reduced-input fields

To address the concern of dissolved P loss from no-till fields the researchers compared runoff from conventional tillage and no-till watersheds.

Also average total P loss from no-till watersheds was actually smaller than that from conventional tillage watersheds.

A liter of ethanol also translates into 1600 liters of ET water that might not directly replenish the local watershed.

One proposed measure is the reforestation of the watershed. To help planners and policy makers understand the effects of reforestation ASU scientists Silvio Simonit

Published this week in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) their study--Bundling ecosystem services in the Panama canal Watershed--examines precipitation topography vegetation

In parts of the watershed not currently under forest they found that reforestation of areas with high precipitation rates flat terrain

However they note that these conditions exist in less than 5 percent of watershed not currently under forest.

Water supply is however only one amongst many ecosystem services affected by reforestation of the watershed said Perrings a professor in the School of Life sciences in ASU's College of Liberal arts and Sciences.

if all existing grasslands were allowed to regenerate as natural forest there would be a reduction in dry-season flows across the watershed of 8. 4 percent compared to 11.1 percent

However the Panama canal Authority is not the only beneficiary of the watershed and water is not the only ecosystem service supplied.

and are located in the Coweeta watersheds. Because of its dense evergreen foliage and dominance in riparian and cove habitats eastern hemlock plays an important role in the area's water cycle regulating stream flow year round.

For example environmentalists would like to see improvements at the watershed scale. If only isolated farmers need to be certified

An overabundance of fertilizer has created problems for domestic drinking water as well as the ecosystems of the Salinas River watershed and its outlet Monterey Bay.

so stream levels don't fluctuate dramatically during either the wet and dry seasons even in cropland watersheds.

Each year I bring my intent to continue to work for water quality in the Mississippi river watershed and its coastal ocean.

In 1999 scientists at the Forest Service's Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in the White Mountains of New hampshire restored soil calcium levels to preindustrial levels in a small watershed in an effort

within 5 months of the application of wollastonite across a 30-acre watershed there was a substantial increase in forest water use compared to a nearby watershed that was treated not with calcium.

or in the UK scheduled before the 2100 watershed they write. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by BMJ-British Medical Journal.

The Amazon watershed spans six countries with Brazil Bolivia and Peru accounting for most of the area.

#Pine beetle outbreak buffers watersheds from nitrate pollutiona research team involving several scientists from the University of Colorado Boulder has found an unexpected silver lining in the devastating pine beetle outbreaks ravaging the West:

We found that the beetles do not disturb watersheds in the same way as logging

In Colorado many watersheds have lost 80 to 90 percent of their tree canopy as a result of the beetle epidemic said Lewis also a faculty member in CU-Boulder's ecology and evolutionary biology department.

This study shows that at least in some areas it is possible to remove a large part of the tree biomass from a watershed with a very minimal effect on the stream ecosystem he said.

when polluted runoff from a rapidly developing watershed overwhelmed the Bay's waters with nutrients causing algae blooms that blocked out much-needed sunlight for underwater plants.

and Trends of Wetlands in the Coastal Watersheds of the Conterminous United states 2004 to 2009 an interagency supported analysis published by the U s. Fish and Wildlife Service and NOAA.

For instance the atlas has helped its users assess sea level rise hazards in Florida's Miami-Dade County high-risk areas for stormwater runoff in southern California and the best habitat restoration sites in two watersheds

and storm flow from forest watersheds in the southern Appalachians according to a new study by U s. Forest Service scientists at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory (Coweeta) located in Otto North carolina.

For this study Coweeta researchers used a paired watershed approach--one watershed with a major hemlock component in the riparian forest area the other reference watershed with very little--to determine the effects of hemlock mortality

Since hemlock woolly adelgid was detected first in 2003 all the eastern hemlock trees in both watersheds died resulting in a loss of 26 percent of forest basal area (that area occupied by tree trunks

and stems) in the riparian area of the first watershed compared to a 4 percent loss in the reference watershed riparian forest.

This latter finding suggests that riparian trees may play a disproportionally important role in regulating watershed processes than trees that aren't adjacent to the riparian zone.

In 1994 large replicated watersheds of the native prairie were set aside. Over a 20-year period each section was burned annually either in the fall winter or spring.

and quantity of water available in watersheds in part by reducing the density of vegetation.

and corn harvested acreage in the Raccoon River watershed. In times of flood and in times of drought water flow rates were exacerbated by more or less agriculture respectively.

Our results suggest that changes in agricultural practices over this watershed--with increasing acreage planted in corn

The UI research paper Roles of climate and agricultural practices in discharge changes in an agricultural watershed in Iowa can be found in the April 15 online edition of Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment.

The team included NAU graduate students and undergraduate interns from the Watershed Research and Education Program as well as members of the Arizona Game and Fish Department U s. Forest Service Oak Creek Ambassadors

The scientists studied eight different'watersheds'surrounding the lake: a given area across which all the moisture drains into a single stream.

Sarah Nelson assistant research professor with the Senator George J. Mitchell Center and cooperating assistant research professor in Watershed Biogeochemistry in the UMAINE School of Forest Resources;

The new results show that the fraction of late-summer groundwater flows from affected watersheds is about 30 percent higher after beetles have infested an area compared with watersheds with less severe beetle attacks.

Dead trees create changes in water qualityusing'fingerprints'of different water sources defined by the sources'water chemistry we found that a higher fraction of late-summer streamflow in affected watersheds comes from groundwater rather than surface

In bark beetle-infested watersheds. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by National Science Foundation.

He is now a researcher with the Department of Rangeland and Watershed Management at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Iran.

#A balanced carbon footprint for the Amazon Riverconsidered until now a source of greenhouse gas emissions capturing the CO2 fixed by the tropical forest through the soils of the watershed to release it into the atmosphere the Amazon river actually has balanced a carbon footprint.

and other land plants through the soils of the watershed. This carbon was transformed then into CO2

and water management practices that increase agricultural productivity can save watersheds from degradation. A study conducted by the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) in the Gabayan watershed in eastern Bohol Philippines has shown that agroforestry systems create a more sustainably managed watershed that allows people living there to benefit from the ecosystem.

The benefits include higher crop yields increased income and resilience to climate change. Agroforestry is integrated an land-use management technique that incorporates trees and shrubs with crops and livestock on farms.

and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to simulate the effects of different land uses on watershed hydrology

and the ecosystem services provided by the Gabayan watershed. The tool predicts the environmental impact of land use land management practices and climate change.

Watersheds are areas of land with streams and rivers that all drain into a larger body of water such as a bigger river a lake or an ocean.

Watersheds not only supply water for domestic use but also provide a multitude of ecological and cultural services including water for irrigation

Over the years however many watersheds throughout the world have suffered from intensive resource extraction and mismanagement.

In countries like the Philippines several watershed areas in the country are degraded now due to deforestation and soil erosion.

The degraded watershed has been deforested largely and replaced with extensive agricultural and grasslands over the last half century says David Wilson the lead researcher.

therefore able to provide scientific evidence that agroforestry combined with improved land management practices are an effective land-use strategy for the watersheds.

and contour planting in grasslands appear to be the most effective techniques to reduce sediment transfer to the watershed river network says Wilson.

and implementation of the Cache River Watershed Resource Plan completed in 1995â#Olson said. He cited nine resource concerns that were identified:

throughout the watershed and the impacts of wildlife on farming and vice versa. â#oemost of these concerns still need to be said addressedâ#Olson. â#oesince that plan was created there have been additional compromises/breaches that need to be repaired.

In addition Makira's forests serve as a zone of watershed protection providing clean water to over 250000 people in the surrounding landscape.

For example utility companies that manage watersheds are seeing how biodiversity helps provide clean water, by protecting biodiversity they reduce their water-treatment costs,

and terminate in the watershed of the Chesapeake bay. They ve gone to great lengths to make it very local.

and thus water footprint numbers must be considered in the context of the local watershed. The focus of the Coca-cola report is on water footprint assessments of the following:

State of Watershed Payments 2012, says. Produced by the nonprofit Forest Trends, the report is the second instalment of an inventory of initiatives around the world that are paying individuals

Protecting watershed services Countries are seeking to protect watershed services-the benefits, like clean water, obtained from healthy watershed ecosystems-by incentivizing the maintenance and improvement of watershed areas.

Of the 205 oepayments for watershed services programmes tracked around the world, more than half are in China (61) and the United states (67).

Forest Trends discovered watershed investment programmes in 29 countries, but a staggering 91 percent of the payments in 2011 took place in China.

There are, however, massive initiatives underway in Africa. South africa runs the continent largest water conservation programme, Working for Water,

and improve their water efficiency by investing in watershed services. Around the world, there are at least 73 new investments in watershed services (IWS) programmes under development.

Countries like Bulgaria, Gabon, Ghana, Kyrgyzstan, Malawi and Romania are oein line to implement their first IWS mechanism in 2012 and the coming years,

Researchers Maryanne Grieg-Gran and Ina Porras, from the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), say they have been recording oefaltering progress of payment for watershed services initiatives in their reviews of such schemes

manmade infrastructure and towards watershed payment systems and natural infrastructure is another piece of the puzzle.

And though investments in watershed services are growing rapidly, they are compared tiny to the estimated $1 trillion per year that will be needed through 2025 to meet water supply and sanitation demands

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